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| A) | Perpetrators of elder abuse are only motivated by sadism. | ||
| B) | Abuse can only be intentional; there is no unintended abuse. | ||
| C) | Elder abuse is not a significant threat for patients with dementia. | ||
| D) | Any suspicion of abuse should be reported to the adult social services department of the state and county in which the patient is living. |
Elder abuse is a real threat for patients with dementia [3]. They are at risk for financial, physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, particularly from caretakers, family members, and even healthcare providers. Any suspicion of abuse should be reported to the adult social services department of the state and county in which the patient is living. Abuse can be intended (e.g., physical abuse) or unintended (e.g., neglect). Perpetrators of elder abuse may be motivated by many different factors, from overwhelm and burnout to sadism [3]. Some perpetrators are financially dependent upon the victim, leading to an imbalance in the relationship and dangerous expectations. Financial abuse is common, for example, by a child or grandchild who has been dependent on the elder for years and is now seeing their "support funds" being terminated and bank accounts closed. Health and mental health providers should be vigilant for any signs of abuse or neglect.
| A) | Perceived poor health | ||
| B) | Recent loss of a loved one | ||
| C) | Social isolation and loneliness | ||
| D) | All of the above |
Older Americans are at an increased risk for suicide. Individuals older than 65 years of age comprise 16.8% of the population but represent 20.0% of all suicide deaths. The rate of suicides for older adults in 2021 was 17.3 per 100,000, with one suicide in this population every 54.5 minutes [4]. Persons older than 85 years of age, especially white men, have the highest rate. Although older adults attempt suicide less frequently than other age groups, they have a higher completion rate [4]. Common risk factors for suicide in older adults include [4]:
Recent loss of a loved one
Physical illness, uncontrollable pain, or fear of prolonged illness
Perceived poor health
Social isolation and loneliness
Major changes in social roles (e.g., retirement)
| A) | in nursing homes or other care settings who have no other means. | ||
| B) | with large social networks and supports. | ||
| C) | with an underlying wish to punish caregivers. | ||
| D) | in lower socioeconomic statuses. |
Suicide among older adult patients with dementia may be subtle or camouflaged, manifesting as refusal to eat and/or drink water and fluids, rejection of prescribed medication, or intentional isolation from any social contact. These more passive suicide attempts are especially common among older persons in nursing homes or other care settings who have no other means.
| A) | Many older adults do not disclose alcohol abuse because they are ashamed. | ||
| B) | Older adults are less likely to hide their alcohol use and more likely to seek professional help. | ||
| C) | The symptoms of alcohol use disorder can mimic or resemble conditions associated with aging. | ||
| D) | Healthcare professionals are reluctant to ask older adults about their alcohol use, mostly due to the prevalent images of young people misusing substances. |
Alcohol abuse in the older adult population is generally a hidden problem. Many older adults do not disclose alcohol abuse because they are ashamed. This is compounded by healthcare professionals' reluctance to ask older adults about their alcohol use, mostly due to the prevalent images of young people misusing substances [5]. Older adults are more likely to hide their alcohol use and less likely to seek professional help, and their families, particularly adult children, are often in denial or are ashamed of the problem [6]. Additionally, the symptoms of alcohol use disorder can mimic or resemble conditions associated with aging, including dementia, thereby masking an underlying drinking or substance disorder [5,6]. Finally, some older adults may be isolated, with minimal social contacts or networks to intervene in cases in which alcohol or substance use has become a problem.
| A) | 5% | ||
| B) | 25% | ||
| C) | 50% | ||
| D) | 75% |
According to the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, older adults exhibiting symptoms of alcoholism comprised 6% to 11% hospital admissions, 20% of admissions to psychiatric services, and 14% of emergency room admissions [7]. The prevalence of alcoholism in the older population is estimated to be 10% to 18%. It is the second most frequent reason for admitting older adults to inpatient psychiatric facilities [8]. Less than 2% of all admissions for alcohol treatment are people older than 55 years of age [7]. Among nursing home residents, it is estimated that as many as one-half have problems related to alcohol [7,8].
| A) | Keeping pathways cleared and well lit | ||
| B) | Eliminating lamps and unnecessary lights | ||
| C) | Avoiding balance training and strengthening | ||
| D) | Removing all furniture from the patient's environment |
Falls are common among older adults and can cause serious injury and even death. Decreased mobility, medication side effects, and confusion/disorientation can all predispose the patient with dementia to falls. Patients and their families should be counseled regarding the importance of fall prevention strategies. Older persons' medication profiles must be reviewed relative to their potential contribution to falling. The home environment should also be modified to decrease the risk of falls, keeping pathways cleared and well lit, removing unstable furniture, and eliminating throw rugs and extension cords. Referral to physical therapy for balance training and strengthening may be considered. In addition, occupational therapy is appropriate if modifications in the home are necessary.
| A) | Diabetes | ||
| B) | Macular degeneration | ||
| C) | Frontotemporal dementia | ||
| D) | None of the above |
It is important for older people to feel loved and cared for. Romance, connection, physical touch, and sex remain important to people as they age and should be considered part of an individual's overall health and well-being. Individuals may be encouraged to explore new ways of spending time with other people and showing affection, including hand-holding, hugging, massage, and dancing. Some may benefit from education on positive aspects of interpersonal relationships. In some patients, hypersexuality may develop. This can be a manifestation of dementia (e.g., frontotemporal dementia) or the effect of medications.
| A) | Upon waking in the morning | ||
| B) | Mid-day | ||
| C) | Sundown | ||
| D) | Middle of the night |
Wandering behavior is relatively common among persons with dementia, especially at sundown [11]. It can be unintentionally dangerous, and it is important for all persons with dementia to carry some for of identification (e.g., medical bracelet) at all times. It can also be helpful to alert neighbors and local law enforcement of the possibility of wandering. Door should be kept locked whenever possible, with an alarm and/or a two-step lock including a deadbolt recommended.
| A) | A dementia diagnosis alone is considered grounds to revoke driving privileges. | ||
| B) | All states require that nurses report impaired drivers. | ||
| C) | The decision to restrict an individual's driving should be made by a physician or other health expert. | ||
| D) | Driving schools and classes specifically designed to assist the elderly in maintaining their driving skills may be options for some patients with dementia. |
The risk of driving-related accidents is increased among the older population, and impaired mental status due to cognitive impairment and/or the effects of certain medications can increase risk further. Restricting an individual's driving causes a considerable loss of independence and can be a highly sensitive issue, and the decision should be collaborative, if possible. A dementia diagnosis alone is not considered grounds to revoke driving privileges. Other factors must be present, including cognitive decline and comorbidities [12]. Many states require physicians to report impaired drivers, especially if there is a history of a closed head injury. However, laws vary regarding reporting by other service providers. Professionals are encouraged to study their own state's laws. There are driving schools and classes in many communities specifically designed to assist older adults in maintaining their driving skills and license, which may be an option for some individuals.
| A) | One day | ||
| B) | Three days | ||
| C) | One week | ||
| D) | Three weeks |
Generally, a patient will need to be hospitalized for three days to qualify for referral to a skilled nursing facility under the Medicare guidelines. Admission to an assisted living program, on the other hand, is not covered by Medicare or most health insurance plans. Long-term care insurance may be a financial help to offset medical costs and the costs of alternative nursing care, including home care.