Works Cited
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.
1. Camargo CA Jr, Stampfer MJ, Glynn RJ, et al. Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and risk of peripheral arterial disease in US male physicians. Circulation. 1997;95(3):577-580.
2. Ronksley PE, Brien SE, Turner BJ, Mukamal KJ, Ghali WA. Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:d671.
3. Grant KA. Emerging neurochemical concepts in the actions of ethanol at ligand-gated ion channels. Behav Pharmacol. 1994;5(4, 5):383-404.
4. Koob GF,Rassnick S, Heinrichs S, Weiss F. Alcohol, the reward system and dependence. In: Jansson B, Jörnvall H, Rydberg U, Terenius L, Vallee BL (eds). Toward a Molecular Basis of Alcohol Use and Abuse. Basel: Birkauser; 1994:103-114.
5. Tizabi Y, Copeland RL Jr, Louis VA, Taylor RE. Effects of combined systemic alcohol and central nicotine administration into ventral tegmental area on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(3):394-399.
6. Tizabi Y, Bai L, Copeland RL Jr, Taylor RE. Combined effects of systemic alcohol and nicotine on dopamine release in the nucleusaccumbens shell. Alcohol Alcohol. 2007;42(5):413-416.
7. Tolu S, Marti F, Morel C, et al. Nicotine enhances alcohol intake and dopaminergic responses throughβ2* andβ4* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Sci Rep. 2017;7:45116.
8. Nies MA, McEwen M. Community/Public Health Nursing: Promoting the Health of Populations. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2010.
9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 10th Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health. Available at https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090113011041/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/10report/intro.pdf. Last accessed April24, 2024.
10. Nelson JP. Economic and demographic factors in U.S. alcohol demand: a growth-accounting analysis. Empirical Econ. 1997;22(1):83-102.
11. Schuckit MA. Drug and Alcohol Abuse: A Clinical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. 6th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010.
12. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Releases: Detailed Tables. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/release/2022-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releases#detailed-tables. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
13. White AM, Castle JP, Powell PA, et al. Alcohol-related deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA. 2022;327(17):1704-1706.
14. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-48, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2014.
15. Knight JR, Wechsler H, Kuo M, Seibring M, Weitzman ER, Schuckit MA. Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students. J Stud Alcohol. 2002;63(3):263-270.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Excessive Drinking is Draining the U.S. Economy. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/features/excessive-drinking.html. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
17. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
18. Dufour MC. What is moderate drinking? Defining "drinks" and drinking levels. Alcohol Res Health. 1999;23(1):5-14.
19. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and Online Materials. Available at https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/resources/2020-2025-dietary-guidelines-online-materials. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
20. Trevisan LA, Boutros N, Petrakis IL, Krystal JH. Compilations of alcohol withdrawal: pathophysiological insights. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998;22(1):61-66.
21. Bertrand J, Floyd RL, Weber MK, et al. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004.
22. MukamalKJ, Rimm EB. Alcohol's effects on the risk for coronary heart disease. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(4):255-261.
23. Beulens JWJ, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Hendriks HFJ, Mukamal KJ. Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease among men with hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(1):10-19.
24. Rimm EB. Alcohol consumption and good health. In: Gold MS (ed). Addiction and Psychiatry. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida College of Medicine; 2007.
25. Kitamura A, Iso H, Sankai T, et al. Alcohol intake and premature coronary heart disease in urban Japanese men. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(1):59-65.
26. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Red wine, white wine, liquor, beer, and risk for coronary artery disease hospitalization. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(4):416-420.
27. Rehm JT, Bondy SJ, Sempos CT, Vuong CV. Alcohol consumption and coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(6):495-501.
28. Renaud SC, Guéguen R, Siest G, Salamon R. Wine, beer, and mortality in middle-aged men from eastern France. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(16):1865-1870.
29. MukamalKA, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA, et al. Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(2):109-118.
30. Hvidtfeldt UA, Tolstrup JS, Jakobsen MU, et al. Alcohol intake and risk of coronary heart disease in younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Circulation. 2010;121(14):1589-1597.
31. World Health Organization. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of the Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 916. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924120916X. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
32. Hines LM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, et al. Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase and the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(8):549-555.
33. Zahler R, Piselli C. Smoking, alcohol and drugs. In: Zaret BL, Moser M, Cohen LS (eds). Yale University School of Medicine Heart Book. New York, NY: Hearst Books; 1992.
34. Renaud SC, Beswick AD, Fehily AM, Sharp DS, Elwood PC. Alcohol and platelet aggregation: the Caerphilly Prospective Heart Disease Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(5):1012-1017.
35. Lippi G, Franchini M, Favaloro EJ, Targher G. Moderate red wine consumption and cardiovascular disease risk: beyond the "French paradox." Semin Thromb Hemost. 2010;36(1):59-70.
36. Reding KW, Daling JR, Doody DR, O'Brien CA, Porter PL, Malone KE. Effect of prediagnostic alcohol consumption on survival after breast cancer in young women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(8):1988-1996.
37. Franceschi S, Dal Maso L, Zucchetto A, et al. Prospective analysis of case-control studies on environmental factors and health (PACE) study group: alcohol consumption and survival after breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(3):1011-1012.
38. Li CI, Chlebowski RT, Freiberg M, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by subtype: the women's health initiative observational study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(18):1422-1431.
39. Stătescu C, Clement A, Serban IL, Sascau R. Consensus and controvery in the debate over the biphasic impact of alcohol consumption on the cardiovascular system. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1076.
40. Puddey IB, Mori TA, Barden AE, Beilin LJ. Alcohol and hypertension – new insights and lingering controversies. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2019;21(10):79.
41. Tanasescu M, Hu FB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease among men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(7):1836-1842.
42. Ahmed AT, Karter AJ, Liu J. Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with adherence to diabetes self-care behaviours. Diabet Med. 2006;23(7):795-802.
43. Ahmed AT, Karter AJ, Warton EM, Doan JU, Weisner CM. The relationship between alcohol consumption and glycemic control among patients with diabetes: the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(3):275-282.
45. Kendler KS, Prescott CA, Neale MC, Pedersen NL. Temperance board registration for alcohol abuse in a national sample of Swedish male twins, born 1902 to 1949. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(2):178-184.
46. Schuckit MA. Vulnerability factors for alcoholism. In: Davis KL, Charney D, Coyle JT, Nemeroff C (eds). Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress. An Unofficial Publication of the College of Neuropharmacology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
47. Prescott CA. Sex differences in the genetic risk for alcoholism. Alcohol Res Health. 2002;26(4):264-273.
48. Bowers BJ, Owen EH, Collins AC, Abeliovich A, Tonegawa S, Wehner JM. Decreased ethanol sensitivity and tolerance development in gamma-protein kinase C null mutant mice is dependent on genetic background. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23(3):387-397.
49. Engel SR, Allan AM. 5-HT3 receptor over-expression enhances ethanol sensitivity in mice. Psychopharm. 1999;144(4):411-415.
50. Hwang BH, Suzuki R, Lumeng L, Li TK, McBride WJ. Innate differences of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in hypothalamic nuclei and central nucleus of the amygdala between selectively bred rats with high and low alcohol preference. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23(6):1023-1030.
51. Risinger FO, Doan AM, Vickrey AC. Oral operant ethanol self-administration in 5-HT1b knockout mice. Behav Brain Res. 1999;102(1-2):211-215.
52. Roberts AJ, McDonald JS, Heyser CJ, et al. mu-Opioid receptor knockout mice do not self-administer alcohol. J Pharm Exp Ther. 2000;293(3):1002-1008.
53. Thiele TE, Marsh DJ, Ste. Marie L, Bernstein IL, Palmiter RD. Ethanol consumption and resistance are inversely related to neuropeptide Y levels. Nature. 1998;396(6709):366-369.
54. Yagi T, Yasuda M, Niki H. Ethanol sensitivity and molecular function of Fyn tyrosine kinase. In: Hoek JB, Gordon AS, Mochly-Rosen D, Zakhari S (eds). Ethanol and Intracellular Signaling: From Molecules to Behavior. Bethesda, MD: NIAAA; 2000: 195-202.
55. Schuckit MA. Biological, psychological and environmental predictors of the alcoholism risk: a longitudinal study. J Stud Alcohol. 1998;59(5):485-494.
56. Krystal JH, Tabakoff B. Ethanol abuse, dependence, and withdrawal: neurobiology and clinical implications. In: Davis KL, Charney D, Coyle JT, Nemeroff C (eds). Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress. An Unofficial Publication of the College of Neuropharmacology. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
57. Schuckit MA, Smith TL. The relationships of a family history of alcohol dependence, a low level of response to alcohol and six domains of life functioning to the development of alcohol use disorders. J Stud Alcohol. 2000;61(6):827-835.
58. Paulus MP, Schuckit MA, Tapert SF, et al. High versus low level of response to alcohol: evidence of differential reactivity to emotional stimuli. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(10):848-855.
59. Bates ME, Mun EY, Buckman JF, et al. Getting to the heart of low sensitivity to alcohol: context moderates low cardiovascular response to alcohol in persons with a family history of alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2020;44(3):589-599.
60. Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Kalmijn J, Tsuang J, Hesselbrock V, Bucholz K. Response to alcohol in daughters of alcoholics: a pilot study and a comparison with sons of alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35(3):242-248.
61. Hill SY, DeBellis MD, Keshavan MS, et al. Right amygdala volume in adolescent and young adult offspring from families at high risk for developing alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(11):894-905.
62. O'Brien JW, Hill SY. Neural predictors of substance use disorders in young adulthood. Psychiatry Res. 2017;268:22-26.
63. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Facts and Statistics. Available at https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/alcohol-facts-and-statistics. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
64. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol-Related Deaths Increasing in the United States. Available at https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/alcohol-related-deaths-increasing-united-states. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
65. Grossman ER, Benjamin-Neelon SE, Sonnenschein S. Alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey of US adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):9189.
66. Meyers JL, McCutcheon VV, Horne-Osipenko KA, et al. COVID-19 pendemic stressors are associated with reported increases in frequency of drunkenness among individuals with a history of alcohol use disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13(1):311.
67. Cadoret RJ, Yates WR, Troughton E, Woodworth G, Stewart MA. Adoption study demonstrating two genetic pathways to drug abuse. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(1):42-52.
68. Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist K, Sundquist J. The rearing environment and risk for drug abuse: a Swedish national high-risk adopted and not-adopted co-sibling control study. Psychol Med. 2016;46(7):1359-1366.
69. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Harford TC. Age at onset of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: a 12-year follow-up. J Subst Abuse. 2001;13(4):493-504.
70. Goodwin DW,Schulsinger F, Moller N, Hermansen L, Winokur G, Guze SB. Drinking problems in adopted and nonadopted sons of alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974;31(2):164-169.
71. Conrod PJ, Pihl RO, Ditto B. Autonomic reactivity and alcohol-induced dampening in men at risk for alcoholism and men at risk for hypertension. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995;19(2):482-489.
72. Söderpalm AH, de Wit H. Effects of stress and alcohol on subjective state in humans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(6):818-826.
73. Childs E, O'Connor S, de Wit H. Bidirectional interactions between acute psychosocial stress and acute intravenous alcohol in healthy men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35(10):1794-1803.
74. 74. Volavka J, Czobor P, Goodwin DW, et al. The electroencephalogram after alcohol administration in high-risk men and the development of alcohol use disorders 10 years later. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(3):258-263.
75. Holdstock L, de Wit H. Individual differences in the biphasic effects of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(9):1903-1911.
76. Holdstock L, de Wit H. Individual differences in responses to ethanol and d-amphetamine: a within-subject study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(4):540-548.
77. Morean ME, Corbin WR. Subjective response to alcohol: a critical review of the literature. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(3):385-395.
78. Quinn PD, Fromme K. Subjective response to alcohol challenge: a quantitative review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35(10):1759-1770.
79. Ray LA, Bujarski S, Roche DJ. Subjective response to alcohol as a research domain criterion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016;40(1):6-17.
80. Rangaswamy M, Porjesz B. Understanding alcohol use disorders with neuroelectrophysiology. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;125:383-414.
81. Stenberg G, Sano M, Rosen I, et al. EEG topography of acute ethanol effects in resting and activated normals. J Stud Alcohol. 1994;55:645-656.
82. 82. Ehlers CL, Phillips E, Wall TL, et al. EEG alpha and level of response to alcohol in Hispanic- and non-Hispanic-American young adults with a family history of alcoholism. J Stud Alcohol. 2004;65:301-308.
83. Kahkonen S, Kesaniemi M, Nikouline VV, et al. Ethanol modulates cortical activity: direct evidence with combined TMS and EEG. Neuroimage. 2001;14:322-332.
84. Sullivan MA, Rudnik-Levin F. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001;931:251-270.
85. Schuck AM, Widom CS. Childhood victimization and alcohol symptoms in females: causal inferences and hypothesized mediators. Child Abuse Negl. 2001;25(8):1069-1092.
86. Resnick MD, Bearman PS, Blum RW, et al. Protecting adolescents from harm: findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. JAMA. 1997;278(10):823-832.
87. Donovan JE. Adolescent alcohol initiation: a review of psychosocial risk factors. J Adolesc Health. 2004;35(6):e7-e18.
88. Nash SG, McQueen A, Bray JH. Pathways to adolescent alcohol use: Family environment, peer influence, and parental expectations. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37(1):19-28.
89. Galambos NL, Barker ET, Almeida DM. Parents do matter: Trajectories of change in externalizing and internalizing problems in early adolescence. Child Dev. 2003;74(2):578-594.
90. Lansford JE, Criss MM, Pettit GS, Dodge KA, Bates JE. Friendship quality, peer group affiliation, and peer antisocial behavior as moderators of the link between negative parenting and adolescent externalizing behavior. J Res Adolesc. 2003;13(2):161-184.
91. Mrug S, Windle M. Moderators of negative peer influence on early adolescent externalizing behaviors: The roles of individual behavior, parenting, and school connectedness. J Early Adolesc. 2009;29:518-540.
92. Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Landi NA. The 5-year clinical course of high-functioning men with DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(12):2028-2035.
93. Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP, et al. Five-year clinical course associated with DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence in a large group of men and women. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(7):1084-1090.
94. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Facts and Statistics. Available at https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-topics/alcohol-facts-and-statistics. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
95. Thompson W, Lande RG, Kalapatapu RJ. Alcoholism. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/285913-overview. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
96. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol's Effects on the Body. Available at https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohols-effects-body. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
97. Heuman DM, Mihas AA, Hung PD. Alcoholic Hepatitis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/170539-overview. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
98. Gavaler JS, Arria AM. Increased susceptibility of women to alcoholic liver disease: artifactual or real? In: Hall P (ed). Alcoholic Liver Disease: Pathology and Pathogenesis. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold; 1995:123-133.
99. Hall P. Factors influencing individual susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease. In: Hall P (ed). Alcoholic Liver Disease: Pathology and Pathogenesis. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold; 1995: 299-316.
101. Luu L. Liver Transplants. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/776313-overview. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
102. Dhar S, Omran L, Bacon BR, Solomon H, Di Bisceglie AM. Liver transplantation in patients with chronic hepatitis C and alcoholism. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44(10):2003-2007.
103. Gómez-Moreno G, Guardia J, Cutando A. Interaction of paracetamol in chronic alcoholic patients: importance for odontologists. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13(4):E235-E238.
104. Girre C, Hispard E, Palombo S, N'Guyen C, Dally S. Increased metabolism of acetaminophen in chronically alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1993;17(1):170-173.
105. Seeff LB, Cuccherini BA, Zimmerman HJ, Adler E, Benjamin SB. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in alcoholics: a therapeutic misadventure. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104(3):399-404.
107. 107. Kuffner EK, Green JL, Bogdan GM, et al. The effect of acetaminophen (four grams a day for three consecutive days) on hepatic tests in alcoholic patients: a multicenter randomized study. BMC Med. 2007;30:13.
108. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Acetaminophen Prescription Combination Drug Products with More than 325 mg: FDA Statement: Recommendation to Discontinue Prescribing and Dispensing. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170406123735/https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm381650.htm. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
110. Lee DH, Ha MH, Kim JR, Gross M, Jacobs DR. Gamma-glutamyltransferase, alcohol, and blood pressure: a four year follow-up study. Ann Epidemiol. 2002;12(2):90-96.
111. Rosenthal L. Holiday Heart Syndrome. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155050-overview. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
112. Rafie IM, Colucci WS. Alcohol-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/alcohol-induced-cardiomyopathy. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
113. Menz V, Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Maisch B. Alcohol and rhythm disturbance: the holiday heart syndrome. Herz. 1996;21(4):227-231.
114. Ettinger PO, Wu CF, De La Cruz C, et al. Arrhythmias and the "holiday heart:" alcohol-associated cardiac rhythm disorders. Am Heart J. 1978;95(5):555-562.
115. 115. Hansson A, Madsen-Härdig B, Olsson SB. Arrhythmia-provoking factors and symptoms at the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a study based on interviews with 100 patients seeking hospital assistance. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004;3:4-13.
116. Noessler N, Schweintzger S, Kurath-Koller S. Holiday heart syndrome: an upcoming tachyarrhythmia in today's youth? Cardiol Young. 2021;31(6):1054-1056.
117. Mangoni AA, Jackson SH. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: current evidence and future prospects. Am J Med. 2002;112(7):556-565.
118. 118. Chambers JC, Ueland PM, Obeid OA. Improved vascular endothelial function after oral B vitamins: an effect mediated through reduced concentrations of free plasma homocysteine. Circulation. 2000;102(20):2479-2483.
119. Debreceni B, Debreceni L. The role of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamins in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Ther. 2014;32(3):130-138.
120. Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Lathyris D, Dayer M. Homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(8):CD006612.
121. Weber A, Tannapfel A, Wittekind C, Bootz F. Carcinogen-induced site-specific mutagenesis and genetic susceptibility in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Onkologie. 2002;25(1):8-13.
122. Stinson FS, DeBakey SF. Alcohol-related mortality in the United States, 1979–1988. Br J Addict. 1992;87(5):777-783.
123. Peng Q, Chen H, Huo JR. Alcohol consumption and corresponding factors: a novel perspective on the risk factors of esophageal cancer. Oncol Lett. 2016;11(5):3231-3239.
124. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Alcohol consumption and ethyl carbamate In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon: IARC Press, International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010.
125. Castellsagué X, Muñoz N, De Stefani E, et al. Independent and joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on the risk of esophageal cancer in men and women. Int J Cancer. 1999;82(5):654-657.
126. Zambon P, Talamini R, La Vecchia C, et al. Smoking, type of alcoholic beverage and squamous-cell oesophageal cancer in northern Italy. Int J Cancer. 2000;86(1):144-149.
127. Drummond J. Alcohol and Hormones. Available at https://integrativewomenshealthinstitute.com/alcohol-and-hormones/. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
128. Stermer E. Alcohol consumption and the gastrointestinal tract. Isr Med Assoc. 2002;4(3):200-202.
129. Hagedorn JC, Encarnacion B, Brat GA, Morton JM. Does gastric bypass alter alcohol metabolism? Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3(5):543-548.
130. Bisceglie AM, Segal I. Cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis in alcoholics. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1984;6(3):199-200.
131. Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis, classification, and new genetic developments. Gastroenterology. 2001;120(3):682-707.
132. Ferrone C, Rattner DW. Chronic pancreatitis. In: Rakel RE, Bope ET (eds). Conn's Current Therapy, 2014. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2002: 515-516.
133. Gumaste VV. Alcoholic pancreatitis: unraveling the mystery. Gastroenterology. 1995;108(1):297-299.
134. Witt H, Apte MV, Keim V, Wilson JS. Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:1557-1573.
136. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Metabolism. Available at https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/alcohol-metabolism. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
137. Moses S. Lab Markers of Malnutrition. Available at https://fpnotebook.com/Pharm/Lab/LbMrkrsOfMlntrtn.htm. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
138. Breslow RA, Smothers BA. Drinking patterns and body mass index in never smokers: National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2001. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(4):368-376.
139. Butler L, Popkin BM, Poti JM. Associations of alcoholic beverage consumption with dietary intake, waist circumference, and body mass index in U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2012. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(3):409-420.
140. Saules KK, Wiedemann A, Ivezaj V, Hopper JA, Foster-Hartsfield J, Schwarz D. Bariatric surgery history among substance abuse treatment patients: prevalence and associated features. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6(6):615-621.
141. Kleiner KD, Gold MS, Frost-Pineda K, Lenz-Brunsman B, Perri MG, Jacobs WS. Body mass index and alcohol use. J Addict Dis. 2004;23(3):105-118.
142. Van den Berg H, van der Gaag M, Hendriks H. Influence of lifestyle on vitamin bioavailability. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2002;72(1):53-59.
143. Thomson AD. Mechanisms of vitamin deficiency in chronic alcohol misusers and the development of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35(1):2-7.
144. Zhang P, Bagby GJ, Happel KI, Summer WR, Nelson S. Pulmonary host defenses and alcohol. Front Biosci. 2002;7:d1314-d1330.
145. Kaphalia L, Calhoun WJ. Alcoholic lung injury: metabolic, biochemical and immunological aspects. Toxicol Lett. 2013;222(2):171-179.
146. Sarmiento X, Guardiola JJ, Soler M. Alcohol and acute respiratory distress syndrome: casuality or causality? Med Clin (Barc). 2013;140(12):546-553.
147. Joshi PC, Guidot DM. The alcoholic lung: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and potential therapies. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;292(4):L813-L823.
148. Liang Y, Yeligar SM, Brown LA. Chronic-alcohol-abuse-induced oxidative stress in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Scientific World J. 2012;740308.
149. Liang Y, Harris FL, Brown LA. Alcohol induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and alveolar macrophage dysfunction. Biomed Res Int. 2014;371593.
152. National Institutes for Health. Alcohol Abuse, HIV, and Infectious Disease. Available at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-95-067.html. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
153. Shi X, DeLucia AL, Bao J, Zhang P. Alcohol abuse and disorder of granulopoiesis. Pharmacol Ther. 2019;198:206-219.
154. Astry CL, Warr GA, Jakab GJ. Impairment of poly-morphonuclear leukocyte immigration as a mechanism of alcohol-induced suppression of pulmonary antibacterial defenses. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;128(1):113-117.
155. 155. Davis CC, Mellencamp MA, Preheim LC. A model of pneumococcal pneumonia in chronically intoxicated rats. J Infect Dis. 1991;163(4):799-805.
156. Melvan JN, Siggins RW, Stanford WL, et al. Alcohol impairs the myeloid proliferative response to bacteremia in mice by inhibiting the stem cell antigen-1/ERK pathway. J Immunol. 2012;188(4):1961-1969.
158. Roehrs T, Roth T. Sleep, sleepiness, sleep disorders and alcohol use and abuse. Sleep Med Rev. 2001;5(4):287-297.
159. Thakkar MM, Sharma R, Sahota P. Alcohol disrupt sleep homeostasis. Alcohol. 2015;49(4):299-310.
160. 160. Landolt HP, Roth C, Dijk D, Borbely A. Late-afternoon ethanol intake affects nocturnal sleep and the sleep EEG in middle-aged men. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(6):428-436.
161. Yang S, Guo X, Liu W, Li Y, Liu Y. Alcohol as an independent risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. Ir J Med Sci. 2022;191(3):1325-1330.
162. Simou E, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee J. Alcohol and the risk of sleep apnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2018;42:38-46.
163. Kolla BP, Foroughi M, Saeidifard F, Chakravorty S, Wang Z, Mansukhani MP. The impact of alcohol on breathing parameters during sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;42:59-67.
164. Taveira KVM, Kuntze MM, Berretta F, et al. Association between obstructive sleep apnea and alcohol, caffeine and tobacco: a meta-analysis. J Oral Rehabil. 2018;45(11):890-902.
165. Bassetti C, Aldrich MS. Alcohol consumption and sleep apnea in patients with TIA and ischemic stroke. Sleep Res. 1996;25:400.
166. Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(19):2034-2041.
167. Rich J, Raviv A, Raviv N, Brietzke SE. All-cause mortality and obstructive sleep apnea severity revisited. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;147(3):583-587.
168. Xiong GL. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288379-overview. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
169. Schuckit MA, Mazzanti C, Smith TL, et al. Selective genotyping for the role of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and GABA alpha 6 receptors and the serotonin transporter in the level of response to alcohol: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45(5):647-651.
170. Cope LM, Munier EC, Trucco EM, et al. Effects of the serotonin transporter gene, sensitivity of response to alcohol, and parental monitoring on risk for problem alcohol use. Alcohol. 2017;59:7-16.
171. Hommer D,Momenan R, Rawlings R, et al. Decreased corpus callosum size among alcoholic women. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(4):359-363.
172. Ruiz SM, Oscar-Berman M, Sawyer KS, Valmas MM, Urban T, Harris GJ. Drinking history associations with regional white matter volumes in alcoholic men and women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37(1):110-122.
173. Kisner MA, Sussman L, Manuweera T, et al. Evaluating effects of sex and age on white matter microstructural alterations in alcohol use disorder: a diffusion tensor imagins study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021;45(9):1790-1803.
174. Albayrak O, Krug S,Scherbaum N. Sex-specific aspects of addiction. MMW Fortschr Med. 2007;149(24):29-32.
175. Frezza M, di Padova C, Pozzato G, Terpin M, Baraona E, Lieber CS. High blood alcohol levels in women: the role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(2):95-99.
176. Glazkov VA, Sviderskaia NE. Gender differences in chronic alcoholism: EEG analysis. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2006;56(5):597-602.
177. Walter H, Dvorak A, Gutierrez K, Zitterl W, Lesch OM. Gender differences: does alcohol affect females more than males? Neuropsychopharmacology Hung. 2005;7(2):78-82.
178. Moos RH, Moos BS, Timko C. Gender, treatment and self-help in remission from alcohol use disorders. Clin Med Res. 2006;4(3):163-174.
179. Bloomfield K, Gmel G, Wilsnack S. Introduction to special issue: gender, culture and alcohol problems: a multi-national study. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 2006;41(1):i3-i7.
180. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/facts.html. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
181. Coles CD, Platzman KA, Raskind-Hood CL, et al. A comparison of children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997;21(1):150-161.
182. Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, Sokol RJ. Effects of fetal alcohol exposure on infant reaction time. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994;18(5):1125-1132.
183. Kodituwakku PW,Handmaker NS, Cutler SK, Weathersby EK, Handmaker SD. Specific impairments in self-regulation in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995;19(6):1558-1564.
184. Mattson SN, Riley EP. A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(2):279-294.
185. Mattson SN, Riley EP, Delis DC, Stern C, Jones KL. Verbal learning and memory in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20(5):810-816.
186. Roebuck TM, Mattson SN, Riley EP. Behavioral and psychosocial profiles of alcohol-exposed children. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23(6):1070-1076.
187. Roebuck TM, Mattson SN, Riley EP. A review of the neuro-anatomical findings in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(2):339-344.
188. Institute of Medicine, Stratton K, Howe C (eds). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1996.
189. Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Sampson PD, Parrish-Johnson JC, Kirchner GL, Martin DC. Attention, distraction, and reaction time at age 7 years and prenatal alcohol exposure. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratology. 1986;8(6):717-725.
190. Uecker A, Nadel L. Spatial locations gone awry: object and spatial memory deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Neuropsychologia. 1996;34(3):209-223.
191. IkonomidouC, Bittigau P, Ishimaru MJ, et al. Ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration and fetal alcohol syndrome. Science. 2000;287(5455):1056-1060.
192. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Data and Statistics on FASDs. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/data.html. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
193. Quick S. Fetal alcohol syndrome: the nurse practitioner perspective. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 1996;8(7):343-349.
194. Carson DK, Council JR, Volk MA. Temperament, adjustment, and alcoholism in adult female incest victims. Violence Vict. 1988;3(3):205-216.
195. Rose SM, Peabody CG, Stratigeas B. Undetected abuse among intensive case management clients. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1991;42(5):499-503.
196. Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. A nonhuman primate model of type II excessive alcohol consumption? Part 1. Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations and diminished social competence correlate with excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20(4):629-642.
198. Brown GL, Linnoila MI. CSF serotonin metabolite (5-HIAA) studies in depression, impulsivity, and violence. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990;51(Suppl):31-43.
199. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pricing Strategies for Alcohol Products. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/policy/hi5/alcoholpricing/. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
200. Grossman M, Markowitz S. Alcohol regulation and violence on college campuses. In: Grossman M, Hsieh CR, eds. Economic Analysis of Substance Use and Abuse: The Experience of Developed Countries and Lessons for Developing Countries. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar; 2001.
201. Saffer H. Substance abuse control and crime: evidence from the National Survey of Drug Abuse. In: Grossman M, Hsieh CR, eds. Economic Analysis of Substance Use and Abuse: The Experience of Developed Countries and Lessons for Developing Countries. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar; 2001.
202. Hollingworth W, Ebel BE, McCarty CA, Garrison MM, Christakis DA, Rivara FP. Prevention of deaths from harmful drinking in the United States: the potential effects of tax increases and advertising bans on young drinkers. J Stud Alcohol. 2006;67(2):300-308.
203. Elder RW, Lawrence B, Ferguson A, et al. The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prevent Med. 2010;38(2):217-229.
204. Wagenaar AC, Tobler AL, Kornro KA. Effects of alcohol tax and price policies on morbidity and mortality: a systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(11):2270-2278.
205. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. Alcohol, Drugs and Crime. Available at https://ncadd.us/about-addiction/addiction-update/alcohol-drugs-and-crime. Last accessed April24, 2024.
206. American Addiction Centers. How Drugs and Alcohol Can Fuel Violent Behaviors. Available at https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/addiction-and-violence. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
207. U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts. Overview of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes in 2022. Available at https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813560. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
208. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transportation Safety: Impaired Driving: Get the Facts. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/transportationsafety/impaired_driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
209. 209. Lapham SC, Smith E, C'de Baca J, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among persons convicted of driving while impaired. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(10):943-949.
210. Nelson SE, Belkin K, LaPlante DA, Bosworth L, Shaffer HJ. A prospective study of psychiatric comorbidity and recidivism among repeat DUI offenders. Arch Sci Psychol. 2015;3(1):8-17.
211. Robbe H. Marijuana's impairing effects on driving are moderate when taken alone but severe when combined with alcohol. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 1998;13(S2):S70-S78.
212. Lacey JH, Kelley-Baker T, Furr-Holden D, et al. National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use By Drivers: Drug Results. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2007.
213. 213. Biecheler MB, Peytavin JF, Facy F, Martineau H. SAM survey on "drugs and fatal accidents:" search of substances consumed and comparison between drivers involved under the influence of alcohol or cannabis. Traffic Inj Prev. 2008;9:11-21.
214. Walsh JM, Flegel R, Atkins R, Cangianelli LA, Cooper C, Welsh C, Kerns TJ. Drug and alcohol use among drivers admitted to a level-1 trauma center. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37:894-901.
215. Berning A, Compton R, WochingerK. Results of the 2013–2014 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers. Available at https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/812118-roadside_survey_2014.pdf. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
216. Thomas FD, Darrah J, Graham L, et al. Alcohol and Drug Prevalence Among Seriously or Fatally Injured Road Users (Report No. DOT HS 813 399). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2022.
217. Stephen RJ, Martin PR. Co-occurring psychiatric disorders and alcoholism. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;125:573-588.
218. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. JAMA. 1990;264(19):2511-2518.
219. Davis L,Uezato A, Newell JM, Frazier E. Major depression and comorbid substance use disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008;21(1):14-18.
220. Nunes EV, Liu X, Samet S, et al. Independent versus substance-induced major depressive disorder in substance-dependent patients: observational study of course during follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(10):1561-1567.
221. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Visualization Tool. Available at https://wisqars.cdc.gov/lcd/?. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
222. Mann JJ. A current perspective of suicide and attempted suicide. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(4):302-311.
223. Kim J, Lee KS, Kim DJ, et al. Characteristic risk factors associated with planned versus impulsive suicide attempters. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(3):308-315.
224. Cornelius JR, Salloum IM, Day NL, Thase ME, Mann JJ. Patterns of suicidality and alcohol use in alcoholics with major depression. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20(8):1451-1455.
225. Murphy GE, Wetzel RD. The lifetime risk of suicide in alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47(4):383-392.
226. 226. Pandey S, Bolstad I, Lien L, Walby FA, Myhre MO, Bramness JG. Sex-specific factors associated with lifetime suicide attempt among patients with alcohol use disorders. BJPsych Open. 2022;8(4):e135.
227. Pompili M, Serafini G, Innamorati M, et al. Suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7(4):1392-1431.
228. Powell KE, Kresnow MJ, Mercy JA, et al. Alcohol consumption and nearly lethal suicide attempts. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2001;32(1 Suppl):30-41.
229. 229. Preuss UW, Schuckit MA, Smith TL, et al. Comparison of 3190 alcohol-dependent individuals with and without suicide attempts. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(4):471-477.
230. Akechi T, Iwasaki M, Uchitomi Y, Tsugane S. Alcohol consumption and suicide among middle-aged men in Japan. Bri J Psychiatry. 2006;18(8):231-236.
231. Agabio R, Trogu E, Pani PP. Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co-occurring depression and alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(4):CD008581.
232. Hashimoto E, Tayama M, Ishikawa H, Yamamoto M, Saito T. Influence of comorbid alcohol use disorder on treatment response of depressive patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015;122(2):301-306.
233. Garcia-Portilla MP, Bascarán MT, Saiz PA, et al. Effectiveness of venlafaxine in the treatment of alcohol dependence with comorbid depression. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2005;33(1):41-45.
234. LexiComp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
235. Tang VM, Yu D, Weissman CR, et al. Treatment outcomes in major depressive disorder in patients with comorbid alcohol use disorder: a STAR*D analysis. J Affect Disord. 2023;339:691-697.
236. McHugh RK, Weiss RD. Alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders. Alcohol Res. 2019;40(1):arcr.v40.1.01.
237. Addolorato G, Leggio L, Hopf FW, Diana M, Bonci A. Novel therapeutic strategies for alcohol and drug addiction: focus on GABA, ion channels and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37(1):163-177.
238. Chengappa KN, Levine J, Gershon S, Kupfer DJ. Lifetime prevalence of substance or alcohol abuse and dependence among subjects with bipolar I and II disorders in a voluntary registry. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2(3 Pt 1):191-195.
239. Xia Y, Ma D, Perich T, Hu J, Mitchell PB. Demographic and clinical differences between bipolar disorder patients with and without alcohol use disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:570574.
240. Brennan PL, Schutte KK, Moos RH. Pain and use of alcohol to manage pain: prevalence and 3-year outcomes among older problem and non-problem drinkers. Addiction. 2005;100(6):777-786.
241. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The Complex Relationship Between Alcohol and Pain. Available at https://niaaa.scienceblog.com/231/the-complex-relationship-between-alcohol-and-pain/. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
242. Pennings EJ, Leccese AP, Wolff FA. Effects of concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine. Addiction. 2002;97(7):773-83.
243. Fettiplace MR, Pichurko A, Ripper R, et al. Cardiac depression induced by cocaine or cocaethylene is alleviated by lipid emulsion more effectively than by sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;22(5):508-517.
244. Patten CA, Martin JE, Owen N. Can psychiatric and chemical dependency treatment units be smoke free? J Subst Abuse Treat. 1996;13(2):107-118.
245. Hurt RD, Offord KP, Croghan IT, et al. Mortality following inpatient addictions treatment: role of tobacco use in a community-based cohort. JAMA. 1996;275(14):1097-1103.
246. Pelucchi C, Gallus S, Garavello W, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C. Cancer risk associated with alcohol and tobacco use: focus on upper aero-digestive tract and liver. Alcohol Res Health. 2006;29(3):193-198.
247. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014 Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking – 50 Years of Progress. Available at https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
248. Ahrendt SA, Chow JT, Yang SC, et al. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking increase the frequency of p53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 2000;60(12):3155-3159.
249. Barrett SP, Tichauer M, Leyton M, Pihl RO. Nicotine increases alcohol self-administration in non-dependent male smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;81(2):197-204.
250. Montanari C, Secci ME, Driskell A, McDonald KO, Schratz CL, Gilpin NW. Chronic nicotine increases alcohol self-administration in adult male Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021;238(1):201-213.
251. Domi E, Xu L, Pätz M, et al. Nicotine increases alcohol self-administration in male rats via a μ-opioid mechanisms within the mesolimbic pathway. Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(19):4516-4531.
252. Walsh RA, Bowman JA, Tzelepis F, et al. Smoking cessation interventions in Australian drug treatment agencies: a national survey of attitudes and practices. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2005;24:235-244.
253. Zullino DF, Besson J, Favrat B, et al. Acceptance of an intended smoking ban on an alcohol dependence clinic. Eur Psychiatry. 2003;18:255-257.
254. Richter KP, Choi AS, Alford DP. Smoking policies in U.S. outpatient drug treatment facilities. Nicotine Tob Res. 2005;7(3):475-480.
255. 255. Ziedonis DM, Guydish JW, Steinberg M, Foulds J. Barriers and solutions to addressing tobacco dependence in addiction treatment programs. Alcohol Res Health. 2007;9(3):228-235.
256. Hughes JR, Callas PW. Past alcohol problems do not predict worse smoking cessation outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;71:269-273.
257. Wang R, Li B, Jiang Y, Guan Y, Wang G, Zhao G. Smoking cessation mutually facilitates alcohol drinking cessation among tobacco and alcohol co-users: a cross-sectional study in a rural area of Shanghai, China. Tob Induc Dis. 2019;17:85.
258. Bulik CM, Klump KL, Thornton L, et al. Alcohol use disorder comorbidity in eating disorders: a multicenter study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(7):1000-1006.
259. Munn-Chernoff MA, Few LR, Matherne CE, et al. Eating disorders in a community-based sample of women with alcohol use disorder and nicotine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;212:107981.
260. Hodgkins CC, Jacobs WS, Gold MS. Weight gain after adolescent drug addiction treatment and supervised abstinence. Psychiatric Annals. 2003;33(2):112-116.
261. Kyngdon A, Dickerson M. An experimental study of the effect of prior alcohol consumption on a simulated gambling activity. Addiction. 1999;94(5):697-707.
262. Tobias-Webb J, Limbrick-Oldfield EH, Verancombe S, Duka T, Clark L. The effects of alcohol on sequential decision-making biases during gambling. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2020;237(2):395-407.
263. Moyer VA. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018;320(18):1899-1909.
264. O'Connor EA, Perdue LA, Senger CA, et al. Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care to Reduce Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Adolescents and Adults: Updated Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force: Evidence Synthesis No. 171. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2018. AHRQ publication 18-05242-EF-1.
265. Madson MB, Schutts JW, Jordan HR, Villarosa-Hurlocker MC, Whitley RB, Mohn RS. Identifying at-risk college student drinkers with the AUDIT-US: a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Assessment. 2020;27(6):1089-1099.
266. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Core Resource on Alcohol. Available at https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/health-professionals-communities/core-resource-on-alcohol/screen-and-assess-use-quick-effective-methods. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
267. Thompson W, Lande RG, Kalapatapu RK. Alcoholism. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/285913-overview. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
268. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The Physicians' Guide to Helping Patients with Alcohol Problems. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 1995.
269. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791-804.
270. Babor TF, Biddle-Higgins JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1992.
271. Reinert DF, Allen JP. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): a review of recent research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(2):272-279.
272. 272. AUDIT. Available at https://auditscreen.org/. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
273. AUDIT-C for Alcohol Use. Available at https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/2021/audit-c-alcohol-use. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
274. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 24. Rockville (MD): Centers for Substance Abuse Treatment; 1997.
275. Barnes AJ, Moore AA, Xu H, et al. Prevalence and correlates of at-risk drinking among older adults: the Project SHARE Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(8):840-846.
276. Moore AA,Giulu L, Gould R, et al. Alcohol use, comorbidity, and mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(5):757-762.
277. Lee E. Cross-cultural communication: therapeutic use of interpreters. In: Lee E (ed). Working with Asian Americans: A Guide for Clinicians. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 1997: 477-489.
278. National Hispanic Medical Association (NHMA). NHMA Screening and Brief Intervention Toolkit for the Hispanic Patient. National Hispanic Medical Association. Washington, DC; 2008.
279. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Treatment for Alcohol Problems: Finding and Getting Help. Available at https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/treatment-alcohol-problems-finding-and-getting-help. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
280. 280. Bell H, Tallaksen CME, Try K, Haug E. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin and other markers of high alcohol consumption: a study of 502 patients admitted consecutively to a medical department. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994;18(5):1103-1108.
281. Sorvajärvi K, Blake JE, Israel Y, Niemelä O. Sensitivity and specificity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of alcohol abuse are significantly influenced by alterations in serum transferrin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20(3):449-454.
282. Cylwik B, Chrostek L, Szmitkowski M. New methods for the determination of transferrin isoforms in the diagnostics of alcohol abuse. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2006;60:101-112.
283. Mayo Clinic. Test ID: CDTA. Available at https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Specimen/82425. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
284. Arndt T, Gilg T, Soyka M. Diagnosis of alcoholism: CDT test does help. MMW Fortschr Med. 2000;146(26-27):10-11.
285. Sillanaukee P, Massot N, Jousilahti P, et al. Dose response of laboratory markers to alcohol consumption in a general population. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(8):747-751.
286. Hannuksela ML, Liisanantti MK, Nissinen AE, Savolainen MJ. Biochemical markers of alcoholism. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;45(8):953-61.
288. Anderson G. Management of alcohol problems: the role of the general practitioner. Alcohol Alcohol. 1993;28(3):263-272.
289. Miller WR, Sanchez VC. Motivating young adults for treatment and lifestyle change. In: Howard G, Nathan P (eds). Alcohol Use and Misuse by Young Adults. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press; 1994.
290. Bien TH, Miller WR, Tonigan JS. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a review. Addiction. 1993;88(3):315-335.
291. Mattoo SK, Prasad S, Ghosh A. Brief intervention in substance use disorders. Indian J Psychiatry. 2018;60(Suppl 4):S466-S472.
292. Graham AW, Fleming MS. Brief interventions. In: Graham AW, Schultz TK, Wilford BB (eds). Principles of Addiction Medicine. 3rd ed. Chevy Chase, MD: American Society of Addiction Medicine, Inc.; 2003: 361-372.
293. Henry-Edwards S, Humeniuk R, Ali R, Monteiro M, Poznyak V. Brief Intervention for Substance Use: A Manual for Use in Primary Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
294. Carroll KM, Ball SA,Nich C, et al. Motivational interviewing to improve treatment engagement and outcome in individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse: a multisite effectiveness study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;81(3):301-312.
295. Chafetz ME, Blane HT, Abram HS, et al. Establishing treatment relations with alcoholics. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1962;134(5):395-409.
296. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes. J Stud Alcohol. 1997;58(1):7-29.
297. Whitlock EP, Green CA, Polen MR, et al. Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care to Reduce Risky/Harmful Alcohol Use. Systematic Evidence Reviews, No. 30. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2004,
298. McCambridge J, Rollnick S. Should brief interventions in primary care address alcohol problems more strongly? Addiction. 2014;109(7):1054-1058.
300. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH three-year drinking outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(6):1300-1311.
301. Moyer A, Finney JW, Swearingen CE, Vergun P. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a meta-analytic review of controlled investigations in treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking populations. Addiction. 2002;97(3):279-292.
302. Fleming MF, Mundt MP, French MT, et al. Brief physician advice for problem drinkers: long-term efficacy and benefit-cost analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002;26(1):36-43.
303. Tanner-Smith EE, Risser MD. A meta-analysis of brief alcohol interventions for adolescents and young adults: variability in effects across alcohol measures. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;42(2):140-151.
304. American Society of Addiction Medicine. About the ASAM Criteria. Available at https://www.asam.org/asam-criteria/about-the-asam-criteria. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
305. Donovan DM, Rosengren DB. Motivation for behavior change and treatment among substance abusers. In: Tucker JA, Donovan DM, Marlatt GA (eds). Changing Addictive Behavior: Bridging Clinical and Public Health Strategies. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 1999: 127-159.
306. Prochaska JO, Norcross JC, DiClemente CC. Changing for Good: The Revolutionary New Program that Explains the Six Stages of Change and Teaches You How to Free Yourself from Bad Habits. New York, NY: William Morrow; 1994.
307. Bayard M, McIntyre J, Hill KR, Woodside J Jr. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69(6):1443-1450.
308. Merck Manual. CIWA-Ar Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol Scale. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/multimedia/clinical-calculator/ciwa-ar-clinical-institute-withdrawal-assessment-for-alcohol-scale. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
309. Kattimani S, Bharadwaj B. Clinical management of alcohol withdrawal: a systematic review. Ind Psychiatry J. 2013;22(2):100-108.
310. Sachdeva A, Choudhary M, Chandra M. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: benzodiazepines and beyond. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(9):VE01-VE07.
311. 311. Long D, Long B, Koyfman A. The emergency medicine management of severe alcohol withdrawal. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(7):1005-1011.
312. Modesto-Lowe V, Barron GC, Aronow B, Chaplin M. Gabapentin for alcohol use disorder: a good option, or cause for concern? Clev Clin J Med. 2019;86(12):815-823.
313. Toohey S. Delirium Tremens (DTs) Medication. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166032-medication#. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
314. Addolorato G, Leggio L, Hopf FW, Diana M, Bonci A. Novel therapeutic strategies for alcohol and drug addiction: focus on GABA, ion channels, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:163-177.
315. McKay JR, Lynch KG, Shepard DS, Pettinati HM. The effectiveness of telephone-based continuing care for alcohol and cocaine dependence 24-month outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(2):199-207.
316. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIAAA Reports Project MATCH Main Findings. Available at https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/niaaa-reports-project-match-main-findings. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
317. Kelly JF, Abry A, Ferri M, Humphreys K. Alcoholics Anonymous and 12-step facilitation treatments for alcohol use disorder: a distillation of a 2020 Cochrane Review for clinicians and policy makers. Alcohol Alcohol. 2020;55(6):641-651.
318. Hathaway B. Why "One Day at a Time" Works for Recovering Alcoholics. Available at https://news.yale.edu/2020/08/27/why-one-day-time-works-recovering-alcoholics. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
319. Dutra L, Stathopoulou G, Basden SL,Leyro TM, Powers MB, Otto MW. A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:179-187.
320. Magill M, Ray LA. Cognitive-behavioral treatment with adult alcohol and illicit drug users: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2009;70:516-527.
321. Liese BS, Beck AT. Beyond the therapeutic alliance: keeping the drug-dependent individual in treatment. In: Simon Onken L, Blaine JD, Boren JJ (eds). Back to Basics: Fundamental Cognitive Therapy Skills for Keeping Drug-Dependent Individuals in Treatment: NIDA Research Monograph 165. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1997: 207-232.
322. Shawe-Taylor M, Rigby J. Cognitive behaviour therapy: its evolution and basic principles. J R Soc Promot Health. 1999;119(4):244-246.
323. Wright JH, Thase ME, Beck AT. Cognitive therapy. In: Hale RE, Yudofsky SC, Talbott JA (eds). The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychiatry. 4th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2008.
324. Kranzler HR. Pharmacotherapy of alcoholism: gaps in knowledge and opportunities for research. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35(6):537-547.
325. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Medication for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Brief Guide. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4907. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2015.
326. Miller NS, Gold MS. Alcohol. In: Gold MS (ed). Drugs of Abuse: A Comprehensive Series. New York, NY: Plenum Medical Book Co.; 1991.
327. 327. Garbutt JC, West SL, Carey TS, Lohr KN, Crews FT. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: a review of the evidence. JAMA. 1999;281(14):1318-1325.
328. Yoshimura A, Kimura M, Nakayama H, et al. Efficacy of disulfiram for the treatment of alcohol dependence assessed with a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38(2):572-578.
329. Skinner MD, Lahmek P, Pham H, Aubin HJ. Disulfiram efficacy in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87366.
330. Fuller RK, Gordis E. Does disulfiram have a role in alcoholism treatment today? Addiction. 2004;99(1):21-24.
331. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research. Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Dependence: Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 3. Available athttps://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/alcosumm.htm. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
332. Volpicelli JR, Volpicelli LA, O'Brien CP. Medical management of alcohol dependence: clinical use and limitations of naltrexone treatment. Alcohol Alcohol. 1995;30(6):789-798.
333. Clapp P. Current progress in pharmacologic treatment strategies for alcohol dependence. Expert Rev Coin Pharmacol. 2012;5(4):427-435.
334. Altshuler HL, Phillips PE, Feinhandler DA. Alteration of ethanol self-administration by naltrexone. Life Sci. 1980;26(9):679-688.
335. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O'Brien CP. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(11):876-880.
336. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, Schottenfeld RS, Meyer RE, Rounsaville B. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence: a controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(11):881-887.
337. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, et al. Six-month follow-up of naltrexone and psychotherapy for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(3):217-224.
338. Monterosso JR, Flannery BA, Pettinati HM, et al. Predicting treatment response to naltrexone: the influence of craving and family history. Am J Addict. 2001;10(3):258-268.
339. Capone C, Kahler CW, Swift RM, O'Malley SS. Does family history of alcoholism moderate naltrexone's effects on alcohol use? J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2011;72(1):135-140.
340. Worley MJ, Witkiewitz K, Brown SA, Kivlahan DR, Longabaugh R. Social network moderators of naltrexone and behavioral treatment effects on heavy drinking in the COMBINE study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(1):93-100.
341. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. A Multisite Trial of Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions (COMBINE) for Alcohol Dependence. Available at https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/multisite-trial-combined-pharmacotherapies-and-behavioral-interventions-combine-alcohol-dependence. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
342. Witkiewitz K, Roos CR, Mann K, Kranzler HR. Advancing precision medicine for alcohol use disorder: replication and extension of reward drinking as a predictor of naltrexone response. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(11):2395-2405.
343. Anton RF, O'Malley SS, Ciraulo DA, et al. Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(17):2003-2017.
344. Pettinati HM, O'Brien CP, Rabinowitz AR, et al. The status of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence: specific effects on heavy drinking. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(6):610-625.
345. Richardson K, Baillie A, Reid S, et al. Do acamprosate or naltrexone have an effect on daily drinking by reducing craving for alcohol? Addiction. 2008;103(6):953-959.
346. Mason BJ. Treatment of alcohol-dependent outpatients with acamprosate: a clinical review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 20):42-48.
347. Tempesta E, JaniriL, Bignamini A, Chabac S, Potgieter A. Acamprosate and relapse prevention in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a placebo-controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35(2):202-209.
348. Rösner S, Hackl-Herrwerth A, Leucht S, Lehert P, Becchi S, Soyka M. Acamprosate for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(9):CD004332.
349. Mason BJ. Acamprosate for alcohol dependence: an update of the clinician. Focus. 2006;4:505-511.
350. Flannery BA, Garbutt JC, Cody MW, et al. Baclofen for alcohol dependence: a preliminary open-label study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(10):1517-1523.
351. Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence on alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet. 2007;370(9603):1915-1922.
352. Rose AK, Jones A. Baclofen: its effectiveness in reducing harmful drinking, craving, and negative mood: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2018;113(8):1396-1406.
353. Agabio R, Saulle R, Rosner S, Minozzi S. Baclofen for alcohol use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;1:CD012557.
354. Guglielmo R, Martinotti G, Quatrale M, et al. Topiramate in alcohol use disorders: review and update. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(5):383-395.
355. Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, et al., for the Topiramate for Alcoholism Advisory Board and the Topiramate for Alcoholism Study Group. Topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298(14):1641-1651.
356. Williams SH. Medications for treating alcohol dependence. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(9):1775-1780.
357. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Bowden CL, et al. Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9370):1677-1685.
358. Barrons R, Roberts N. The role of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine in alcohol withdrawal syndrome. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2010;35(2):153-167.
359. Mueller TI, Stout RL, Rudden S, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of carbamazepine for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997;21(1):86-92.
360. Martinotti G, Di Nicola M, Romanelli R, et al. High and low dosage oxcarbazepine versus naltrexone for the prevention of relapse in alcohol-dependent patients. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2007;22(3):149-156.
361. 361. Johnson BA, Roache JD, Javors MA, et al. Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;284(8):963-971.
362. Kenna GA, Zywiak WH, Swift RM, et al. Ondansetron reduces naturalistic drinking in nontreatment-seeking alcohol-dependent individuals with the LL 5'-HTTLPR genotype: a laboratory study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38(6):1567-1574.
363. Kranzler HR, Burleson JA, Del Boca FK, et al. Buspirone treatment of anxious alcoholics: a placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(9):720-731.
364. Gimeno C, Dorado ML, Roncero C, et al. Treatment of comorbid alcohol dependence and anxiety disorder: review of the scientific evidence and recommendations for treatment. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:173.
365. 365. Drake RE, Xie H, McHugo GJ, Green AI. The effects of clozapine on alcohol and drug use disorders among patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26(2):441-449.
366. Lowry F. Drug May Aid in Alcohol Dependence, but Safety Concerns Linger. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/805427. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
367. Schacht JP, Anton RF, Randall PK, Li X, Henderson S, Myrick H. Varenicline effects on drinking, craving and neural reward processing among non-treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014;231(18):3799-3807.
368. Erwin BL, Slaton RM. Varenicline in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(11):1445-1455.
369. 369. Mitchell JM, Teague CH, Kayser AS, Bartlett SE, Fields HL. Varenicline decreases alcohol consumption in heavy-drinking smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012;223(3):299-306.
370. McKeown NJ, West PL. Withdrawal Syndromes. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/819502-overview. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
371. Fisher CM. Prompt responses to the administration of ethanol in the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Neurologist. 2009;15(5):24í2-244.
372. Hayner CE, Wuestefeld NL, Bolton PJ. Phenobarbital treatment in a patient with resistant alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(7):875-878.
373. Weinberg JA, Magnotti LJ, Fischer PE, et al. Comparison of intravenous ethanol versus diazepam for alcohol withdrawal prophylaxis in the trauma ICU: results of a randomized trial. J Trauma. 2008;64(1):99-104.
374. American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. Available at https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9781615371969. Last accessed April 24, 2024.
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.