Works Cited

Cannabis and Cannabis Use Disorders

Course #66974-

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Winstock A, Munksgaard R, Davies E. Global Drug Survey: 2022 7-Year Drug Trend Report. Available at https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2022WowReport_Final.pdf. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

2. Chayasirisobhon S. Mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of cannabis. Perm J. 2020;25:1-3.

3. Hart CL. Increasing treatment options for cannabis dependence: a review of potential pharmacotherapies. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;80(2):147-159.

4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt42731/2022-nsduh-nnr.pdf. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

5. Pew Research Center. Most Americans Now Live in a Legal Marijuana State–And Most Have At Least One Dispensary in Their County. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/29/most-americans-now-live-in-a-legal-marijuana-state- and-most-have-at-least-one-dispensary-in-their-county. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Text revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2022.

7. Hubbard JR, Franco SE, Onaivi ES. Marijuana: medical implications. Am Fam Physician. 1999;60(9):2583-2588, 2593.

8. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-nsduh-detailed-tables. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

9. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2019 NSDUH: Detailed Tables. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2019-nsduh-detailed-tables. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

10. Caulkins JP. Changes in self-reported cannabis use in the United States from 1979 to 2022. Addiction. 2024; [Epub ahead of print].

11. National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics. Marijuana Addiction: Rates and Usage Statistics. Available at https://drugabusestatistics.org/marijuana-addiction. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

12. Roehler DR, Smith H IV, Radhakrishnan L, et al. Cannabis-involved emergency department visits among persons aged <25 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, 2019–2022. MMWR. 2023;72:758-765.

13. Sultan RS, Zhang AW, Olfson M, Kwizera MH, Levin FR. Nondisordered cannabis use among U.S. adolescents. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(5):e2311294.

14. Masroor A, Patel RS, Bhimanadham NN, et al. Conduct disorder-related hospitalization and substance use disorders in American teens. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019;9(7):73.

15. Terry-McElrath YM, O'Malley PM, Patrick ME, Miech RA. Risk is still relevant: time-varying associations between perceived risk and marijuana use among US 12th grade students from 1991-2016. Addict Behav. 2017;74:13-19.

16. Roehler DR, Hoots BE, Holland KM, Baldwin GT, Vivolo-Kantor AM. Trends and characteristics of cannabis-associated emergency department visits in the United States, 2006–2018. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022;232:109-288.

17. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Warns Consumers About the Accidental Ingestion by Children of Food Products Containing THC. Available at https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/fda-warns-consumers-about-accidental-ingestion-children-food-products-containing-thc. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

18. Haney M, Cooper ZD, Bedi G, Vosburg SK, Comer SD, Foltin RW. Nabilone decreases marijuana withdrawal and a laboratory measure of marijuana relapse. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(8):1557-1565.

19. Kamon J, Budney A, Stanger C. A contingency management intervention for adolescent marijuana abuse and conduct problems. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(6):513-521.

20. Herrmann ES, Cooper ZD, Bedi G, et al. Effects of zolpidem alone and in combination with nabilone on cannabis withdrawal and a laboratory model of relapse in cannabis users. Psychopharmacol. 2016;233:2469-2478.

21. Levin FR, McDowell D, Evans SM, et al. Pharmacotherapy for marijuana dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of divalproex sodium. Am J Addict. 2004;13(1):21-32.

22. Farmer RF, Seeley JR, Kosty DB, et al. Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology as predictors of cannabis use disorder onset during adolescence and early adulthood. Psychol Addict Behav. 2015;29(3):541-51.

23. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT, Madden PA. Early reactions to cannabis predict later dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(10):1033-1039.

24. de Wit H, Phillips TJ. Do initial responses to drugs predict future use or abuse? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36(6):1565-1576.

25. Balter RE, Cooper ZD, Haney M. Novel pharmacologic approaches to treating cannabis use disorder. Curr Addict Rep. 2014;1(2):137-143.

26. Bahji A, Stephenson C, Tyo R, Hawken ER, Seitz DP. Prevalence of cannabis withdrawal symptoms among people with regular or dependent use of cannabinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(4):e202370.

27. Rooke SE, Norberg MM, Copeland J. Successful and unsuccessful cannabis quitters: comparing group characteristics and quitting strategies. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2011;6:30.

28. Bostwick MJ. Blurred boundaries: the therapeutics and politics of medical marijuana. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(2):172-186.

29. Verweij KJ, Zietsch BP, Lynskey MT, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on cannabis use initiation and problematic use: a meta-analysis of twin studies. Addiction. 2010;105(3):417-430.

30. Kendler KS, Jacobson KC, Prescott CA, Neale MC. Specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for use and abuse/dependence of cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, sedatives, stimulants, and opiates in male twins. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(4):687-695.

31. Carroll KM, Easton CJ, Nich C, et al. The use of contingency management and motivational/skills-building therapy to treat young adults with marijuana dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(5):955-966.

32. Califano JA Jr. The Grass Roots of Teen Drug Abuse. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB922395791456485764. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

33. Secades-Villa R, Garcia-Rodríguez O, Jin CJ, Wang S, Blanco C. Probability and predictors of the cannabis gateway effect: a national study. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(2):135-142.

34. Rock EM, Parker LA. Constituents of Cannabis sativa. In: Murillo-Rodriguez E, Pandi-Perumal SR, Monti JM (eds). Cannabinoids and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Cham: Springer; 2021.

35. Martínez-Aguirre C, Carmona-Cruz F, Velasco AL, et al. Cannabidiol acts at 5-HT1A receptors in the human brain: relevance for treating temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Behav Neurosci. 2020;14:611278.

36. Stuyt E. The problem with the current high-potency THC marijuana from the perspective of an addiction psychiatrist. Mo Med. 2018;115(6):482-486.

37. Haney M, Hart CL, Vosburg SK, et al. Effects of baclofen and mirtazapine on a laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010;211(2):233-244.

38. Gray KM, Carpenter MJ, Baker NL, et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(8):805-812.

39. U.S. Department of Justice. Drug Enforcement Administration Fact Sheet: Marijuana/Cannabis. Available at https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Marijuana-Cannabis-2020_0.pdf. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

40. National Cancer Institute. Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

41. Ashton CH. Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:101-106.

42. Gray KM, Sonne SC, McClure EA, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine for cannabis use disorder in adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;177:249-257.

43. Abrams DI, Vizoso HP, Shade SB, Jay C, Kelly ME, Benowitz NL. Vaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: a pilot study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;82(5):572-578.

44. Schnell T, Koethe D, Krasnianski A, et al. Ziprasidone versus clozapine in the treatment of dually diagnosed (DD) patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use disorders: a randomized study. Am J Addict. 2014;23(3):308-312.

45. Ashton CH. Adverse effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83(4):637-649.

46. Kelly MA, Levin FR. Treatment of cannabis use disorder. In: Galanter M, Kleber HD, Brady KT (eds). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2015.

47. Kaminer Y, Burleson JA, Burke R, Litt MD. The efficacy of contingency management for adolescent cannabis use disorder: a controlled study. Subst Abus. 2014;35(4):391-398.

48. Stephens RS, Roffman RA, Curtin L. Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(5):898-908.

49. Russo EB. Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2008;4(1):245-259.

50. Grotenhermen F. Review of therapeutic effects. In: Grotenhermen F, Russo E (eds). Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential. New York, NY: Routledge; 2002: 123-142.

51. Budney AJ, Moore BA, Rocha HL, Higgins ST. Clinical trial of abstinence-based vouchers and cognitive-behavioral therapy for cannabis dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(2):307-316.

52. Walker DD, Roffman RA, Stephens RS, Wakana K, Berghuis J, Kim W. Motivational enhancement therapy for adolescent marijuana users: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(3):628-632.

53. Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Wykes T, et al. Integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy for people with psychosis and comorbid substance misuse: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c6325.

54. Baker AL, Hides L, Lubman DI. Treatment of cannabis use among people with psychotic or depressive disorders: a systematic review.J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(3):247-254.

55. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2017.

56. Hirvonen J, Goodwin RS, Li CT, et al. Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17(6):642-649.

57. Todaro B. Cannabinoids in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012;10(4):487-492.

58. Robson P. Therapeutic aspects of cannabis and cannabinoids. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:107-115.

59. ProCon.org. Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC. Available at https://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/legal-medical-marijuana-states-and-dc/. Last accessed July 2, 2021.

60. Baker AL, Thornton LK, Hides L, Dunlop A. Treatment of cannabis use among people with psychotic disorders: a critical review of randomised controlled trials. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(32):4923-4937.

61. Bostwick JM, Reisfield GM, DuPont RL. Clinical decisions: medicinal use of marijuana. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(9):866-868.

62. Parker LA, Rock E, Limebeer C. Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids. Br J Pharmacol. 2011;163(7):1411-1422.

63. Machado Rocha FC, Stéfano SC, De Cássia Haiek R, et al. Therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008;17(5):431-443.

64. Berlach DM, Shir Y, Ware MA. Experience with the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone in chronic noncancer pain. Pain Med. 2006;7(1):25-29.

65. Burns TL, Ineck JR. Cannabinoid analgesia as a potential new therapeutic option in the treatment of chronic pain. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(2):251-260.

66. Noyes R Jr, Brunk SF, Avery DA, Canter AC. The analgesic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1975;18(1):84-89.

67. Johnson JR, Burnell-Nugent M, Lossignol D, Ganae-Motan ED, Potts R, Fallon MT. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;39(2):167-179.

68. Portenoy RK, Ganae-Motan ED, Allende S, et al. Nabiximols for opioid-treated cancer patients with poorly-controlled chronic pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, graded-dose trial. J Pain. 2012;13(5):438-449.

69. Cooper ZD, Abrama D. Considering abuse liability and neurocognitive effects of cannabis and cannabis-derived products when assessing analgesic efficacy: a comprehensive review of randomized-controlled studies. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2019;45(6):580-595.

70. Graham LA. Management of spasticity revisited. Age Ageing. 2013;42(4):435-441.

71. Patti F, Chisari CG, Fernández Ó, et al. A real-world evidence study of nabiximols in multiple sclerosis patients with resistant spasticity: analysis in relation to the newly described "spasticity-plus syndrome". Eur J Neurol. 2022;29(9):2744-2753.

72. LexiComp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed July 2, 2024.

73. Humphreys K, Wing S, McCarty D, et al. Self-help organizations for alcohol and drug problems: toward evidence-based practice and policy. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2004;26(3):151-165.

74. Kranzler HR, Koob G, Gastfriend DR, Swift RM, Willenbring ML. Advances in the pharmacotherapy of alcoholism: challenging misconceptions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(2):272-281.

75. Christo G, Franey C. Drug users' spiritual beliefs, locus of control and the disease concept in relation to Narcotics Anonymous attendance and six-month outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;38(1):51-56.

76. Haney M, Gunderson EW, Rabkin J, et al. Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV-positive marijuana smokers: caloric intake, mood, and sleep. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45(5):545-554.

77. Prentiss D, Power R, Balmas G, et al. Patterns of marijuana use among patients with HIV/AIDS followed in a public health care setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35(1):38-45.

78. Guzmán M. Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(10):745-755.

79. Pergam SA, Woodfield MC, Lee CM, et al. Cannabis use among patients at a comprehensive cancer center in a state with legalized medicinal and recreational use. Cancer. 2017;123(22):4488-4497.

80. Christo G, Sutton S. Anxiety and self-esteem as a function of abstinence time among recovering addicts attending Narcotics Anonymous. Br J Clin Psychol. 1994;33(Pt 2):198-200.

81. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves First Drug Comprised of an Active Ingredient Derived from Marijuana to Treat Rare, Severe Forms of Epilepsy. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-comprised-active-ingredient-derived-marijuana-treat-rare-severe-forms. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

82. Crape BL, Latkin CA, Laris AS, Knowlton AR. The effects of sponsorship in 12-step treatment of injection drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002;65(3):291-301.

83. Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E, et al. Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs. 2018;78(17):1791-1804.

84. Pratt M, Stevens A, Thuku M, et al. Benefits and harms of medical cannabis: a scoping review of systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2019;8:320.

85. Hauser W, Petzke F, Fitzcharles MA. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain management: an overview of systematic reviews. Eur J Pain. 2018;22(3):55-470.

86. Iversen L. Cannabis and the brain. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 6):1252-1270.

87. Volkow ND, Baler RD, Compton WM, Weiss SR. Adverse health effects of marijuana use. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(23):2219-2227.

88. Goncalves J, Rosado T, Soares S, et al. Cannabis and its secondary metabolites: their use as therapeutic drugs, toxicological aspects, and analytical determination. Medicines (Basel). 2019;6(1):31.

89. Smith PH, Homish GG, Leonard KE, Collins RL. Marijuana withdrawal and aggression among a representative sample of U.S. marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(1-2):63-68.

90. Johns A. Psychiatric effects of cannabis. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:116-122.

91. De Aquino JP, Sherif M, Radhakrishnan R, Cahill JD, Ranganathan M, D'Souza DC. The psychiatric consequences of cannabinoids. Clin Ther. 2018;40(9):1448-1456.

92. Jalali R, Moradi A, Dehghan F, Merzai S, Alikhani M. The exploration of factors related to treatment retention in Narcotics Anonymous members: a qualitative study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2019;14(1):14.

93. Melamede R. Cannabis and tobacco smoke are not equally carcinogenic. Harm Reduction J. 2005;2:21.

94. Callaghan RC, Allebeck P, Sidorchuk A. Marijuana use and risk of lung cancer: a 40-year cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(10):1811-1820.

95. Zhang LR, Morgenstern H, Greenland S, et al. Cannabis smoking and lung cancer risk: pooled analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(4):894-903.

96. Alvarez S. Do some addictions interfere with fertility? Fertil Steril. 2015;103(1):22-26.

97. Warner TD, Roussos-Ross D, Behnke M. It's not your mother's marijuana: effects on maternal-fetal health and the developing child. Clin Perinatol. 2014;41(4):877-894.

98. Silins E, Horwood LJ, Patton GC, et al. Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: an integrative analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(4):286-293.

99. Marijuana Anonymous. Available at https://www.marijuana-anonymous.org. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

100. Meier M H, Caspi A, Ambler A, et al. Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(40):E2657-E2664.

101. Cousijn J, Wiers RW, Ridderinkhof KR, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, Goudriaan AE. Grey matter alterations associated with cannabis use: results of a VBM study in heavy cannabis users and healthy controls. Neuroimage. 2012;59(4):3845-3851.

102. Filbeya FM, Aslana S, Calhoun VD. Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain. PNAS. 2014;111(47):16913-16918.

103. Scott JC, Slomiak ST, Jones JD, et al. Association of cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: a systemic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(6):585-595.

104. Ashton CH, Moore PB. Endocannabinoid system dysfunction in mood and related disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011;124(4): 250-261.

105. Lev-Ran S, Roerecke M, Le Foll B, George TP, McKenzie K, Rehm J. The association between cannabis use and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Med. 2014;44(4):797-810.

106. Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M. Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression. Addiction. 2003;98(11):1493-1504.

107. Hall W. Dissecting the causal anatomy of the link between cannabis and other illicit drugs. Addiction. 2006;101(4):472-473, 474-476.

108. Burns JK. Pathways from cannabis to psychosis: a review of the evidence. Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:128.

109. Hanna RC, Shalvoy A, Cullum CM, et al. Cognitive function in individuals with psychosis: moderation by adolescent cannabis use. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(6):1496-1503.

110. Di Forti M, Morgan C, Dazzan P, et al. High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(6):488-491.

111. D'Souza DC, Perry E, MacDougall L, et al. The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(8):1558-1572.

112. Burgdorf JR, Kilmer B, Pacula RL. Heterogeneity in the composition of marijuana seized in California. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;117(1):59-61.

113. Leweke FM, Schneider U, Radwan M, Schmidt E, Emrich HM. Different effects of nabilone and cannabidiol on binocular depth inversion in Man. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000;66(1):175-181.

114. Lac A, Luk JW. Testing the Amotivational syndrome: marijuana use longitudinally predicts lower self-efficacy even after controlling for demographics, personality, and alcohol and cigarette use. Prev Sci. 2018;19(2):117-126.

115. Cougle JR, Hakes JK, Macatee RJ, Chavarria J, Zvolensky MJ. Quality of life and risk of psychiatric disorders among regular users of alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis: an analysis of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J Psychiatr Res. 2015;66-67:135-141.

116. Butterworth P, Slade T, Degenhardt L. Factors associated with the timing and onset of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder: results from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2014;33(5):555-564.

117. Dannon PN, Lowengrub K, Amiaz R, Grunhaus L, Kotler M. Comorbid cannabis use and panic disorder: short-term and long-term follow-up study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004;19(2):97-101.

118. Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Chagas MH, et al. Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(6):1219-1226.

119. Simonetto DA, Oxentenko AS, Herman ML, Szostek JH. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: a case series of 98 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(2):114-119.

120. Kim HS, Anderson JD, Saghafi O, Heard KJ, Monte AA. Cyclic vomiting presentations following marijuana liberalization in Colorado. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;22(6):694-699.

121. Price SL, Fisher C, Kumar R, Hilgerson A. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome as the underlying cause of intractable nausea and vomiting. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2011;111(3):166-169.

122. Bonn-Millera MO, Zvolensky MJ, Moos RH. 12-step self-help group participation as a predictor of marijuana abstinence. Addiction Res Theory. 2011;19(1):76-84.

123. Laudet AB. Attitudes and beliefs about 12-step groups among addiction treatment clients and clinicians: toward identifying obstacles to participation. Subst Use Misuse. 2003;38(14):2017-2047.

124. Gorelick DA, Levin KH, Copersino ML, et al. Diagnostic criteria for cannabis withdrawal syndrome. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123 (1-3):141-147.

125. Budney AJ, Hughes JR, Moore BA, Vandrey R. Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(11):1967-1977.

126. Dawes MA, Liguori A, Dougherty DM. Cannabis withdrawal among adolescent cannabis users in an outpatient research setting. Am J Addict. 2006;15(6):485-486.

127. Hesse M, Thylstrup B. Time-course of the DSM-5 cannabis withdrawal symptoms in poly-substance abusers. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:258.

128. Chesney T, Matsos L, Couturier J, Johnson N. Cannabis withdrawal syndrome: an important diagnostic consideration in adolescents presenting with disordered eating. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47(2):219-223.

129. Nguyen VH, Harley KG. Prenatal cannabis use and infant birth outcomes in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.J Pediatr. 2022;240:87-93.

130. Meier MH, Caspi A, Knodt AR, et al. Long-term cannabis use and cognitive reserves and hippocampal volume in midlife. Am J Psychiatry. 2022;179(5):362-374.

131. Dumont GJH. Nabiximols as a substitute for cannabis. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2020;164:D4578.

132. Lintzeris N, Bhardwaj A, Mills L, et al. Nabiximols for the treatment of cannabis dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(9):1242-1253.

133. Werneck MA, Kortas GT, de Andrade AG, Castaldelli-Maia JM. A systematic review of the efficacy of cannabinoid agonist replacement therapy for cannabis withdrawal symptoms. CNS Drugs. 2018;32(12):1113-1129.

134. Moore BA, Budney AJ. Relapse in outpatient treatment for marijuana dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2003;25(2):85-89.

135. McRae AL, Budney AJ, Brady KT. Treatment of marijuana dependence: a review of the literature. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2003;24(4):369-376.

136. Miller NS, Gold MS, Pottash AC. A 12-step treatment approach for marijuana (Cannabis) dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1989;6(4):241-250.

137. Nielsen S, Gowing L, Sabioni P, Le Foll B. Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;1(1):CD008940.

138. Ghosh A, Basu D. Cannabis and psychopathology: the meandering journey of the last decade. Indian J Psychiatry. 2015;57(2):140-149.

139. Balter RE, Cooper ZD, Haney M. Novel pharmacologic approaches to treating cannabis use disorder. Curr Addict Rep. 2014;1(2):137-143.

140. Penetar DM, Looby AR, Ryan ET, Maywalt MA, Lukas SE. Bupropion reduces some of the symptoms of marihuana withdrawal in chronic marihuana users: a pilot study. Subst Abuse. 2012;6:63-71.

141. Carpenter KM, McDowell D, Brooks DJ, Cheng WY, Levin FR. A preliminary trial: double-blind comparison of nefazodone, bupropion-SR, and placebo in the treatment of cannabis dependence. Am J Addict. 2009;18(1):53-64.

142. Haney M, Hart CL, Vosburg SK, et al. Marijuana withdrawal in humans: effects of oral THC or divalproex. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(1):158-170.

143. Bonnet U, Preuss UW. The cannabis withdrawal syndrome: current insights. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2017;8:9-37.

144. Mason BJ, Crean R, Goodell V, et al. A proof-of-concept randomized controlled study of gabapentin: effects on cannabis use, withdrawal and executive function deficits in cannabis-dependent adults. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37(7):1689-1698.

145. Martinez D, Trifilieff P. A Review of Potential Pharmacological Treatments for Cannabis Abuse. Available at https://www. asam.org/resources/publications/magazine/read/article/2015/04/13/a-review-of-potential-pharmacological-treatments-for-cannabis-abuse. Last accessed July 1, 2024.

146. Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Pavlicova M, et al. Dronabinol and lofexidine for cannabis use disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Dep. 2016;159:53-60.

147. Bedi G, Cooper ZD, Haney M. Subjective, cognitive and cardiovascular dose-effect profile of nabilone and dronabinol in marijuana smokers. Addict Biol. 2013;18(5):872-881.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.