1. Ganley AL, Schecter S. Domestic Violence: A National Curriculum for Children's Protective Services. San Francisco, CA: Family Violence Prevention Fund; 1996.

2. World Health Organization. World Report on Violence and Health. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf. Last accessed March 2, 2024.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Intimate Partner Violence. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/fastfact.html. Last accessed March 2, 2024.

4. Outlaw M. No one type of intimate partner abuse: exploring physical and non-physical abuse among intimate partners. J Fam Violence. 2009;24(4):263-272.

5. Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Basile KC, Walters ML, Chen J, Merrick MT. Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization—national intimate partner and sexual violence survey, United States, 2011. MMWR. 2014;63(8):1-18.

6. Espelage DL, Low SK, Anderson C, De La Ru L. Bullying, Sexual, and Dating Violence Trajectories From Early to Late Adolescence. Available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/246830.pdf. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

7. Zweig JM, Dank M, Lachman P, Yahner J. Technology, Teen Dating Violence and Abuse, and Bullying. Available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/243296.pdf. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

8. Barocas B, Emery D, Mills L. Changing the domestic violence narrative: aligning definitions and standards. J Fam Violence. 2016;31(8):941-947.

9. Woodlock D. The abuse of technology in domestic violence and stalking. Violence Against Women. 2017;23(5):584-602.

10. Korchmaros JD, Ybarra ML, Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Boyd D, Lenhart A. Perpetration of teen dating violence in a networked society. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking. 2013;16(8):561-567.

11. U.S. Department of Justice. Domestic Violence. Available at https://www.justice.gov/ovw/domestic-violence. Last accessed March 2, 2024.

12. Lenhart A. Adult Attitudes Towards the Cell Phone. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2010/09/02/part-three-adult-attitudes-towards-the-cell-phone. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

13. Walsh SP, White KM, Young RM. Over-connected? A qualitative phenomenon of the relationship between Australian youths and their mobile phones. J Adolesc. 2008;31(1):77-92.

14. Lenhart A, Ling R, Campbell S, Purcell K. Teens and Mobile Phones. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2010/04/20/teens-and-mobile-phones. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

15. World Health Organization. Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Women. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-RHR-12.35. Last accessed May 11, 2024.

16. Kalokhe AS, Potdar RR, Stephenson R, et al. How well does the World Health Organization definition of domestic violence work for India? PLoSOne. 2015;10(3):1-16.

17. Nevala S. Coercive control and its impact on intimate partner violence through the lens of an EU-wide survey on violence against women. J Interpers Violence. 2017;32(12):1792-1820.

18. San Diego County District Attorney. Protecting Children Online. Available at https://www.sdcda.org/preventing/protecting-children-online. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

19. Finn J. A survey of online harassment at a university campus. J Interpers Violence. 2004;19(4):468-483.

20. Moorer O. Intimate Partner Violence vs. Domestic Violence. Available at https://ywcaspokane.org/what-is-intimate-partner-domestic-violence. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

21. Finn J, Atkinson T. Promoting the safe and strategic use of technology for victims of intimate partner violence: evaluation of the technology safety project. J Fam Violence. 2009;24(1):53-59.

22. Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Cyberbullying Research Summary: Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Sexual Orientation. Available at https://cyberbullying.org/cyberbullying_sexual_orientation_fact_sheet.pdf. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

23. Draucker CB, Martsolf DS. The role of electronic communication technology in adolescent dating violence. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2010;23(3):133-142.

24. Gatti J. 2009 AP-MTV Digital Abuse Study Executive Summary. Available at http://www.athinline.org/MTV-AP_Digital_Abuse_Study_Executive_Summary.pdf. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

25. Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. Online Harassment and Cyberstalking. Available at https://www.privacyrights.org/consumer-guides/online-harassment-cyberstalking. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

26. Baughman LL. Friend request or foe? Confirming the misuse of Internet and social networking sites by domestic violence perpetrators. Widener Law Journal. 2010;19(3):933-966.

27. Boyd DM, Ellison NB. Social networking sites: definition, history and scholarship. J ComputMediat Commun. 2007;13(1):210-230.

28. Southworth C, Finn J, Dawson S, Fraser C, Tucker S. Intimate partner violence, technology, and stalking. Violence Against Women. 2007;13(8):842-856.

29. U.S. Congress. The Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013. Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-113publ4/pdf/PLAW-113publ4.pdf. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

30. Kranz AL, Nakamura K. Helpful or Harmful? How Innovative Communication Technology Affects Survivors of Intimate Violence. Available at https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=f2df923b800f71b1690d97bc381fa9b721d516ba. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

31. Guterman JT, Kirk MA. Mental health counselors and the Internet. J Ment Health Couns. 1999;21(4):309-325.

32. Melander LA. College students' perceptions of intimate partner cyber harassment. CyberPsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2010;13(3): 263-268.

33. Johnson MP. Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: two forms of violence against women. J Marriage Fam. 1995;57(2):283-294.

34. Johnson MP. Conflict and control: gender symmetry and asymmetry in domestic violence. Violence Against Women.2006;12(11): 1003-1018.

35. Southworth C, Dawson S, Fraser C, Tucker S. A High-Tech Twist on Abuse: Technology, Intimate Partner Stalking, and Advocacy. Available at https://vawnet.org/material/high-tech-twist-abuse-technology-intimate-partner-stalking-and-advocacy. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

36. Spence-Diehl E. Stalking and technology: the double-edged sword. J Technol Hum Serv. 2003;22(1):5-18.

37. Finn J. A survey of domestic violence organizations on the World Wide Web. J Technol Hum Serv. 2000;17(1):83-102.

38. Myhill A, Hohl K. The "golden thread:"coercive control and risk assessment for domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2019;34(21-22):4477-4497.

39. Lo B, Parham L. The impact of Web 2.0 on the doctor-patient relationship. J Law Med Ethics. 2010;38(1):17-26.

40. Hawkins JW, Pearce CW, Skeith J, Dimitruk B, Roche R. Using technology to expedite screening and intervention for domestic abuse and neglect. Pub Health Nurs. 2009;26(1):58-69.

41. LaRose R, Rifon NJ, Enbody R. Promoting personal responsibility for Internet safety. Commun ACM. 2008;51(3):71-76.

42. Technology Safety. Online Privacy and Safety Tips. Available at https://www.techsafety.org/onlineprivacyandsafetytips. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

43. Technology Safety. Technology Safety Plan. Available at https://www.techsafety.org/resources-survivors/technology-safety-plan. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

44. Technology Safety. Who's Spying on Your Computer? Spyware, Surveillance, and Safety for Survivors. Available at https://vawnet.org/material/whos-spying-your-computer-spyware-surveillance-and-safety-survivors. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 Data Brief—Updated Release. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

46. Prensky M. Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon. 2001;9(5):1-6.

47. Herther NK. Digital natives and immigrants: what brain research tells us. Online. 2009;33(6):15-22.

48. U.S. Department of Justice. The Office on Violence Against Women's Grant Funds Used to Address Stalking: 2010 Report to Congress. Available at https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ovw/legacy/2012/09/18/2010-stalking-rpt.pdf. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

49. Electronic Privacy Information Center. VAWA and Privacy. Available at https://epic.org/privacy/dv/vawa.html. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

50. Madden M, Lenhart A, Cortesi S, et al. Teens, Social Media, and Privacy. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

51. Candela K. Protecting the invisible victim: incorporating coercive control in domestic violence statutes. Fam Court Rev. 2016;54(1):112-125.

52. Marganski AJ, Melander LA, DeKeseredy WS. Single, repeat, and poly intimate partner violence victimization among women at a college campus: extending research through the inclusion of technology-facilitated violence and examining key social determinants for intimate partner violence prevention. Violence Against Women. 2022;28(12/13):3013-3036.

53. Blodgett C, Lanigan JD. The prevalence and consequences of intimate partner violence intrusion in the workplace. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2018;27(1):15-34.

54. Começanha R, Basto-Pereira M, Maia Â. Clinically speaking, psychological abuse matters. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;73:120-126.

55. Tonsing JC. Domestic violence: intersection of culture, gender and context. J Immigr Health. 2016;18(2):442-446.

56. Trinh OT, Oh J, Choi S, To KG, Van Do D. Changes and socioeconomic factors associated with attitudes towards domestic violence among Vietnamese women aged 15 to 49: findings from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2006–2011. Glob Health Action. 2016;9.

57. Wincentak K, Connolly J, Card N. Teen dating violence: a meta-analytic review of prevalence rates. Psychol Violence. 2017;7(2):224-241.

58. Brown C, Hegarty K. Digital dating abuse measures: a critical review. Aggress Violent Behav. 2018;40:44-59.

59. Ybarra M, Price-Feeney M, Lenhart A, Zickuhr K. Intimate Partner Digital Abuse. New York, NY: Data and Society Research Institute, Center for Innovative Public Health Research; 2017.

60. Saint-Eloi Cadely H, Pittman JF, Pettit GS, et al. Classes of intimate partner violence from late adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2020;35(21/22):4419-4443.

61. Pew Research Center. Mobile Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

62. Pew Research Center. U.S. Smartphone Use in 2015. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/04/01/us-smartphone-use-in-2015. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

63. World Health Organization. Intimate Partner Violence. Available at https://apps.who.int/violence-info/intimate-partner-violence. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

64. Pew Research Center. Teens, Social Media and Technology Overview 2015. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

65. Watkins LE, Maldonado RC, DiLillo D. The Cyber Aggression in Relationships Scale: a new multidimensional measure of technology-based intimate partner aggression. Assessment. 2016;25(5):608-626.

66. Reed LA, Tolman RM, Ward LM. Gender matters: experiences and consequences of digital dating abuse victimization in adolescent dating relationships. J Adolesc. 2017;59:79-89.

67. Van Ouytsel J, Walrave M, Ponnet K, Temple JR. Digital forms of dating violence: what school nurses need to know. NASN Sch Nurse. 2016;31(6):348-353.

68. Marcum C, Higgins G, Nicholson J. I'm watching you: cyberstalking behaviors of university students in romantic relationships. Am J Crim Justice. 2017;42(2):373-388.

69. Marganski A, Melander L. Intimate partner violence victimization in the cyber and real world: examining the extent of cyber aggression experiences and its association with in-person dating violence. J Interpers Violence. 2018;33(7):1071-1095.

70. Lee K, Anderson J. The Internet and intimate partner violence. Crim Justice. 2016;31(2):28-33.

71. Tarzia L, Iyer D, Thrower E, Hegarty K. "Technology doesn't judge you:" young Australian women's views on using the Internet and smartphones to address intimate partner violence. J Technol Hum Serv. 2017;35(3):199-218.

72. Bacchus LJ, Buller AM, Bullock L, et al. Infusing technology into perinatal home visitation in the United States for women experiencing intimate partner violence: exploring the interpretive flexibility of an mHealth intervention. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(11):37-53.

73. Kahraman MS, Bell K. Safety planning: a vital preliminary step for professionals working with intimate partner violence victims. Bilişsel DavranışçıPsikoterapi Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2017;6(3):141-150.

74. Peskin MF, Markham CM, Shegog R, et al. Prevalence and correlates of the perpetration of cyber dating abuse among early adolescents. Journal of Youth & Adolescence. 2017;46(2):358-375.

75. Van Ouytsel J, Ponnet K, Walrave M. Cyber dating abuse: investigating digital monitoring behaviors among adolescents from a social learning perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2020;35(23/24):5157-5178.

76. Pew Research Center. Internet/Broadband Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/internet-broadband. Last accessed March 3, 2024.

77. White SJ, Sin J, Sweeney A, et al. Global prevalence and mental health outcomes of intimate partner violence among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2024;25(1):494-511.

78. Wurmser Y. U.S. Time Spent with Mobile 2019: Smartphones Gain Minutes, But New Challengers Emerge. Available at https://www.emarketer.com/content/us-time-spent-with-mobile-2019. Last accessed March 14, 2024.

79. Morrison AM, Campbell JK, Sharpless L, Martin SL. Intimate partner violence and immigration in the United States: a systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2024;25(1):846-861.

80. Henry N, Flynn A, Powell A. Technology-facilitated domestic and sexual violence: a review. Violence Against Women. 2020;26(15/16):1828-1854.

81. Fernet M, Lapierre A, Hébert M, Cousineau M-M. A systematic review of literature on cyber intimate partner victimization in adolescent girls and women. Computers in Human Behavior. 2019;100:11-25.

82. Freed D, Palmer J, Minchala D, Levy K, Ristenpart T, Dell N. "A stalker's paradise:" how intimate partner abusers exploit technology. Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2018;667:1-13.

83. Reed LA, Lawler SM, Cosgrove JM, Tolman RM, Ward LM. "It was a joke:" patterns in girls' and boys' self-reported motivations for digital dating abuse behaviors. Children and Youth Services Review. 2021;122:105883.

84. Van Ouytsel J, Walrave M, Ponnet K, Willems A, Van Dam M. Adolescents' perceptions of digital media's potential to elicit jealousy, conflict and monitoring behaviors within romantic relationships. Cyberpsychology. 2019;13(3):106-126.

85. Stonard KE. "Technology was designed for this:" adolescents' perceptions of the role and impact of the use of technology in cyber dating violence. Computers in Human Behavior. 2020;105:106211.

86. Duerksen KN, Woodin EM. Technological intimate partner violence: exploring technology-related perpetration factors and overlap with in-person intimate partner violence. Computers in Human Behavior. 2019;98:223-231.

87. March E, Litten V, Sullivan DH, Ward L. Somebody that I (used to) know: gender and dimensions of dark personality traits as predictors of intimate partner cyberstalking. Personality and Individual Differences. 2020;163:110084.

88. Hertlein KM, Eddy BP, Lancaster Strickland M. A framework for assessing technology-mediated IPV. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy. 2020;19(4):296-321.

89. Messinger AM, Birmingham RS, DeKeseredy WS. Perceptions of same-gender and different-gender intimate partner cyber-monitoring. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2021;36(7/8):NP4315-NP4335.

90. Woodlock D, McKenzie M, Western D, Harris B. Technology as a weapon in domestic violence: responding to digital coercive control. Australian Social Work. 2020;73(3):368-380.

91. Gray M, Kress V. Using apps to promote client safety: technology can play an important role in supporting survivors' safety, autonomy and empowerment as part of a trauma-informed counseling approach. Counseling Today. 2020;63(2):48-50.

92. Cardoso LF, Sorenson SB, Webb O, Landers S. Recent and emerging technologies: implications for women's safety. Technology in Society. 2019;58(3):101108.

93. Douglas H, Harris BA, Dragiewicz M. Technology-facilitated domestic and family violence: women's experiences. British Journal of Criminology. 2019;59(3):551-570.

94. National Network to End Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women Act. Available at https://nnedv.org/content/violence-against-women-act. Last accessed March 12, 2024.

95. Richards TN, Gover AR. Domestic violence offender treatment and multidisciplinary treatment teams: the role of "treatment" victim advocates. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 2018;62(4):851-867.

96. D'Amour D, Oandasan I. Interprofessionality as the field of interprofessional practice and interprofessional education: an emerging concept. Journal of Interprofessional Care. 2015;5(Suppl 1):8-20.

97. Petri L. Concept analysis of interdisciplinary collaboration. Nursing Forum. 2010;45(2):73-82.

98. Lam AHY, Wong JTL, Ho ECM, Choi RYY, Fung MST. A concept analysis of interdisciplinary collaboration in mental healthcare. COJ Nurse Healthcare. 2017;1(2).

99. Jakobsen HF, Filstad C. Crossing knowledge boundaries in interprofessional collaborations. Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing. 2020;7:121-136.

100. Ellyson AM, Adhia A, Lyons VH, Rivara FP. Prevalence, age of initiation, and patterns of co-occurrence of digital dating abuse behaviors nationwide. Children and Youth Services Review. 2021;122:105921.

101. Thulin EJ, Zimmerman MA, Kusunoki Y, Kernsmith P, Smith-Darden J, Heinze JE. Electronic teen dating violence curves by age. Journal of Youth & Adolescence. 2022;51(1):45-61.

102. Martin M. Computer and Internet use in the United States, 2018. Available at https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2021/acs/acs-49.html. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

103. Pew Research Center. Mobile Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

104. Adavelli M, Ivanov I, Sheikh A. 35 Must-Know SMS Marketing Statistics in 2024. Available at https://techjury.net/blog/sms-marketing-statistics. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

105. Henry N, Flynn A, Powell A. Technology-facilitated domestic and sexual violence: a review. Violence against Women. 2020;26(15/16):1828-1854.

106. Powell A, Flynn A. Technology-facilitated abuse victimization: a gendered analysis in a representative survey of adults. Feminist Criminology. 2023;18(5):435-458.

107. Kim C, Ferraresso R. Examining technology-facilitated intimate partner violence: a systematic review of journal articles. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2023;24(3):1325-1343.

108. Cutbush S, Williams J, Miller S, Gibbs D, Clinton-Sherrod M. Longitudinal patterns of electronic teen dating violence among middle school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2021;36(5/6):2506-2526.

109. Thulin EJ, Heinze JE, Kernsmith P, Smith-Darden J, Fleming PJ. Adolescent risk of dating violence and electronic dating abuse: a latent class analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2021;50(12):2472-2486.

110. Messing J, Bagwell-Gray M, Brown ML, Kappas A, Durfee A. Intersections of stalking and technology-based abuse: emerging definitions, conceptualization, and measurement. Journal of Family Violence. 2020;35(2):1-12.

111. Afrouz R. The nature, patterns and consequences of technology-facilitated domestic abuse: a scoping review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse. 2023;24(2):913-927.

112. Dragiewicz M. "What's mum's password?" Australian mothers' perceptions of children's involvement in technology-facilitated coercive control. Journal of Family Violence. 2022;37(1):137-149.

113. New York State Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Technology Safety for Survivors of Domestic and Sexual Violence. Available at https://opdv.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2021/10/technology-safety.pdf. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

114. Lucas KT. Deepfakes and domestic violence: perpetrating intimate partner abuse using video technology. Victims & Offenders. 2022;17(5):647-659.

115. Kouzani AZ. Technological innovations for tackling domestic violence. IEEE Access. 2023;11:91293-91311.

116. Storer HL, Scott CF, Rodriguez M, Nyerges EX. Technology is a "blessing and a curse:" the perceived risks and benefits of digital technology adoption at domestic violence organizations that serve teens. Journal of Technology in Human Services. 2023;41(1):96-124.

117. Bloom TL, Perrin N, Brown ML, et al. Concerned friends of intimate partner violence survivors: results from the myPlan randomized controlled trial on college campuses. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1-11.

118. Decker MR, Wood SN, Hameeduddin H, et al. Safety decision-making and planning mobile app for intimate partner violence prevention and response: randomised controlled trial in Kenya. BMJ Global Health. 2020;5(7):e002091.

119. Williams SR, Afrouz R, Vassos S. Exploring rural and regional social workers' perceptions and practices of technology-facilitated domestic abuse. Australian Social Work. 2023;76(2):231-244.

120. Women's Media Center. SHIELD Act Would Be First Federal Law on Intimate Image Abuse. Available at https://womensmediacenter.com/news-features/shield-act-would-be-first-federal-law-on-intimate-image-abuse. Last accessed May 17, 2024.

121. Harkin D, Merkel R. Technology-based responses to technology-facilitated domestic and family violence: an overview of the limits and possibilities of tech-based "solution." Violence Against Women. 2023;29(3):648-670.