Works Cited

Dental Considerations for Older Adult Patients

Course #59564-

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Beveridge RN. Crossing the Healthcare Chasm: Health Care Trends 2011–2015. Available at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2150133510395494. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

2. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Older Americans 2020: Key Indicators of Well-Being. Laurel, MD: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2020.

3. ADA. Aging and Dental Health. Available at https://www.ada.org/en/resources/ada-library/oral-health-topics/aging-and-dental-health#. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Living with a Chronic Condition. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/chronic-disease/living-with/index.html. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2021 Profile of Older Americans. Available at https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/Profile%20of%20OA/2021%20Profile%20of%20OA/2021ProfileOlderAmericans_508.pdf. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health; 2000.

7. Arora SA, Ahuja P. Periodontal disease: a possible risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. JIDA. 2011;5(4):552-554.

8. Winning L, Linden GJ. Periodontitis and systemic disease. BDJ Team2015;15163.

9. World Health Organization. Oral Health. Available at https://www.who.int/health-topics/oral-health/#tab=tab_1. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

10. Barnett ML. The oral-systemic disease connection: an update for the practicing dentist. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(Suppl 2):S5-S6.

11. Mayo Clinic. Periodontitis: Symptoms and Causes. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354473. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

12. Pussinen PJ, Alfthan G, Rissanen H, et al. Antibodies to periodontal pathogens and stroke risk. Stroke. 2004;35(9):2020-2023.

13. Veloso TR, Amiquet M, Rousson V, et al. Induction of experimental endocarditis by continuous low-grade bacteremia mimicking spontaneous bacteremia in humans. Infect Immun. 2011;79(5):2006-2011.

14. Misra S, Singh A, Singh N. Periodontal infection as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Indian J Dent Sci. 2012;1(4):94-96.

15. Meisel P, Kohlmann T, Wallaschofski H, Kroemer HK, Kocher T. Cholesterol, C reactive-proteins, and periodontitis: HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors (statins) as effect modifiers. ISRN Dent. 2011;2011:125168.

16. Guo Y, Nguyen KA, Potempa J. Dichotomy of gingipains action as virulence factors: from cleaving substrates with the precision of a surgeon's knife to a meat chopper-like brutal degradation of proteins. Periodontol 2000. 2010;54(1):15-44.

17. European Society of Cardiology. Press Release: Periodontal Disease Associated with Cardiovascular Risk in Large Multicentre Study. Available at https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Periodontal-disease-associated-with-cardiovascular-risk-in-large-multicentre-stu. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

18. Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. 2024 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024;149(8):e347-e913.

19. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507-520.

20. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aranow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(6):e127-e248.

21. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. What is High Blood Pressure? Available at https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/high-blood-pressure. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

22. Mayo Clinic. Secondary Hypertension. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/secondary-hypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20350679. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Interactive Symmary Health Statistics for Adults. Available at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/NHISDataQueryTool/SHS_adult/index.html. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

24. Sharma S, Sridhar S, McIntosh A, et al. periodontal therapy and treatment of hypertension-alternative to the pharmacological approach. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2021;166:105511.

25. Kim JY, Kenney EB. Management of Hypertension in Clinical Dentistry. Available at https://www.scribd.com/document/79055724/Management-of-Hypertension-in-Clinical-Dentistry#scribd. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

26. Wynn RL, Meiller TF, Crossley HL. Drug Information Handbook for Dentistry. 25th ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp; 2019.

27. Mayo Clinic. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/ace-inhibitors/art-20047480. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

28. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;147(8):e93-e621.

29. Curtin SC, Tejada-Vera B, Bastian BA. Deaths: leading causes for 2020. Natl Vital Statictics Rep. 2023;72(13):1-114.

30. Olson KR. Warfarin and Superwarfarin Toxicity. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/821038-overview. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

31. Cucchiara BL, Messé SR. Long-term Antithrombotic Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/long-term-antithrombotic-therapy-for-the-secondary-prevention-of-ischemic-stroke. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

32. Taber's Online. International Normalized Ratio. Available at https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/751508/all/international_normalized_ratio. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

33. American Heart Association. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA). Available at https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/types-of-stroke/tia-transient-ischemic-attack. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Type 2 Diabetes. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-2-diabetes.html. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths and Mortality. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

37. Auluck A. Diabetes Mellitus: An Emerging Risk Factor for Oral Cancer? Available at https://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-73/issue-6/501.pdf. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

38. MedlinePlus. Metformin. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a696005.html. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

39. Little JW, Rhodus NL. Pharmacologic management of type 2 diabetes: a review for dentistry. Gen Dent. 2007;55(6):564-600.

40. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Updated Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to Restrict Access to Rosiglitazone-containing Medicines Including Avandia, Avandamet and Avandaryl. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-updated-risk-evaluation-and-mitigation-strategy-rems-restrict-access. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

41. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Requires Removal of Some Prescribing and Dispensing Restrictions for Rosiglitazone-Containing Diabetes Medicines. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-requires-removal-some-prescribing-and-dispensing-restrictions. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

42. Sanz M, Ceriello A, Buysschaert M, et al. Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;45:138-149.

43. United Nations World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights. Available at https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Highlights.pdf. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

44. Topazian RG, Goldberg MH, Hupp JR. Oral and Maxillofacial Infections. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 2002.

45. Ship JA. Diabetes and oral health: an overview. JADA. 2003;134(Suppl 1):4S-10S

46. Preshaw PM, Alba AL, Herrera D, et al. Periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship. Diabetologia. 2012;55(1):21-31.

47. Ryan ME. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the management of the diabetic patient. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2008;29(1):32-44.

48. Hein C. Scottsdale revisited: the role of dental practitioners in screening for undiagnosed diabetes and the medical co-management of patients with diabetes of those at risk for diabetes. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2008;29(9):540-553.

49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Arthritis: Disabilities and Limitations. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/data_statistics/disabilities-limitations.htm. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

50. Centers for Disease Control and prevention. Osteoarthritis. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/types/osteoarthritis.htm. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

51. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rheumatoid Arthritis. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/types/rheumatoid-arthritis.html. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

52. Qiao Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Han Y, Zhou Y, Cao X. Rheumatoid arhtritis risk in periodontitis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jt Bone Spine. 2020;87:556-564.

53. Hussain SB, Botelho J, Machado V, et al. Is there a bidirectional association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50:414-422.

54. Ranatunga SKM. Rheumatoid Arthritis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

55. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Methotrexate Tablet. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8df0780e-0fbd-4ab8-80b0-7a5eaa08ec0a. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

56. Sollecito TP, Abt E, Lockhart PB, et al. The use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to dental procedures in patients with prosthetic joints. JADA. 2015;146(1):11-16.

57. National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease. Bone Health and Osteoporosis. Available at https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/bone-health-and-osteoporosis. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

58. Harvey N, Dennison E, Cooper C. Osteoporosis: impact on health and economics. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(2):99-105.

59. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Position Statement: Osteoporosis/Bone Health in Adults as a National Public Health Priority. Available at https://www.aaos.org/globalassets/about/position-statements/position-statement-1113-osteoporosis-bone-health-in-adults-as-a-national-public-health-priority_revised.v.3.pdf. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

60. National Osteoporosis Foundation. What Women Need to Know. Available at https://www.nof.org/preventing-fractures/general-facts/what-women-need-to-know. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

61. National Osteoporosis Foundation. 54 Million Americans Affected by Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mass. Available at https://www.nof.org/news/54-million-americans-affected-by-osteoporosis-and-low-bone-mass/. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

62. New York State Department of Health. Bone Mineral Density Testing. Available at https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/2045/index.htm. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

63. Bilezikian JP. Efficacy of bisphosphonates in reducing fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2009;122(Suppl 2):14S-21S.

64. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Position Paper: Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw – 2022 Update. Available at https://www.aaoms.org/docs/govt_affairs/advocacy_white_papers/mronj_position_paper.pdf. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

65. Marx RE, Sawatari Y, Fortin M, Broumand V. Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63(11):1567-1575.

66. Blanchaert RH. Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1447355-overview. Last accessed May 20, 2024.

67. Ruggiero SL. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: diagnosis, prevention, and management. Annu Rev Med. 2009;60:85-96.

68. Broderick JM. Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Related to Antiresorptive Therapy. Available at https://www.onclive.com/view/osteonecrosis-of-the-jaw-related-to-antiresorptive-therapy. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

69. Hess LM, Jeter JM, Benham-Hutchins M, Alberts DS. Factors associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw among bisphosphonate users. Am J Med. 2008;121(6):475-483.

70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leading Causes of Death. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

71. National Cancer Institute. Cancer Statistics Explorer Network. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

72. National Cancer Institute. Cancer Stat Facts: Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

73. The Oral Cancer Foundation. Cancer Screening Protocols. Available at https://oralcancerfoundation.org/discovery-diagnosis/cancer-screening-protocols. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

74. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures, 2024. Available at https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/2024-cancer-facts-figures.html. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

75. Stevenson MM. Head and Neck Cancer Treatment Protocols. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2006216-overview. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

76. Baharudin A, Khairuddin A, Nizam A, Samsruddin AR. Evaluation of irradiated salivary gland function in patients with head and neck tumours treated with radiotherapy. J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123(1):108-113.

77. National Cancer Institute. Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mouth-throat/oral-complications-hp-pdq#_337. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

78. Blanchaert RH. Osteoradionecrosis of the Mandible. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/851539-overview#a1. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

79. Marx RE, Johnson RP. Studies in the radiobiology of osteoradionecrosis and their clinical significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;64(4):379-390.

80. Treister NS. Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1079570-overview. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

81. Dale RA, Harrison JS, Redding SW. Oral complications in cancer chemotherapy, cancer incidence, and mortality in the U.S. Gen Dent. 2004;52(1):64-72.

82. Treister NS. Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis Treatment and Management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1079570-treatment. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

83. Holm-Pederson P, Walls A, Ship J (eds). Textbook of Geriatric Dentistry. 3rd ed. Copenhagen: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015.

84. Thornburg JE. Gerontological pharmacology. In: Brody TM, Larner J, Minneman KP (eds). Human Pharmacology: Molecular to Clinical. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1994: 855-861.

85. Rho JP, Wong FS. Principles of prescribing medications. In: Yoshikawa TT, Cobbs EL, Brummel-Smith K (eds). Practical Ambulatory Geriatrics. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1998: 19-25.

86. Little JW. Special medical concerns in the dental management of older adults. Gen Dent. 2004;52(2):152-161.

87. Ghezzi EM, Wagner-Lange LA, Schork MA, et al. Longitudinal influence of age, menopause, hormone replacement therapy, and other medication on parotid flow rates in healthy women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(1):M34-M42.

88. Ship JA, Pillemer SR, Baum BJ. Xerostomia and the geriatric patient. J Am Geriatric Soc. 2002;50(3):535-43.

89. Single Care. Prescription Drug Statistics 2024. Available at https://www.singlecare.com/blog/news/prescription-drug-statistics/. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

90. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs Branch: The OTC Drug Review. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/enforcement-activities-fda/over-counter-otc-drugs-branch-otc-drug-review. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

91. Cassolato SF, Turnbull RS. Xerostomia: clinical aspects and treatment. Gerodontology. 2003;20(2):64-77.

92. Cleveland Clinic. Dementia. Available at https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9170-dementia. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

93. Anderson HS. Alzheimer Disease. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1134817-overview. Last accessed May 24, 2024.

94. Newadkar UR, Khairnar SJ, Dodamani AS, Newadkar RD. Oral health issues and challenges in Parkinson's disease. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis. 2017;7:54.

95. Lyra P, Machado V, Proenca L, et al. Parkinson's disease, periodontitis and patient0related outcomes: a cross-sectional study. Medicina. 2020;56:383.

96. Cen CK, Wu YT, Chang YC. Periodontal inflammatory disease is associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a population-based retrospective matched-cohort study. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3647.

97. Friedlander AH, Mahler M, Norman KM, Ettinger RL, Parkinson disease: systemic and orofcaicl manifestations, medical and dental management. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140:658-669.

98. Cassolato SF, Turnbull RS. Xerostomia: clinical aspects and treatment. Gerodontology. 2003;20:64-77.

99. Stein PS, Henry RG. Poor oral hygiene in long-term care. Am J Nurs. 2009;109(6):44-50.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.