Works Cited

Racial Trauma: The African American Experience

Course #66921-

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  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Alonso AF, Barros-Del Rio MA. Resilience as a form of contestation in Langston Hughes' early poetry/La resiliencia como forma de contestación en la poesía temprana de Langston Hughes. Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies. 2019;60:91-106.

2. Comas-Díaz L. Racial trauma recovery: a race-informed therapeutic approach to racial wounds. In: Alvarez AN, Liang CTH, Neville HA (eds). Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic Psychology Book Series: The Cost of Racism for People of Color: Contextualizing Experiences of Discrimination. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2016:249-272.

3. Ranjbar N, Erb M, Mohammad O, Moreno FA. Trauma-informed care and cultural humility in the mental health care of people from minoritized communities. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2020;18(1):8-15.

4. Evans AM, Hemmings C, Burkhalter C, Lacy V. Responding to race-related trauma: counseling and research recommendations to promote post-traumatic growth when counseling African American males. J Counselor Preparation Supervision. 2016;8(1).

5. Hong RC. Black dignity/white fragility: an extended review. Christian Scholar's Rev. 2020;49(3).

6. Chaney C. You can never kill me: racism and resilience in hip hop. J Popular Music Educ. 2018;2(1-2):81-100.

7. A History of Racial Injustice. 19 Senators and 82 Representatives Sign Southern Manifesto Opposing Integration of Schools. Available at https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/mar/12. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

8. Legal Defense Fund. The Case That Changes America: Brown V. Board of Education. The Southern Manifesto and "Massive Resistance" to Brown. Available at https://www.naacpldf.org/brown-vs-board/southern-manifesto-massive-resistance-brown. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

9. Center for American Progress. Racial Disparities in Home Appreciation. Available at https://www.americanprogress.org/article/racial-disparities-home-appreciation. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

10. U.S. Census Bureau. QuickFacts: United States. Available at https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

11. Starks S. Working with African American/Black Patients. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/diversity/education/best-practice-highlights/working-with-african-american-patients. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

12. Karenga M. Trump's mind, mouth and fecal matters: racism's red meat and raw sewage. J Pan Afr Stud. 2018;11(4).

13. The Sentencing Project. Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System. Available at https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/report-to-the-united-nations-on-racial-disparities-in-the-u-s-criminal-justice-system/. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

14. Brandon DT, Isaac LA, LaVeist TA. The legacy of Tuskegee and trust in medical care: is Tuskegee responsible for race differences in mistrust of medical care? J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(7):951-956.

15. Davis RG, Ressler KJ, Schwartz AC, et al. Treatment barriers for low-income, urban African Americans with undiagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21:218-222.

16. American Psychiatric Association. Stress and Trauma Toolkit for Treating Historically Marginalized Populations in a Changing Political and Social Environment. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/diversity/education/stress-and-trauma. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

17. Spoont M, McClendon J. Racial and ethnic disparities in PTSD. PTSD Res Q. 2020;4:1-12.

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/about.html. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fast Facts: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

20. Maguire-Jack K, Lanier P, Lombardi B. Investigating racial differences in clusters of adverse childhood experiences. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2020;90(1):106-114.

21. Fagan AA, Novak A. Adverse childhood experiences and adolescent delinquency in a high-risk sample. Youth Violence Juvenile Justice. 2018;16(4):395-417.

22. Rosinski A, Weiss RA, Clatch L. Childhood adverse events and adult physical and mental health: a national study. Psi Chi. 2018;23(1):40-50.

23. Resler M. Systems of Trauma: Racial Trauma. Available at http://www.fact.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Racial-Trauma-Issue-Brief.pdf. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

24. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

25. Laboratory for Culture and Mental Health Disparities. Racial Trauma Research: Clinical Assessment of Racial Trauma. Available athttps://www.mentalhealthdisparities.org/trauma-research.php. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

26. Sanders Thompson VL, Talley M, Caito N, Kreuter M. African American men's perceptions of factors influencing health-information seeking. Am J Mens Health. 2009;3(1):6-15.

27. Reynolds D. Prostate cancer screening in African American men: barriers and methods for improvement. Am J Mens Health. 2008;2(2):172-177.

28. Elder KT, Wiltshire JC, McRoy L, Campbell D, Gary LC, Safford M. Men and differences by racial/ethnic group in self-advocacy during the medical encounter. J Mens Health. 2010;7(2):135-144.

29. Courtenay WH. Key determinants of the health and well-being of men and boys. Int J Mens Health. 2003;2(1):1-30.

30. Sadovsky R, Levine L. Men's healthcare needs improvements: a recommendation for a midlife men's health assessment visit. J Mens Health Gender. 2005;2(3):375-381.

31. Franklin AJ, Boyd-Franklin N. Invisibility syndrome: a clinical model of the effects of racism on African-American males. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2000;70(1):33-41.

32. Assari S, Moazen-Zadeh E, Howard Caldwell C, Zimmerman MA. Racial discrimination during adolescence predicts mental health deterioration in adulthood: gender differences among Blacks. Front Public Health. 2017;5:104.

33. Work GB, Cropper R, Dalenberg C. Talking About Race in Trauma Psychotherapy. Available at https://societyforpsychotherapy.org/talking-about-race-in-trauma-psychotherapy. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

34. Bonanno GA, Westphal M, Mancini AD. Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2011;7:511-535.

35. Hobfoll SE, Palmieri P, Johnson RJ, Canetti-Nisim D, Hall BJ. Trajectories of resilience, resistance, and distress during ongoing terrorism: the case of Jews and Arabs in Israel. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77(1):138-148.

36. Taher R, Allan T. Posttraumatic growth in displaced Syrians in the UK: a mixed-methods approach. J Loss Trauma. 2020;25(4):1-15.

37. Kezelman C, Stavropoulos P. The Last Frontier: Practice Guidelines for Treatment of Complex Trauma and Trauma Informed Care and Service Delivery. Kirribilli: Adults Surviving Child Abuse; 2012.

38. Jennings A. Models for Developing Trauma-Informed Behavioral Health Systems and Trauma-Specific Services. Available at http://www.theannainstitute.org/MDT.pdf. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

39. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. The ISTSS Expert Consensus Treatment Guidelines for Complex PTSD in Adults. Available at http://www.istss.org/ISTSS_Main/media/Documents/ComplexPTSD.pdf. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

40. Foa E. Effective Treatments for PTSD. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2009.

41. Lander NR, Nahon D. The Integrity Model: an existential approach in working with men, culture, and identity. Cult Soc Masculinities. 2015;7(2):73-86.

42. Gros DF, Flanagan JC, Korte KJ, Mills AC, Brady KT, Back SE. Relations between social support, PTSD symptoms, and substance use in veterans. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30(7):764-770.

43. Mattis JS, Jagers RJ. A relational framework for the study of religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African Americans. J Community Psychol. 2001;29(5):519-539.

44. Cosby R. Older African American adults: understanding the role of the Black church's support in the community. J Religion Spirituality Soc Work. 2020;39(4):353-371.

45. Newlin K, Knafl K, Melkus GD. African-American spirituality: a concept analysis. Adv Nurs Sci. 2002;25(2):57-70.

46. Ano GG, Vasconcelles EB. Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2005;61(4): 461-480.

47. The Joint Commission. Spiritual Beliefs and Preferences: Evaluating a Patient's Spiritual Needs. Available at https://www.jointcommission.org/standards/standard-faqs/critical-access-hospital/provision-of-care-treatment-and-services-pc/000001669. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

48. Warria A, Chikadzi V. Guidelines for social work spiritual counselling in human trafficking cases. J Soc Dev Africa. 2019;34(2):39-66.

49. Greenbaum VJ. Child sex trafficking in the United States: challenges for the healthcare provider. Plos Med. 2017;14(11):e1002439.

50. Lebron D, Morrison L, Ferris D, et al. Facts Matter! Black Lives Matter! The Trauma of Racism. Available at https://www.issuelab.org/resources/23698/23698.pdf. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.