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| A) | Pneumonia is an acute inflammatory condition within the parenchyma of the lung. | ||
| B) | Immunocompromised individuals are at an increased risk of developing pneumonia. | ||
| C) | Pneumonia often develops as a consequence of bacterial colonization and microaspiration of upper respiratory tract secretions during a period of impaired host pulmonary defense mechanisms. | ||
| D) | All of the above |
| A) | Pneumonia is broadly classified as either healthcare-associated or nosocomial. | ||
| B) | Causative pathogens of pneumonia can be easily identified in virtually all cases in which testing is done. | ||
| C) | Only two distinct categories, hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated, exist within the broader classification of pneumonia associated with healthcare facilities. | ||
| D) | Classifying pneumonia according to the setting in which it develops, rather than the causative pathogen, is more useful for clinical purposes. |
| A) | 1.2 million | ||
| B) | 3.4 million | ||
| C) | 4.2 million | ||
| D) | 5.4 million |
| A) | Female gender | ||
| B) | Smoking history | ||
| C) | Occupational dust exposure | ||
| D) | History of childhood pneumonia |
| A) | Staphylococcus aureus | ||
| B) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae | ||
| C) | Streptococcus pneumoniae | ||
| D) | Chlamydophila pneumoniae |
| A) | 10% | ||
| B) | 30% | ||
| C) | 50% | ||
| D) | 80% |
| A) | Fever | ||
| B) | Bradycardia | ||
| C) | Sputum production | ||
| D) | Signs of consolidation |
| A) | lung biopsy. | ||
| B) | acute and convalescent serologic testing. | ||
| C) | nasal swab for slide preparation and staining. | ||
| D) | rapid antigen detection, often using molecular techniques. |
| A) | Uremia | ||
| B) | Leukopenia | ||
| C) | Decreased respiratory rate | ||
| D) | Low PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio |
| A) | 2 weeks. | ||
| B) | 30 days. | ||
| C) | 3 months. | ||
| D) | 12 months. |
| A) | Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pneumonia-causing bacterial pathogen in school-aged children. | ||
| B) | Bacterial pathogens are responsible for most cases of community-acquired pneumonia in preschool-aged children. | ||
| C) | Viral pathogens cause pneumonia in seriously ill, hospitalized children more often than in children treated on an outpatient basis. | ||
| D) | As many as 80% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia in children younger than 2 years of age can be attributed to a virus. |
| A) | Rales | ||
| B) | Fever | ||
| C) | Tachypnea | ||
| D) | Reduced oxygen saturation |
| A) | Rapid antigen testing | ||
| B) | Routine blood cultures | ||
| C) | Testing for C. pneumoniae | ||
| D) | Urinary antigen detection tests |
| A) | has altered mental status as a result of pneumonia. | ||
| B) | requires acute use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. | ||
| C) | requires invasive ventilation via nonpermanent artificial airway. | ||
| D) | All of the above |
| A) | Ampicillin | ||
| B) | Penicillin G | ||
| C) | Ceftriaxone | ||
| D) | A or B |
| A) | antibiotic therapy. | ||
| B) | good hand hygiene. | ||
| C) | adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors. | ||
| D) | immunization with pneumococcal and influenza vaccines. |
| A) | 25.9% | ||
| B) | 42.9% | ||
| C) | 69.9% | ||
| D) | 73.9% |
| A) | Unequal access to health care | ||
| B) | Misconceptions about vaccines | ||
| C) | Lack of awareness of the need for vaccination | ||
| D) | All of the above |
| A) | Difficulty remembering the vaccination schedule | ||
| B) | Concern about the safety and efficacy of the vaccine | ||
| C) | Belief that a vaccine should not be given when the child is experiencing a minor illness | ||
| D) | All of the above |
| A) | can cost an additional $80,000 per case. | ||
| B) | is associated with an increased mortality rate. | ||
| C) | increases the length of stay by more than two weeks on average. | ||
| D) | occurs at a rate of 10 to 20 cases per 1,000 hospital admissions. |
| A) | Obesity | ||
| B) | Presence of COPD | ||
| C) | Duration of surgery | ||
| D) | Age older than 60 years |
| A) | 2 days | ||
| B) | 4 days | ||
| C) | 7 days | ||
| D) | 10 days |
| A) | 10% | ||
| B) | 25% | ||
| C) | 50% | ||
| D) | 70% |
| A) | S. aureus | ||
| B) | P. aeruginosa | ||
| C) | S. pneumoniae | ||
| D) | C. pneumoniae |
| A) | Begin treatment promptly. | ||
| B) | Consider de-escalation of antibiotics after the results of cultures. | ||
| C) | Obtain a specimen from the lower respiratory tract for culture before beginning antibiotic therapy. | ||
| D) | After an optimal antibiotic regimen is confirmed, a three-day course of therapy is recommended. |
| A) | 2 weeks | ||
| B) | 6 weeks | ||
| C) | 8 weeks | ||
| D) | 12 weeks |
| A) | Elevation of the head of the bed | ||
| B) | Prophylaxis of peptic ulcer disease | ||
| C) | Weekly oral care with chlorhexidine | ||
| D) | Regular assessment of readiness to extubate and daily interruptions of sedation |
| A) | 5 to 25 degrees | ||
| B) | 30 to 45 degrees | ||
| C) | 90 degrees | ||
| D) | Guidelines recommend no elevation. |
| A) | Annual influenza vaccination for residents | ||
| B) | Annual influenza vaccination for nursing staff | ||
| C) | Pneumococcal vaccination at admission, if indicated | ||
| D) | All of the above |
| A) | 15% to 25%. | ||
| B) | 30% to 50%. | ||
| C) | 55% to 65%. | ||
| D) | 75% to 85%. |