Works Cited

Child Abuse in Ethnic Minority and Immigrant Communities

Course #97584 - $60-

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Frey WH. Less than Half of U.S. Children Under 15 Are White, Census Shows. Available athttps://www.brookings.edu/research/less-than-half-of-us-children-under-15-are-white-census-shows. Last accessed August 26, 2024.

2. Williams LS, Alvarez SD, Hauck KS. My name is not María: young Latinas seeking home in the heartland.Soc Probl. 2002;49(4):563-584.

3. Vespa J, Medina L, Armstrong DM. Demographic Turning Points for the United States: Population Projections for 2020 to 2060 Population Estimates and Projections Current Population Reports. Available at https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p25-1144.pdf. Last accessed August 26, 2024.

4. Vecchione M, Caprara G, Schoen H, Castro JL, Schwartz SH. The role of personal values and basic traits in perceptions of the consequences of immigration: a three-nation study. Br J Psychol. 2012;103(3):359-377.

5. Miller AB, Cross T. Ethnicity in child maltreatment research: a replication of Behl et al.'s content analysis. Child Maltreat. 2006;11(1):16-26.

6. Saal CD. A historical and present-day view of the position of the child in family and society. J Comp Fam Stud. 1982;13(2):119-132.

7. Routh DK, Patton L, Sanfilippo MD. Child advocacy and clinical child psychology. J Clin Child Psychol. 1991;20(1):7-10.

8. ChildStats. America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2023. Available at https://www.childstats.gov/americaschildren/demo.asp. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

9. Tomison AM. A history of child protection back to the future? The maltreatment of children has occurred through history. Family Matters. 2001;60:46-55.

10. Gelles RJ. Family violence. In: Hampton RL, Gullotta TP, Adams GR (eds). Family Violence: Prevention and Treatment: Issues in Children's and Families' Lives. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1993: 1-24.

11. Johnson JM. Horror stories and the construction of child abuse. In: Best J (ed). Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems. New York, NY: Aldine De Gruyter; 1989: 5-19.

12. Children's Defense Fund. The State of America's Children, 2020: Child Population. Available at https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/The-State-Of-Americas-Children-2020.pdf. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

13. Murray KO, Gesiriech S. A Brief Legislative History of the Child Welfare System. Available at http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/foster_care_reform/LegislativeHistory2004pdf.pdf. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

14. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Permanency. Available at https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/permanency/?top=116. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

15. Allen ML. Crafting a federal legislative framework for child welfare reform. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1991;61(4):610-623.

16. Golden O. The federal response to child abuse and neglect. Am Psychol. 2000;55(9):1050-1053.

17. Child Welfare Information Gateway. About CAPTA: A Legislative History. Available at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/about. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

18. Jones BJ. The Indian Child Welfare Act: the need for a separate law. Compleat Lawyer. 1995;12(4):18-23.

19. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Indian Child Welfare Act. https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/tribal-child-welfare/indian-child-welfare-act/?top=1390. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

20. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect. Available at https://www.childwelfare.gov/resources/definitions-child-abuse-and-neglect/. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

21. Winton MA, Mara BA. Child Abuse and Neglect: Multidisciplinary Approaches. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 2000.

22. McDonald KC. Child abuse: approach and management. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(2):221-228.

23. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Child Welfare Practice to Address Racial Disproportionality and Disparity. Available at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/issue-briefs/racial-disproportionality. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

24. Butchart A, Phinney Harvey A, Mian M, Fürniss T. Preventing Child Maltreatment: A Guide to Taking Action and Generating Evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.

25. UNICEF. Facts on Children: Child Protection from Violence, Exploitation, and Abuse. Available at https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/ChildProtection_from_violence_exploitation_abuse_46.pdf . Last accessed August 27, 2024.

26. UNICEF. Violence Against Children. Available at https://www.unicef.org/protection/violence-against-children. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

27. Lai D. Sex ratio at birth and infant mortality rate in China: an empirical study. Soc Indic Res. 2005;70(3):313-326.

28. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Child Protection Australia, 2013–2014. Available at https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/child-protection/child-protection-australia-2013-14/contents/table-of-contents. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

29. Nelson LR. Discourses and themes in adoption and child welfare policies and practices in the U.S. throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Adoption Quarterly. 2020;23(4):312-330.

30. Stephenson R, Sheikhattari P, Assasi N, et al. Child maltreatment among school children in the Kurdistan Province, Iran. Child Abuse Negl. 2006;30(3):231-245.

31. Jewkes R, Levin J, Mbananga N, Bradshaw D. Rape of girls in South Africa. Lancet. 2002;359(9303):319-320.

32. Forrester D, Harwin J. Monitoring children's rights globally: can child abuse be measured internationally? Child Abuse Review. 2000;9(6):427-438.

33. Lidchi VG. Cross cultural transferability in child protection: challenges and opportunities. Child Abuse Review. 2003;12(4):238-250.

34. World Health Organization. Fact Sheet No. 241: Female Genital Mutilation. Available at http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

35. Koramoa J, Lynch MA, Kinnair D. A continuum of child-rearing: responding to traditional practices. Child Abuse Review. 2002;11(6):415-421.

36. Taylor V. Female genital mutilation: cultural practice or child abuse? Paediatr Nurs. 2003;15(1):31-33.

37. Children's Rights. The Child Welfare System: Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.childrensrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CR-The-Child-Welfare-System-2023-Fact-Sheet.pdf. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

38. Bayer CP, Klasen F, Adam H. Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers. JAMA. 2007;298(5):555-559.

39. Anwoa J, Rembea S, Odeku K. Conscription and use of child soldiers in armed conflicts. Journal of Psychology in Africa. 2009;19(1):75-82.

40. Breen C. When is a child not a child? Child soldiers in international law. Human Rights Review. 2007;8(2):71-103.

41. Otis J, Pasztor EM, McFadden EJ. Child labor: a forgotten focus on child welfare. Child Welfare. 2001;80(5):611-622.

42. McKechnie J, Hobbs S. Child labour: a global phenomenon? Child Abuse Review. 1999;8(2):87-90.

43. United Nations. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. Available at https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons.aspx. Last accessed on August 27, 2024.

44. Rafferty Y. Children for sale: child trafficking in Southeast Asia. Child Abuse Review. 2007;16(6):401-422.

45. National Conference of State Legislatures. Disproportionality and Race Equity in Child Welfare. Available at https://www.ncsl.org/human-services/disproportionality-and-race-equity-in-child-welfare. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

46. Fontes LA. Child Abuse and Culture: Working with Diverse Families. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2005.

47. Moore DW. One in seven Americans victim of child abuse. Gallup Poll Monthly. 1994;5:18-22.

48. Dettlaff AJ, Rycraft JR. Factors contributing to disproportionality in the child welfare system: views from the legal community. Soc Work. 2010;55(3):213-224.

49. Finkelhor D, Jones L. Why have child maltreatment and child victimization declined? J Soc Issues. 2006;62(4):685-716.

50. Almeida J, Cohen AP, Subramanian SV, Molnar BE. Are increased worker caseloads in state child protective service agencies a potential explanation for the decline in child sexual abuse? A multilevel analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 2008;32(3):367-375.

51. National Conference of State Legislatures. Child Welfare Enacted Legislation. Available at https://www.ncsl.org/human-services/child-welfare-legislation-database. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

52. Elliott K, Urquiza A. Ethnicity, culture, and child maltreatment. J Soc Issues. 2006;62(4):787-809.

53. Dettlaffa AJ, Rivauxb SL, Baumannc DJ, Fluked JD, Rycrafte JR, James J. Disentangling substantiation: the influence of race, income, and risk on the substantiation decision in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review. 2011;33(9):1630-1637.

54. Blackstock C, Trocmé N, Bennett M. Child maltreatment investigations among aboriginal and non-aboriginal families in Canada. Violence Against Women. 2004;10(8):901-916.

55. Lavergne C, Dufour S, Trocmé N, Larrivée MC. Visible minority, Aboriginal, and Caucasian children being investigated by Canadian Protective Services. Child Welfare. 2008;87(2):59-76.

56. Derezotes DM, Poertner J, Testa MF (eds). Race Matters in Child Welfare: The Overrepresentation of African American Children in the System. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America; 2004.

57. Dettlaff AJ, Rycraft JR. Deconstructing disproportionality: views from multiple community stakeholders. Child Welfare. 2008;87(2):37-58.

58. Cross TL. Disproportionality in child welfare. Child Welfare. 2008;87(2):11-20.

59. Irfan S, Cowburn M. Disciplining, chastisement, and physical child abuse: perceptions and attitudes of the British Pakistani community. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 2004;24(1):89-98.

60. Morelli GA, Oppenheim D, Rogoff B, Goldsmith D. Cultural variation in infants' sleeping arrangements: questions of independence. Dev Psychol. 1992;28(4):604-613.

61. Gordon MM. Assimilation in American Life. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1964.

62. Lum D. Culturally Competent Practice: A Framework for Understanding Diverse Groups and Justice Issues. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole; 1999.

63. Hodge JL, Struckmann DK, Trost LD. Cultural Bases of Racism and Group Oppression: An Examination of Traditional "Western" Concepts, Values, and Institutional Structures which Support Racism, Sexism, and Elitism. Berkeley, CA: Two Riders Press; 1975.

64. Sue DW, Sue D. Counseling the Culturally Different: Theory and Practice. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1990.

65. Jackson AP, Meadows FB Jr. Getting to the bottom to understand the top. J Couns Dev. 1991;70(1):72-76.

66. Kluckhohn F, Strodtbeck F. Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson; 1961.

67. Choi H. Understanding adolescent depression in ethnocultural context. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2002;25(2):71-85.

68. DeBruyn L, Chino M, Serna P, Fullerton-Gleason L. Child maltreatment in American Indian and Alaska Native communities: integrating culture, history, and public health for intervention and prevention. Child Maltreat. 2001;6(2):89-102.

69. Fernando S. Mental Health, Race, and Culture. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan; 2002.

70. Rubio M, Williams DR. The social dimension of race. In: Beech BM, Goodman M (eds). Race and Research: Perspectives on Minority Participation in Health Studies. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2004: 1-25.

71. Korbin JE. Culture and child maltreatment: cultural competence and beyond. Child Abuse Negl. 2002;26(6);637-644.

72. Culley L. Transcending transculturalism? Race, ethnicity, and health-care. Nurs Inq. 2006;13(2):144-153.

73. Baumrind D. Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph. 1971;4:1-103.

74. Lieber E, Fung H, Leung PW. Chinese child-rearing beliefs: key dimensions and contributions to the development of culture-appropriate assessment. Asian J Soc Psychol. 2006;9(2):140-147.

75. Chao RK. Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Dev. 1994;65:1111-1119.

76. Cheung CS, McBride-Chang C. Relations of perceived maternal parenting style, practices, and learning motivation to academic competence in Chinese children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 2008;54(1).

77. Chung DK. Asian cultural commonalities: a comparison with mainstream American culture. In: Furuto S, Biswas R, Chung DK, Murase K, Ross-Sheriff F (eds). Social Work Practice with Asian-Americans. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1992: 27-44.

78. Chen X, Wu H, Chen H, Wang L, Cen G. Parenting practices and aggressive behavior in Chinese children. Parent Sci Pract. 2001;1(3):159-184.

79. Martínez I, García JF. Internalization of values and self-esteem among Brazilian teenagers from authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful homes. Adolescence. 2008;43(169):13-29.

80. Zuniga ME. Families with Latino roots. In: Lynch EW, Hanson MJ (eds). Developing Cross-Cultural Competence: A Guide to Working with Children and Their Families. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks Publishing, Co.; 1998: 209-250.

81. Triandis HC. Individualism-collectivism and personality. J Pers. 2001;69:907-924.

82. Glass J, Owen J. Latino fathers: the relationship among machismo, acculturation, ethnic identity, and paternal involvement. Psychology of Men and Masculinity. 2010;11(4):251-261.

83. Deyoung Y, Zigler EF. Machismo in two cultures: relation to punitive child-rearing practices. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1994;64(3): 386-395.

84. Ferrari AM. The impact of culture upon child rearing practices and definitions of maltreatment. Child Abuse Negl. 2002;26(8): 793-813.

85. Dixon SV, Graber JA, Brooks-Gunn J. The roles of respect for parental authority and parenting practices in parent-child conflict among African American, Latino, and European American families. J Fam Psychol. 2008;22(1):1-10.

86. Guilamo-Ramos V, Dittus P, Jaccard J, Johansson M, Bouris A, Acosta N. Parenting practices among Dominican and Puerto Rican mothers. Soc Work. 2007;52(1):17-30.

87. Bradley CR. Child rearing in African American families: a study of the disciplinary practices of African American parents.J Multicult Couns Devel. 1998;26(4):273-281.

88. Willis W. Families with African American roots. In: Lynch EW, Hanson MJ (eds). Developing Cross-Cultural Competence: A Guide for Working with Children and Their Families. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.; 1998: 165-202.

89. Carter-Black J. The myth of "the tangle of pathology:" resilience strategies employed by middle-class African American families. Journal of Family Social Work. 2001;6(4):75-100.

90. Hill RB. Understanding black family functioning: a holistic perspective. J Comp Fam Stud. 1998;29(1):15-25.

91. Mosby L, Rawls AW, Meehan AJ, Mays E, Pettinari CJ. Troubles in interracial talk about discipline: an examination of African American child rearing narratives. J Comp Fam Stud. 1999;30(3):489-521.

92. Yearwood EL. "Growing up" children: current child-rearing practices among immigrant Jamaican families. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2001;14(1):7-16.

93. Hart SN, Pavlovic Z. Children's rights in education: an historical perspective. School Psych Rev. 1991;20(3):345-358.

94. Holden GW. Perspectives on the effects of corporal punishment: comment on Gershoff (2002). Psychol Bull. 2002;128(4):590-595.

95. Hilarski C. Corporal punishment: another form of school violence. J Evid Based Soc Work. 2004;1(2-3):59-75.

96. Schenck ER, Lyman RD, Bodin SD. Ethical beliefs, attitudes, and professional practices of psychologists regarding parental use of corporal punishment: a survey. Child Serv Soc Policy Res Pract. 2000;3(1):23-38.

97. Kazdin AE, Benjet C. Spanking children: evidence and issues. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2003;12(3):99-103.

98. Douglas EM. Familial violence socialization in childhood and later life approval of corporal punishment: a cross-cultural perspective. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2006;76(1):23-30.

99. Ashton V. The relationship between attitudes toward corporal punishment and the perception and reporting of child maltreatment. Child Abuse Negl. 2001;25(3):389-399.

100. Flynn CP. Regional differences in attitudes toward corporal punishment. J Marriage Fam. 1994;56(2):314-324.

101. Straus MA. Beating the Devil Out of Them: Corporal Punishment in American Families and Its Effects on Children. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers; 2001.

102. Giles-Sims J, Straus MA, Sugarman DB. Child, maternal, and family characteristics associated with spanking. Fam Relat. 1995;44:170-176.

103. Ellison CG, Bradshaw M. Religious beliefs, sociopolitical ideology, and attitudes toward corporal punishment. J Fam Issues. 2009;30(3):320-340.

104. Gershoff ET. Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: a meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychol Bull. 2002;128(4):539-579.

105. Grogan-Kaylor A. Corporal punishment and the growth trajectory of children's antisocial behavior. Child Maltreat. 2005;10(3): 283-292.

106. Grogen-Kaylor A. Relationship of corporal punishment and antisocial behavior by neighborhood. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:938-942.

107. Douglas EM, Straus MA. Assault and injury of dating partners by university students in 19 countries and its relation to corporal punishment experienced as a child. Eur J Criminol. 2006;3(3):293-318.

108. Day RD, Peterson GW, McCracken C. Predicting spanking of younger and older children by mothers and fathers. J Marriage Fam. 1998;60:79-94.

109. Medora NP, Wilson S, Larson JH. Attitudes toward parenting strategies, potential for child abuse, and parental satisfaction of ethnically diverse low-income U.S. mothers. J Soc Psychol. 2001;141(3):335-348.

110. Horn IB, Cheng TL, Joseph J. Discipline in the African American community: the impact of socioeconomic status on beliefs and practices. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):1236-1241.

111. Dietz TL. Disciplining children: characteristics associated with the use of corporal punishment. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24(12):1529-1542.

112. Brody GH, Chen YF, Kogan SM, Murry VM, Logan P, Luo Z. Linking perceived discrimination to longitudinal changes in African American mothers' parenting practices. J Marriage Fam. 2008;70(2):319-331.

113. Smith DE, Mosby G. Jamaican child-rearing practices: the role of corporal punishment. Adolescence. 2003;38(150):369-381.

114. Tafa EM. Corporal punishment: the brutal face of Botswana's authoritarian schools. Educational Review. 2002;54(1):17-26.

115. White JM, Godfrey J, Moccasin BI. American Indian fathering in the Dakota nation: use of Akicita as a fatherhood standard. Fathering. 2006;4(1):49-69.

116. Swaim RC, Oetting ER, Thurman PJ, Beauvais F, Edwards RW. American Indian adolescent drug use and socialization characteristics. J Cross Cult Psychol. 1993;24(1):53-70.

117. Segal UA. Exploring child abuse among Vietnamese refugees. J Multicult Soc Work. 2000;8(3/4):159-191.

118. Hahm HC, Guterman NB. The emerging problem of physical child abuse in South Korea. Child Maltreat. 2001;6(2):169-179.

119. Chan JS, Elliott JM, Chow Y, Thomas J. Does professional and public opinion in child abuse differ? An issue of cross-cultural policy implementation. Child Abuse Review. 2002;11(6):359-379.

120. Hutchinson E. Child maltreatment: can it be defined? In: Barth R, Duerr Berrick J, Gilbert N (eds). Child Welfare Review. Vol 1. New York, NY: Columbia University Press; 1994: 3-27.

121. Gong SM. Child Abuse and Neglect: Perceptions Held by Asian Americans. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Boston University; 1985.

122. Elliott JM, Tong CK, Tan PM. Attitudes of the Singapore public to actions suggesting child abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 1997;21(5):445-464.

123. Lau JTF, Liu JLY, Yu A, Wong CK. Conceptualization, reporting and underreporting of child abuse in Hong Kong. Child Abuse Negl. 1999;23(11):1159-1174.

124. Park MS. The factors of child physical abuse in Korean immigrant families. Child Abuse Negl. 2001;25(7):945-958.

125. Rhee S, Chang J, Youn S. Korean American pastors' perceptions and attitudes toward child abuse. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work. 2003;12(1):27-46.

126. Rhee S, Chang J. Child Abuse: Characteristics and Patterns among Cambodian, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese American Families. An Empirically-Based Curriculum. Berkeley, CA: University of California, California Social Work Education Center; 2006.

127. Lewin D, Herron H. Signs, symptoms, and risk factors: health visitors' perspectives of child neglect. Child Abuse Review. 2007;16(2):93-107.

128. Bronfenbrenner U. The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1979.

129. Garbarino J. The human ecology of child maltreatment: a conceptual model for research. J Marriage Fam. 1977;39(4):721-731.

130. Little L, Kaufman Kantor G. Using ecological theory to understand intimate partner violence and child maltreatment. J Community Health Nurs. 2002;19(3):133-145.

131. Sidebotham P. An ecological approach to child abuse: a creative use of scientific models in research and practice. Child Abuse Review. 2001;10(2):97-112.

132. Coulton CJ, Korbin JE, Su M. Neighborhoods and child maltreatment: a multi-level study. Child Abuse Negl. 1999;23(11):1019-1040.

133. Zielinski DS, Bradshaw CP. Ecological influences on the sequelae of child maltreatment: a review of the literature. Child Maltreat. 2006;11(1):49-62.

134. Freisthler B, Merritt DH, LaScala EA. Understanding the ecology of child maltreatment: a review of the literature and directions for future research. Child Maltreat. 2006;11(3):263-280.

135. Baumrind D. Child Maltreatment and Optimal Caregiving in Social Contexts. New York, NY: Garland Publishing; 1995.

136. Cross T, Bazron B, Dennis K, Isaacs M. Towards A Culturally Competent System of Care. Volume I. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child Development Center, CASSP Technical Assistance Center; 1989.

137. Flaskerud JH. Cultural competence: what is it? Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2007;28(1):121-123.

138. Morelli PT, Fong R, Oliveira J. Culturally competent substance abuse treatment for Asian/Pacific Islander women. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 2001;3(3/4):263-280.

139. McPhatter AR, Ganaway TL. Beyond the rhetoric: strategies for implementing culturally effective practice with children, families, and communities. Child Welfare. 2003;82(2):103-124.

140. Tourville C, Ingalls K. The living tree of nursing theories. Nurs Forum. 2003;38(3):21-30.

141. McCance TV, McKenna HP, Boore JRP. Caring: theoretical perspectives of relevance to nursing. J Adv Nurs. 1999;30(6):1388-1395.

142. Leininger M. Future directions in transcultural nursing in the 21st century. Int Nurs Rev. 1997;44(1):19-23.

143. Airhihenbuwa CO. Health and Culture: Beyond the Western Paradigm. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1995.

144. Airhihenbuwa CO, Webster JD. Culture and African contexts of HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and support. SAHARA J. 2004;1(1):4-13.

145. Kleinman A. Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture. Berkley, CA: University of California Press; 1981.

146. Kleinman A, Eisenberg L, Good B. Clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research. Ann Intern Med. 1978;88:251-258.

147. Saleebey D. The Strengths Perspective in Social Work Practice. White Plains, NY: Longman; 1997.

148. Browne C, Mills C. Theoretical frameworks: ecological model, strengths perspective, and empowerment theory. In: Fong R, Furuto S (eds). Culturally Competent Practice: Skills, Interventions, and Evaluations. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 2001: 10-32.

149. Ryan W. Blaming the Victim. New York, NY: Vintage Books; 1976.

150. Fong R, Boyd C, Browne C. The Gandhi technique: a biculturalization approach for empowering Asian and Pacific Islander families.J Multicult Soc Work. 1999;7:95-110.

151. McPhatter AR. Cultural competence in child welfare: what is it? How do we achieve it? What happens without it? Child Welfare. 1997;76(1):255-278.

152. Westbrooks KL, Starks SH. Strengths perspective inherent in cultural empowerment: a tool for assessment with African American individuals and families. In: Fong R, Furuto S (eds). Culturally Competent Practice: Skills, Interventions, and Evaluations. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 2001: 101-131.

153. Negroni-Rodriguez LK, Morales J. Individual and family assessment skills with Latino/Hispanic Americans. In: Fong R, Furuto S (eds). Culturally Competent Practice: Skills, Interventions, and Evaluations. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 2001: 132-146.

154. Earner I. Immigrant families and public child welfare: barriers to services and approaches for change. Child Welfare. 2007;86(4): 63-91.

155. Woodroffe A, Spencer M. Culturally and ethnically diverse communities: building blocks for working relationships. Child Welfare. 2003;82(2):169-183.

156. Pine BA, Drachman D. Effective child welfare practice with immigrant and refugee children and their families. Child Welfare. 2005;84(5):537-562.

157. Gray SS, Nybell LM. Issues in African-American family preservation. Child Welfare. 1990;69(6):513-523.

158. Singh NN, McKay JD, Singh AN. The need for cultural brokers in mental health services. J Child Fam Stud. 1999;8(1):1-10.

159. Buchwald D, Panwala S, Hooton TM. Use of traditional health practices by Southeast Asian refugees in a primary care clinic. The Western Journal of Medicine. 1992;156(5):507-512.

160. Nuttall P, Flores FC. Hmong healing practices used for common childhood illnesses. Pediatr Nurs. 1997;23(3):247-254.

161. Taylor L, Willies-Jacobo LJ. The culturally competent pediatrician: respecting ethnicity in your practice. Contemp Pediatr. 2003;20(6):83-105.

162. Davis RE. Cultural health care or child abuse? The Southeast Asian practice of cao gio. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2000;12(3):89-95.

163. Chahine Z, Van Straaten J. Serving immigrant families and children in New York City's child welfare system. Child Welfare. 2005;84(5):713-723.

164. Indell R, Vidal de Haymes M, Francisco D. A culturally responsive practice model for urban Indian child welfare services.Child Welfare. 2003;82(2):201-217.

165. Bates L, Baird D, Johnson DJ, Lee RE, Luster T, Rehagen C. Sudanese refugee youth in foster care: the "lost boys" in America.Child Welfare. 2005;84(5):631-648.

166. Nelson-Gardell D, Harris D. Childhood abuse history, secondary traumatic stress, and child welfare workers. Child Welfare. 2003;82(1):5-26.

167. Azar ST. Preventing burnout in professionals and paraprofessionals who work with child abuse and neglect cases: a cognitive behavioral approach to supervision. J Clin Psychol. 2000;56(5):643-663.

168. Dane B. Child welfare workers: an innovative approach for interacting with secondary trauma. J Soc Work Educ. 2000;36(1):27-38.

169. Pearlman LA, Saakvitne KW. Trauma and the Therapist: Counter-Transference and Vicarious Traumatisation in Psychotherapy with Incest Survivors. London: WW Norton and Co. Ltd.; 1995.

170. Kaufmann CM. Countertransference Hostage Syndrome in the Treatment of Trauma Survivors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Los Angeles, CA. September 1992.

171. Harper K, Steadman J. Therapeutic boundary issues in working with childhood sexual abuse survivors. Am J Psychother. 2003;57(1):64-79.

172. Etherington K. Supervising counselors who work with survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Couns Psychol Q. 2000;13(4):377-389.

173. Walker M. Supervising practitioners working with survivors of childhood abuse: counter-transference, secondary traumatization, and terror. Psychodynamic Practice. 2004;10(2):173-193.

174. Figley CR. Compassion fatigue: toward a new understanding of the costs of caring. In: Stamm BH (ed). Secondary Traumatic Stress: Self-care Issues for Clinicians, Researchers, and Educators. 2nd ed. Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press; 1999: 3-28.

175. Cunningham M. Impact of trauma work on social work clinicians: empirical findings. Soc Work. 2003;48(4):451-459.

176. Patrick PKS. Stress-induced challenges to the counselor role: burnout, compassion fatigue, and vicarious traumatization. In: Patrick PKS (ed). Contemporary Issues in Counseling. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 2007: 210-250.

177. Kilfedder CJ, Power KG, Wells TJ. Burnout in psychiatric nursing. J Adv Nurs. 2001;34(3):383-396.

178. Rushton A, Nathan, J. The supervision of child protection work. Br J Soc Work. 1996;26:357-374.

179. Davis G, Cockayne D. Peer support in child protection practice. Br J Community Nurs. 2005;19(10):18-21.

180. Scott L. The nature and structure of supervision in health visiting with victims of child sexual abuse. J Adv Nurs. 1999;29(3):754-763.

181. Lister PG, Crisp BR. Clinical supervision in child protection for community nurses. Child Abuse Review. 2005;14(1):57-72.

182. Bell H, Kulkarni S, Dalton L. Organizational prevention of vicarious trauma. Fam Soc. 2003;84(4):463-481.

183. de Boer C, Coady N. Good helping relationships in child welfare: learning from stories of success. Child Fam Soc Work. 2007;12(1):32-42.

184. Aten JD, Madson MB, Rice A, Chamberlain AK. Postdisaster supervisor strategies for promoting supervisee self-care: lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina. Training and Education in Professional Psychology. 2008;2(2):75-82.

185. Coster JS, Schwebel M. Well-functioning in professional psychologists. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 1997;28(1):5-13.

186. Twemlow SW. Interviewing violent patients. Bull Menninger Clin. 2001;65(4):503-521.

187. Gonzalez D, Mirabal AB, McCall JD. Child Abuse and Neglect. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459146. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

188. International Labour Organization. Child Labour Statistics. Available at https://www.ilo.org/international-programme-elimination-child-labour-ipec/child-labour-statistics. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

189. Humphreys J, Ramsey AM. Nursing care of abused children. In: Campbell J, Humphreys J (eds). Nursing Care of Survivors of Family Violence. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1993: 211-247.

190. Leder R, Knight JR, Emans SJ. Sexual abuse: when to suspect it, how to assess for it. Contemporary Pediatrics. 2001;18:59-74.

191. Bullock K. Child abuse: the physician's role in alleviating a growing problem. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(10):2977-2980.

192. Bala N. An historical perspective on family violence and child abuse: comment on Moloney et al., Allegations of family violence. J Fam Stud. 2008;14(2/3):271-278.

193. Myers JEB. A short history of child protection in America. Fam Law Q. 2008;42(3):449-463.

194. Hogan PT, Sau-Fong S. Minority children and the child welfare system: an historical perspective. Soc Work. 1988;33(6):493-498.

195. Batalova J, Hanna M, Levesque, C. Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States. Available at https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states#Children. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

196. Murray LK, Nguyen A, Cohen JA. Child sexual abuse. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2014;23(2):321-337.

197. Azar ST, Goff PA. Can science help Solomon? Child maltreatment cases and the potential for racial and ethnic bias in decision making. St Johns Law Rev. 2007;81:533-573.

198. Chand A. Every child matters? A critical review of child welfare reforms in the context of minority ethnic children and families. Child Abuse Review. 2008;17:6-22.

199. Stokes J, Schmidt G. Race, poverty and child protection decision making. Br J Soc Work. 2011;41(6):1105-1121.

200. Zou X, Tam KP, Morris MW, et al. Culture as common sense: perceived consensus versus personal beliefs as mechanisms of cultural influence. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;97(4):579-597.

201. Nesteruk O, Marks LD. Parenting in immigration: experiences of mothers and fathers from Eastern Europe raising children in the United States. J Comp Fam Stud. 2011;42(6):809-825.

202. Raval VV, Martini TS. "Making the child understand:" socialization of emotion in urban India. J Fam Psychol. 2011;25(6):847-856.

203. Cruz RA, King KM, Widaman KF, et al. Cultural influences on positive father involvement in two-parent Mexican-origin families.J Fam Psychol. 2011;25(5):731-740.

204. Glass J, Owen J. Latino fathers: the relationship among machismo, acculturation, ethnic identity, and paternal involvement. Psychol Men Masc. 2010;11:251-261.

205. West-Olatunji C, Sanders T, Mehta S, Behar-Horenstein L. Parenting practices among low-income parents/guardians of academically successful fifth grade African American children. Multicultural Perspectives. 2010;12(3):138-144.

206. Deater-Deckard K, Dodge KA. Externalizing behavior problems and discipline revisited: nonlinear effects and variation by culture, context, and gender. Psychological Inquiry. 1997;8(3):161-175.

207. Burchinal M, Skinner D, Reznick JS. European American and African American mothers' beliefs about parenting and disciplining infants: a mixed-method analysis. Parent Sci Pract. 2010;10(2):79-96.

208. Hicks-Pass S. Corporal punishment in America today: spare the rod, spoil the child? A systematic review of the literature. Best Practice in Mental Health. 2009;5(2):71-88.

209. Berlin LJ, Ispa JM, Fine MA, et al. Correlates and consequences of spanking and verbal punishment for low-income White, African American and Mexican American toddlers. Child Dev. 2009;80(5):1403-1420.

210. Oas PT. Current status on corporal punishment with children: what the literature says. Am J Fam Ther. 2010;38(5):413-420.

211. Deater-Deckard K, Dodge KA, Bates JE, Pettit GS. Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers: links to children's externalizing behaviors. Dev Psychol. 1996;32:1065-1072.

212. Lorber MF, O'Leary SG, Slep AMS. An initial evaluation of the role of emotion and impulsivity in explaining racial/ethnic differences in the use of corporal punishment. Dev Psychol. 2011;47(6):1744-1749.

213. Taylor CA, Hamvas L, Paris R. Perceived instrumentality and normativeness of corporal punishment use among Black mothers. Fam Relat. 2011;60(1):60-72.

214. Mweru M. Why are Kenyan teachers still using corporal punishment eight years after a ban on corporal punishment? Child Abuse Rev. 2010;19(4):248-258.

215. Bigfoot DS, Funderburk BW. Honoring children, making relatives: the cultural translation of parent-child interaction therapy for American Indian and Alaska Native families. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2011;43(4):309-318.

216. Cross SL, Day AG, Byers LG. American Indian grand families: a qualitative study conducted with grandmothers and grandfathers who provide sole care for their grandchildren. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2010;25(4):371-383.

217. Larsen S, Kim-Goh M, Nguyen TD. Asian American immigrant families and child abuse: cultural considerations. Journal of Systemic Therapies. 2008;27(1):16-29.

218. Kim E, Hong S. First-generation Korean-American parents' perceptions of discipline. J Prof Nurs. 2007;23(1):60-68.

219. Fontes LA, Plummer C. Cultural issues in disclosures of child sexual abuse. J Child Sex Abus. 2010;19(5):491-518.

220. Evans-Campbell T. Perceptions of child neglect among urban American Indian/Alaska native parents. Child Welf. 2008;7(3):115-142.

221. Afifi TO. Child abuse and adolescent parenting: developing a theoretical model from an ecological perspective. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2007;14(3):89-105.

222. Hong JS, Lee NY, Park HJ, Faller KC. Child maltreatment in South Korea: an ecological analysis. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2011;33(7):1058-1066.

223. MacArthur J, Rawana EP, Brownlee K. Implementation of a strength-based approach in the practice of child and youth care. Relational Child & Youth Care Practice. 2011;24(3):6-16.

224. Fontes LA. Interviewing immigrant children for suspected child maltreatment. J Psychiatry Law. 2010;38(3):283-305.

225. Dumbrill GC. Your policies, our children: messages from refugee parents to child welfare workers and policymakers. Child Welf. 2009;88(3):145-168.

226. Dettlaff AJ, de Haymes MV, Velazquez S, et al. Emerging issues at the intersection of immigration and child welfare: results from a transnational research and policy forum. Child Welf. 2009;88(2):47-67.

227. Friedrich M, Leiper R. Countertransference reactions in the therapeutic work with incestuous sexual abusers. J Child Sex Abus. 2006;15(1):51-68.

228. McCann IL, Pearlman LA. Psychological Trauma and the Adult Survivor: Theory, Therapy and Transformation. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel; 1990.

229. Tehrani N. The cost of caring: the impact of secondary trauma on assumptions, values and beliefs. Couns Psychol Q. 2007;20(4):325-339.

230. Newell JM, MacNeil GA. Professional burnout, vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion fatigue: a review of theoretical terms, risk factors, and preventive methods for clinicians and researchers. Best Practice in Mental Health. 2010;6(2):57-68.

231. Richards KC, Campenni CE, Muse-Burke JL. Self-care and well-being in mental health professionals: the mediating effects of self-awareness and mindfulness. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 2010;32(3):247-264.

232. Schure MB, Christopher J, Christopher S. Mind-body medicine and the art of self-care: teaching mindfulness to counseling students through yoga, meditation, and qigong. J Couns Dev. 2008;86:47-56.

233. Larsen JJ. The trafficking of children in the Asia-Pacific. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. 2011;415:1-6.

234. Cole J, Sprang G. Sex trafficking of minors in metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural communities. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;40:113-123.

235. Sossou MA, Yogtiba JA. Abuse of children in West Africa: implications for social work education and practice. Br J Soc Work. 2009;39(7):1218-1234.

236. Kaime T. "Vernacularising" the convention on the rights of the child: rights and culture as analytic tools. International Journal of Children's Rights. 2010;18(4):637-653.

237. Kaplan-Marcusán A, Rio NF, Moreno-Navarro J, et al. Female genital mutilation: perceptions of healthcare professionals and the perspective of the migrant families. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:193-201.

238. Klasen F, Oettingen G, Daniels J, Adam H. Multiple trauma and mental health in former Ugandan child soldiers. J Trauma Stress. 2010;23(5):573-581.

239. UNICEF. How COVID-19 is Changing the World. Available at https://data.unicef.org/resources/how-covid-19-is-changing-the-world-a-statistical-perspective. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

240. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act of 2014. Available at https://www.childwelfare.gov/resources/preventing-sex-trafficking-and-strengthening-families-act-pl-113-183/. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

241. Goldstein AO. Is exposure to secondhand smoke child abuse? Yes. Ann Fam Med. 2015;13(2):103-104.

242. Almond D, Edlund L, Milligan K. Son preference and the persistence of culture: evidence from South and East Asian immigrants to Canada. Popul Dev Rev. 2014;39(1):75-95.

243. Akhter T. A case study of female foeticide in Jammu and Kashmir. EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies. 2013;3(6):188-194.

244. Wood CJ. International crisis: female genital mutilation. American Diplomacy. 2015;3:17-28.

245. Stewart BT, Hatcher KW, Sengupta A, Burg RV. Cleft-related infanticide and abandonment: a systematic review of the academic and lay literature. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal. 2018;55(1):98-104.

246. Reisel D, Creighton SM. Long-term health consequences of female genital mutilation (FGM). Maturitas. 2015;80(1):48-51.

247. De Silva H. The use of child soldiers in war with special reference to Sri Lanka. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2013;33(4):273-280.

248. International Labour Organization. Child Labour and Domestic Work. Available at https://www.ilo.org/international-programme-elimination-child-labour-ipec/sectors-and-topics/child-labour-and-domestic-work. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

249. Hamenoo ES, Sottie CA. Stories from Lake Volta: the lived experiences of trafficked children in Ghana. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;40:103-112.

250. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Child Maltreatment 2022. Available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/data-research/child-maltreatment. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

251. Krase KS. Differences in racially disproportionate reporting of child maltreatment across report sources. J Public Child Welf. 2013;7(4):351-369.

252. Nadan Y, Spilsbury JC, Korbin JE. Culture and context in understanding child maltreatment: contributions of intersectionality and neighborhood-based research. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;41:40-48.

253. Frewen AR, Chew E, Carter M, et al. A cross-cultural exploration of parental involvement and child-rearing beliefs in Asian cultures. Early Years (Stoke-on-Trent). 2015;35(1):36-49.

254. Ng FFY, Pomerantz EM, Deng C. Why are Chinese mothers more controlling than American mothers? "My child is my report card." Child Dev. 2014;85(1):355-369.

255. Kim L, Knudson-Martin C, Tuttle A. Toward relationship-directed parenting: an example of North American born second-generation Korean-American mothers and their partners. Fam Process. 2014;53(1):55-66.

256. Adkison-Bradley C, Terpstra J, Dormitorio BP. Child discipline in African American families: a study of patterns and context. Fam J. 2014;22(2):198-205.

257. Lansford JE, Deater-Deckard K, Bornstein MH, et al. Attitudes justifying domestic violence predict endorsement of corporal punishment and physical and psychological aggression towards children: a study in 25 low-middle-income countries. J Pediatr. 2014;164(5):1208-1213.

258. Lee SJ, Altschul I. Spanking of young children: do immigrant and U.S.-born Hispanic parents differ? J Interpers Violence. 2015;30(3):475-498.

259. Limb GE, White C, Holgate M. Strengthening American Indian couples' relationship quality to improve parenting. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 2014;24(2):92-104.

260. Fakunmoju SB, Bammeke FO, Antwi Bosiakoh T, et al. Perception and determination of child maltreatment: exploratory comparisons across three countries. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2013;35(9):1418-1430.

261. Bartlett JD, Raskin M, Kotake C, et al. An ecological analysis of infant neglect by adolescent mothers. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38(4):723-734.

262. Waite R, Nardi D, Killian P. Examination of cultural knowledge and provider sensitivity in nurse managed health centers. J Cult Divers. 2014;21(2):74-79.

263. Christensen S. Enhancing nurses' ability to care with the culture of incarceration. J Transcult Nurs. 2014;25(3):223-231.

264. Iwelunmor J, Newsome V, Airhihenbuwa CO. Framing the impact of culture on health: a systematic review of the PEN-3 cultural model and its application in public health research and interventions. Ethn Health. 2014;19(1):20-46.

265. Abdullah S. An Islamic perspective for strengths-based social work with Muslim clients. J Soc Work Pract. 2015;29(2):163-172.

266. Pecora PJ, Chahine Z, Graham JC. Safety and risk assessment frameworks: overview and implications for child maltreatment fatalities. Child Welfare. 2013;92(2):143-160.

267. Kodner C, Wetherton A. Diagnosis and management of physical abuse in children. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(10):669-675.

268. Barnett JE, Molzon CH. Clinical supervision of psychotherapy: essential ethics issues for supervisors and supervisees. J Clin Psychol. 2014;70(11):1051-1061.

269. Damashek A, Bard D, Hecht D. Provider cultural competency, client satisfaction, and engagement in home-based programs to treat child abuse and neglect. Child Maltreat. 2012;17(1):56-66.

270. Hatton-Bowers H, Pecora PJ, Johnson K, et al. Evaluating training to promote critical thinking skills for determining children's safety.J Soc Work Educ. 2015;51(2):298-314.

271. Draijer N, Van Zon P. Transference-focused psychotherapy with former child soldiers: meeting the murderous self. J Trauma Dissociation. 2013;14(2):170-183.

272. Capri C, Kruger LM, Tomlinson M. Child sexual abuse workers' emotional experiences of working therapeutically in the Western Cape, South Africa. Child Adolesc Social Work J. 2013;30(5):365-382.

273. Lee E, Esaki N, Kim J, et al. Organizational climate and burnout among home visitors: testing mediating effects of empowerment. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2013;35(4):594-602.

274. Cookson J, Sloan G, Dafters R, et al. Provision of clinical supervision for staff working in mental health services. Mental Health Pract. 2014;17(7):29-34.

275. Miehls D. Neuroscience insights that inform clinical supervision. Smith Coll Stud Soc Work. 2014;84(2/3):367-384.

276. Salloum A, Kondrat DC, Johnco C, Olson KR. The role of self-care on compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary trauma among child welfare workers. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2015;49:54-61.

277. Devenish-Meares P. Call to compassionate self-care: introducing self-compassion into the workplace treatment process. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health. 2015;17(1):75-87.

278. Karpetis G. Clinical supervision in child protection practice: a review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2021;22(4):689-701.

279. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Major Federal Legislation Concerned with Child Protection, Child Welfare, and Adoption. Available at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/majorfedlegis.pdf. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

280. Child Welfare Information Gateway. About CAPTA: A Legislative History. Available at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/about.pdf. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

281. Alhassan AR, Anyinzaam-Adolipore JN. Female genital mutilation in Ghana: prevalence and socioeconomic predictors. BioMed Research International. 2021;6675579:1-6.

282. United Nations Children's Fund. Hidden in Plain Sight: A Statistical Analysis of Violence Against Children. New York, NY: UNICEF; 2014.

283. Ji K, Finkelhor D. A meta-analysis of child physical abuse prevalence in China. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;43:61-72.

284. Malik Y, Rowland A, Gerry F, Phipps FM. Mandatory reporting of female genital mutilation in children in the UK. British Journal of Midwifery. 2018;26(6):377-386.

285. Van Baelen L, Ortensi L, Leye E. Estimates of first-generation women and girls with female genital mutilation in the European Union, Norway and Switzerland. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2016;21(6):474-482.

286. Kelly JTD, Branham L, Decker MR. Abducted children and youth in Lord's Resistance Army in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): mechanisms of indoctrination and control. Conflict & Health. 2016;10:1-11.

287. Hurtado M, Iranzo Dosdad Á, Gómez Hernández S. The relationship between human trafficking and child recruitment in the Colombian armed conflict. Third World Quarterly. 2018;39(5):941-958.

288. Van Leeuwen JM, Miller L, Zamir M, et al. Community reintegrating former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: a qualitative study on the road to recovery. Journal of Psychology in Africa. 2018;28(2):105-109.

289. Anjum F, Zafar MI, Maann AA, Ahmad M. Health issues and wellbeing: working children in carpet industry in Punjab, Pakistan. Professional Medical Journal. 2015;22(5):640-647.

290. Obertová Z, Cattaneo C. Child trafficking and the European migration crisis: the role of forensic practitioners. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;282:46-59.

291. Makinde OA. Infant trafficking and baby factories: a new tale of child abuse in Nigeria. Child Abuse Review. 2016;25(6):433-443.

292. Wildeman C, Emanuel N, Leventhal JM, Putnam-Hornstein E, Waldfogel J, Lee H. The prevalence of confirmed maltreatment among U.S. children, 2004 to 2011. JAMA Pediatrics. 2014;168(8):706-713.

293. Kahn NE, Hansen ME. Measuring racial disparities in foster care placement: a case study of Texas. Children & Youth Services Review. 2017;76:213-226.

294. Maguire-Jack K, Cao Y, Yoon S. Racial disparities in child maltreatment: the role of social service availability. Children & Youth Services Review. 2018;86:49-55.

295. Kim SK, Wang Y, Orozco-Lapray D, Shen Y, Murtuza M. Does "tiger parenting" exist? Parenting profiles of Chinese Americans and adolescent developmental outcomes. Asian American Journal of Psychology. 2013;4:7-18.

296. Kang H, Shih K. "Actions speak louder than words:" Korean American emerging adults' perceptions and meaning making of their parents' instrumental aspects of parenting. Journal of Family Issues. 2018;39(3):644-667.

297. Children's Rights. Racism at the Front End of Child Welfare: Fact Sheet, January 2023. Available at https://www.childrensrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/CR-Racism-at-the-Front-End-of-Child-Welfare-2023-Fact-Sheet.pdf. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

298. Miller-Perrin C. A Survey of Ethical Beliefs, Attitudes, and Professional Practices of Psychologists on Parental Use of Spanking. Paper presented at: Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association.

299. Hoffmann JP, Ellison CG, Bartkowski JP. Conservative Protestantism and attitudes toward corporal punishment, 1986–2014. Social Science Research. 2017;63:81-94.

300. Qiao DP, Xie QW. Public perceptions of child physical abuse in Beijing. Child & Family Social Work. 2017;22(1):213-225.

301. Gershoff ET, Grogan-Kaylor A. Spanking and child outcomes: old controversies and new meta-analyses. J Fam Psychol. 2016;30(4):453-469.

302. Burkhart K, Knox M, Hunter K. Changing health care professionals' attitudes toward spanking. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016;55(11):1005-1011.

303. Holden GW, Hawk CK, Smith MM, Singh JP, Ashraf R. Disciplinary practices, metaparenting, and the quality of parent–child relationships in African-American, Mexican-American, and European-American mothers. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2017;41(4):482-490.

304. Böhm B. She got "spoiled:" perceptions of victims of child sexual abuse in Ghana. J Child Sex Abus. 2017;26(7):818-838.

305. Freisthler B, Wolf JP, Wiegmann W, Kepple NJ. Drug use, the drug environment, and child physical abuse and neglect. Child Maltreat. 2017;22(3):245-255.

306. Raissian KM. Does unemployment affect child abuse rates? Evidence from New York State. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;48:1-12.

307. Espinosa A, Ruglass LM, Nicholson R, Dambreville N, Shevorykin A, Sykes KM. Correlates of child abuse potential among African American and Latina mothers: a developmental-ecological perspective. Child Abuse Negl. 2017;70:222-230.

308. Mulder TM, Kuiper KC, van der Put CE, Stams GJM, Assink M. Risk factors for child neglect: a meta-analytic review. Child Abuse Negl. 2018;77:198-210.

309. Dolan CM, Raber MS. Responding to child sexual abuse disclosure. Nurse Pract. 2017;42(12):18-27.

310. Shah R. Broken mirror: the intertwining of therapist and client stories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling. 2017;19(4):343-356.

311. Tavormina M, Clossey L. Exploring crisis and its effects on workers in child protective services work. Child & Family Social Work. 2017;22(1):126-136.

312. He AS, Phillips JD, Lizano EL, Rienks S, Leake R. Examining internal and external job resources in child welfare: protecting against caseworker burnout. Child Abuse Negl. 2018;81:48-59.

313. Goddard C, Hunt S. The complexities of caring for child protection workers: the contexts of practice and supervision. Journal of Social Work Practice. 2011;25(4):413-432.

314. Miller JJ, Donohue-Dioh J, Niu C, Shalash N. Exploring the self-care practices of child welfare workers: a research brief. Children & Youth Services Review. 2018;84:137-142.

315. Griffiths A, Royse D, Walker R. Stress among child protective service workers: self-reported health consequences. Children & Youth Services Review. 2018;90:46-53.

316. Sanjeevi J, Houlihan D, Bergstrom KA, Langley MM, Judkins J. A review of child sexual abuse: impact, risk, and resilience in the context of culture. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 2018;27(6):622-641.

317. UNICEF. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Global Concern. Available at https://data.unicef.org/resources/female-genital-mutilationcutting-global-concern. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

318. Geremew TT, Azage M, Mengesha EW. Hotspots of female genital mutilation/cutting and associated factors among girls in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):186.

319. Garbarino J, Governale A, Nesi D. Vulnerable children: protection and social reintegration of child soldiers and youth members of gangs. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2020;110(Pt 1):104415.

320. Ahad MA, Parry YK, Willis E. The prevalence and impact of maltreatment of child laborers in the context of four South Asian countries: a scoping review. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2021;117:105052.

321. Posso A. The health consequences of hazardous and nonhazardous child labor. Review of Development Economics. 2019;23(2):619-639.

322. Burrone S, Giannelli GC. Child labour, gender and vulnerable employment in adulthood: evidence for Tanzania. Journal of Development Studies. 2020;56(12):2235-2250.

323. Lal N. India's child-trafficking nightmare deepens in the pandemic. Global Asia. 2021;16(1):82-87.

324. Greenbaum J. A public health approach to global child sex trafficking. Annual Review of Public Health. 2020;41:481-497.

325. Kokaliari ED, Roy AW, Taylor J. African American perspectives on racial disparities in child removals. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2019;90:139-148.

326. Ma J, Fallon B, Richard K. The overrepresentation of First Nations children and families involved with child welfare: findings from the Ontario incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 2013. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2019;90:52-65.

327. LaBrenz CA, Findley E, Graaf G, Baiden P, Kim J, Choi MJ, Chakravarty S. Racial/ethnic disproportionality in reunification across U.S. child welfare systems. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2021;114:104894.

328. Fix RL, Nair R. Racial/ethnic and gender disparities in substantiation of child physical and sexual abuse: influences of caregiver and child characteristics. Children and Youth Services Review. 2020;116:105186.

329. Cho HS, Cheah CSL, Vu KTT, et al. Culturally shared and unique meanings and expressions of maternal control across four cultures. Developmental Psychology. 2021;57(2):284-301.

330. Finkelhor D, Turner H, Wormuth BK, Vanderminden J, Hamby S. Corporal punishment: current rates from a national survey. Journal of Child & Family Studies. 2019;28(7):1991-1997.

331. Beatriz E, Salhi C. Child discipline in low- and middle-income countries: socioeconomic disparities at the household- and country-level. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2019;94:104023.

332. Toure D, Do K, Ramos AK, Su D. Assessing racial and ethnic differences in attitudes towards the use of physical discipline in parenting: a mixed-methods approach. Journal of Social Service Research. 2019;45(4):455-465.

333. Lin J. Values and beliefs as risk and protective factors for physical punishment. Journal of Child & Family Studies. 2018;27(10): 3413-3425.

334. Wang F, Wang M, Xing X. Attitudes mediate the intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment in China. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2018;76:34-43.

335. Do HN, Nguyen HQT, Nguyen LTT, et al. Perception and attitude about child sexual abuse among Vietnamese school-age children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;16(20):3973.

336. Molnar BE, Meeker SA, Manners K, et al. Vicarious traumatization among child welfare and child protection professionals: a systematic review. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2020;110(Pt 3):104679.

337. Martinello E. Applying the ecological systems theory to better understand and prevent child sexual abuse. Sexuality and Culture. 2020;24(1):326-344.

338. Rodriguez CM, Lee SJ, Ward KP, Pu DF. The perfect storm: hidden risk of child maltreatment during the Covid-19 pandemic. Child Maltreatment. 2021;26(2):139-151.

339. Lakhdir MPA. Factors associated with child maltreatment among children aged 11 to 17 years in community settings of Karachi, Pakistan, using Belsky ecological framework. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2021;36(1/2):297-313.

340. Oliver C, Charles G. Which strengths-based practice? Reconciling strengths-based practice and mandated authority in child protection work. Social Work. 2015;60(2):135-143.

341. Santa-Sosa E, Runyon M. Addressing ethnocultural factors in treatment for child physical abuse. Journal of Child & Family Studies. 2015;24(6):1660-1671.

342. Bridges DR, Davidson RA, Odegard PS, Maki IV, Tomkowiak J. Interprofessional collaboration: three best practice models of interprofessional education. Medical Education Online. 2011;16.

343. Gilles I, Filliettaz SS, Berchtold P, Peytremann-Bridevaux I. Financial barriers decrease benefits of interprofessional collaboration within integrated care programs: results of a nationwide survey. International Journal of Integrated Care. 2020;20(1).

344. Hale GM, Joseph T, Maravent S, et al. Effect of interprofessional collaboration on quality of life in elderly patients with cardiovascular disease. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice. 2018;12:25-28.

345. Weinberg DB, Miner DC, Rivlin L. "It depends:" medical residents' perspectives on working with nurses. American Journal of Nursing. 2009;109:34-43.

346. Campbell KA, Wuthrich A, Norlin C. We have all been working in our own little silos forever: exploring a cross-sector response to child maltreatment. Academic Pediatrics. 2020;20(1):46-54.

347. Chen L. Cultural competency in mandated reporting among healthcare professionals. Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice. 2019;28(2):319-347.

348. Sharley V. Conceptualising child neglect in Namibia: challenges and strategies. International Social Work. 2019;62(3):1159-1164.

349. Passmore S, Hemming E, McIntosh HC, Hellman CM. The relationship between hope, meaning in work, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout among child abuse pediatric clinicians. Journal of Applied Communications. 2020;24(1):29-34.

350. Wymer B, Guest JD, Deaton JD, Newton TL, Limberg D, Ohrt JH. Early career clinicians' supervision experiences related to secondary traumatic stress when treating child survivors of sexual abuse. Clinical Supervisor. 2020;39(2):284-305.

351. Renteln AD. Corporal punishment and the cultural defense. Law and Contemporary Problems. 2010;73:253-279.

352. Kibler T. Unpacking the History of American and International Child Rights. Available at https://home.heinonline.org/blog/2020/08/unpacking-the-history-of-american-and-international-child-rights. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

353. Lang D. 1600s: Autocratic Parenting. Available at https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/parentingfamilydiversity/chapter/autocratic. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

354. Administration for Children and Families. HHS Announces Historic Child Welfare Package to Expand Support and Equity in Child Welfare System. Available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/media/press/2023/hhs-announces-historic-child-welfare-package-expand-support-and-equity-child. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

355. Marmor A, Cohen N, Katz C. Child maltreatment during COVID-19: key conclusions and future directions based on a systematic literature review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2023;24(2):760-775.

356. Lee H, Kim E. Global prevalence of physical and psychological child abuse during COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2023;135:1-10.

357. Ahinkorah BO, Budu E, Seidu A-A, et al. Female genital mutilation/cutting among girls aged 0–14: evidence from the 2018 Mali Demographic and Health Survey data. BMC Women's Health. 2024;24(1):1-9.

358. Ayenew AA, Mol BW, Bradford B, Abeje G. Prevalence of female genital mutilation and associated factors among women and girls in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews. 2024;13(1):1-16.

359. UNICEF. Children Recruited by Armed Forces or Armed Groups. Available at https://www.unicef.org/protection/children-recruited-by-armed-forces. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

360. Abdullah A, Huynh I, Emery CR, Jordan LP. Social norms and family child labor: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(7):4082.

361. National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Child Sex Trafficking Overview. Available at https://www.missingkids.org/content/dam/missingkids/pdfs/CST%20Identification%20Resource.pdf. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

362. Branscum C, Richards TN. The wrong rite of passage: comparing sex trafficking to other types of child maltreatment using the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS). Victims & Offenders. 2023;18(3):399-422.

363. Briggs HE, Huggins-Hoyt KY, Teasley ML, Gary Hopps J. Poverty or racism? Determinants of disproportionality and disparity for African American/Black Children in child welfare. Research on Social Work Practice. 2022;32(5):533-538.

364. Zhao X, Dale C, Hare M, et al. Measurement invariance in the assessment of parenting practices: a cross-cultural comparison of China and the United States. Journal of Family Psychology. 2023;37(6):774-785.

365. Porter N, Tanabe K. The mimamoru approach in contemporary Japanese parenting magazines: strategies for disciplining young children. Early Childhood Education Journal. 2023;51(7):1241-1252.

366. Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. Global Progress. Available at https://endcorporalpunishment.org. Last accessed August 27, 2024.

367. Bhatia A, Fabbri C, Cerna-Turoff I, et al. Violence against children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2021;99(10):730-738.

368. Hines CT, Kalil A, Ryan RM. Differences in parents' attitudes toward spanking across socioeconomic status and region, 1986–2016. Social Indicators Research. 2022;160(1):133-158.

369. Avezum M, Pisani Altafim ER, Martins Linhares MB. Spanking and corporal punishment parenting practices and child development: a systematic review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse. 2023;24(5):3094-3111.

370. Cuartas J. Estimating the association between spanking and early childhood development using between- and within-child analyses. Psychology of Violence. 2024;14(2):77-86.

371. Duong HT. Childhood experiences and attitudes toward corporal punishment: the mediating role of perceived efficacy of alternative discipline strategies among low-income Black, Hispanic, and White parents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2022;37(19/20):NP18266-NP18290.

372. Duong HT, Monahan JL, Mercer Kollar LM, Klevens J. Examining sources of social norms supporting child corporal punishment among low-income Black, Latino, and White parents. Health Communications. 2022;37(11):1413-1422.

373. Navarro-Cruz G, Kouyoumdjian C, Arias L. 'There's not one way to do it:" Latina mothers' discipline techniques. Journal of Family Issues. 2021;42(5):908-930.

374. McKinley C, Knipp H, Lilly J. "A learning experience:" disciplinary and parenting practices among Native American families. Child & Family Social Work. 2022;27(2):185-194.

375. Cho HS, Cheah CSL, Vu KTT, et al. Culturally shared and unique meanings and expressions of maternal control across four cultures. Developmental Psychology. 2021;57(2):284-301.

376. Woudstra MIJ, Emmen RAG, Alink LRA, Wang L, Branger MCE, Mesman J. Attitudes about child maltreatment in China and the Netherlands. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2021;112:104900.

377. Younas F, Gutman LM. Parental risk and protective factors in child maltreatment: a systematic review of the evidence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2023;24(5):3697-3714.

378. Tran NK, van Berkel SR, van IJzendoorn MH, Alink LRA. Child and family factors associated with child maltreatment in Vietnam. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2021;36(5-6):NP2931-NP2953.

379. Larter N, Jersky M, Ryan L, et al. Strengths-based approaches to providing an Aboriginal community child health service. International Journal of Indigenous Health. 2024;19(1):1-14.

380. VanGraafeiland B, Chiocca E, Perks D, Dietzman H, Horner G. Overview of recognition and prevention of child sex trafficking in the primary care setting: a primer for nurse practitioners. Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2022;18(3):285-288.

381. Seekamp S, Ey L-A, Wright S, Herbert J, Tsiros MD. Service delivery goals and underlying interprofessional practices: a scoping review to support interprofessional collaboration in the field of child protection. Children and Youth Services Review. 2022;143:1-10.

382. Bowman ME. Child welfare worker wellness: an ethical imperative in the service of children. Child Abuse Review. 2022;31(5):1-12.

383. Wadji DL, Oe M, Cheng P, et al. Associations between experiences of childhood maltreatment and perceived acceptability of child maltreatment: a cross-cultural and exploratory study. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2023;143:1-12.

384. Tlali T. Therapeutic tool or a hindrance? A phenomenological investigation into the experiences of countertransference in the treatment of sexually abused children. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology. 2022;22(1):1-12.

385. Weiss-Dagan S, Ben-Porat A, Itzhaky H. Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious post-traumatic growth among social workers who have worked with abused children. Journal of Social Work. 2022;22(1):170-187.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.