Works Cited

Botulinum Toxin and Dermal Fillers for Facial Aging

Course #50201-

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Griffiths D, Mullock A. Cosmetic surgery: regulatory challenges in a global beauty market. Health Care Anal. 2018;26(3):220-234.

2. Arsiwala SZ. Trends for facial injectable therapies in medical aesthetics. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2018;11(2):45-46.

3. Gonzalez-Ulloa M, Flores ES. Senility of the face: basic study to understand its causes and effects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1965;36:239-246.

4. Coleman SR, Grover R. The anatomy of the aging face: volume loss and changes in 3-dimensional topography. Aesthet Surg J. 2006;26(1S):S4-S9.

5. Paskhover B, Durand D, Kamen E, Gordon NA. Patterns of change in facial skeletal aging. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2017;19(5):413-417.

6. Sundaram H, Signorini M, Liew S, et al. Global aesthetics consensus: botulinum toxin type A: evidence-based review, emerging concepts, and consensus recommendations for aesthetic use, including updates on complications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(3):518e-529e.

7. Waldorf HA. The Benjamin Button effect: recognizable rejuvenation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(6 Suppl):s74-s76.

8. Salti G, Rauso R. Facial rejuvenation with fillers: the dual plane technique. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2015;8(3):127-133.

9. Sundaram H. Going with the flow: an overview of soft tissue filler rheology and its potential clinical applications (2 of 3). Practical Dermatol. 2011;6:23-28.

10. Carruthers J, Burgess C, Day D, et al. Consensus recommendations for combined aesthetic interventions in the face using botulinum toxin, fillers, and energy-based devices. Dermatol Surg. 2016;42(5):586-597.

11. de Maio M, DeBoulle K, Braz A, Rohrich RJ, Alliance for the Future of Aesthetics Consensus Committee. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the midface. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(4):540e-550e.

12. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2020 ASPA Plastic Surgery Statistics Release. Available at https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2020/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2020.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

13. American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. ASDS Survey on Dermatologic Procedures. Available at https://www.asds.net/medical-professionals/practice-resources/survey-on-dermatologic-procedures. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

14. Saade DS, Maymone MBC, Secemsky EA, et al. Patterns of over-the-counter lightening agent use among patients with hyperpigmentation disorders: a United States-based cohort study. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(7):26-30.

15. Rohrich RJ, Cho M-J. When is teenage plastic surgery versus cosmetic surgery okay? Reality versus hype: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;142(3):293e-302e.

16. Rayess HM, Svider PF, Hanba C, et al. A cross-sectional analysis of adverse events and litigation for injectable fillers. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2018;20(3):207-214.

17. Hunter JG. Discussion: the role of bacterial biofilm in adverse soft-tissue filler reactions: a combined laboratory and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(3):622-623.

18. Dover JS, Monheit G, Greener M, Pickett A. Botulinum toxin in aesthetic medicine: myths and realities. Dermatol Surg. 2018;44(2):249-260.

19. Heydenrych I, Kapoor KM, De Boulle K, et al. A 10-point plan for avoiding hyaluronic acid dermal filler-related complications during facial aesthetic procedures and algorithms for management. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:603-611.

20. Khunger N. Risk assessment and prevention of complications in aesthetic surgery. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2014;7(3):141-142.

21. Phillips KS, Wang Y. U.S. Food and Drug Administration authors publish articles on dermal filler materials, injections, methods, and skin preparation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(4):632e-633e.

22. King M, Bassett S, Davies E, King S. Management of delayed onset nodules. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016;9(11):E1-E5.

23. Deva AK, Saththianathan M, Johani K, et al. Reply: the role of bacterial biofilm in adverse soft-tissue filler reactions: a combined laboratory and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(3):613-621.

24. Sandoval SE, Cox JA, Koshy JC, Hatef DA, Hollier LH. Facial fat compartments: a guide to filler placement. Semin Plast Surg. 2009;23(4):283-287.

25. Farkas JP, Pessa JE, Hubbard B, Rohrich RJ. The science and theory behind facial aging. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2013;1(1):e8-e15.

26. Kumar N, Swift A, Rahman E. Development of "core syllabus" for facial anatomy teaching to aesthetic physicians: a Delphi consensus. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2018;6(3):e1687.

27. Palermo EC, Anzai A, Jacomo AL. Three-dimensional approach of cosmetic patient: aging gracefully. In: Issa M, Tamura B (ed). Botulinum Toxins, Fillers and Related Substances: Clinical Approaches and Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology. Vol 4. Cham: Springer; 2019: 199-220.

28. Tan SL, Brandt MG, Yeung JC, Doyle PC, Moore CC. The aesthetic unit principle of facial aging. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2015;17(1):33-38.

29. Wilson AJ, Taglienti AJ, Chang CS, Low DW, Percec I. Current applications of facial volumization with fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(5): 872e-889e.

30. Arsiwala SZ. Simplifying injectables for volumetric rejuvenation of face. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2018;11(2):51-59.

31. Mendelson B, Wong CH. Changes in the facial skeleton with aging: implications and clinical applications in facial rejuvenation. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2012;36(4):753-760.

32. Batniji RK. Malar and Submalar Implants. Available at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/843020-overview. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

33. Carruthers J. Botulinum Toxin for Cosmetic Indications: Treatment of Specific Sites. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/botulinum-toxin-for-cosmetic-indications-treatment-of-specific-sites. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

34. Carruthers A, Humphrey S. Injectable Soft Tissue Fillers: Overview of Clinical Use. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/injectable-soft-tissue-fillers-overview-of-clinical-use. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

35. Amirlak B. Skin Anatomy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1294744-overview. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

36. Peckham M. The Histology Guide: Skin. Available at http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/skin/index.php. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

37. Cunliffe T. Primary Care Dermatology Society: Dermatology Dictionary. Available at https://www.pcds.org.uk/dermatology-dictionary. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

38. Davies JMS, Cillard J, Friguet B, et al. The oxygen paradox, the French paradox, and age-related diseases. GeroScience. 2017;39(5-6):499-550.

39. Kruglikov I, Trujillo O, Quick K, et al. The facial adipose tissue: a revision. Facial Plast Surg. 2016;32(6):671-682.

40. Wollina U, Goldman A, Tchernev G. Fillers and facial fat pads. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017;5(4):403-408.

41. Wan D, Amirlak B, Rohrich R, Davis K. The clinical importance of the fat compartments in midfacial aging. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2013;1(9):e92.

42. Wong CH, Mendelson B. Newer understanding of specific anatomic targets in the aging face as applied to injectables: aging changes in the craniofacial skeleton and facial ligaments. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):44S-48S.

43. Whitney ZB, Jain M, Zito PM. Anatomy, Skin, Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System (SMAS) Fascia. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519014/. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

44. Orengo I. Facial Anatomy in Cutaneous Surgery. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1127307-overview. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

45. Cohen JL, Scuderi N. Safety and patient satisfaction of abobotulinumtoxinA for aesthetic use: a systematic review. Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(Suppl_1):S32-S44.

46. Patel BCK. Forehead Anatomy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/834862-overview. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

47. Beer JI, Sieber DA, III Scheuer JA, Greco TM. Three-dimensional facial anatomy: structure and function as it relates to injectable neuromodulators and soft tissue fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(12 Suppl):e1175.

48. Jahan-Parwar B. Facial Bone Anatomy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/835401-overview. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

49. Haddad A, Kadunc BV, Guarnier C, Noviello JS. Current concepts in the use of poly-L-lactic acid for facial rejuvenation: literature review and practical aspects. Surg Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;9(1):60-71.

50. Avelar LET, Cardoso MA, Bordoni LS, Avelar LdeM, Avelar JVdeM. Aging and sexual differences of the human skull. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017;5(4):e1297.

51. Gerth DJ. Structural and volumetric changes in the aging face. Facial Plast Surg. 2015;31(1):3-9.

52. Wollina U, Wetzker R, Abdel-Naser MB, Kruglikov IL. Role of adipose tissue in facial aging. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:2069-20776.

53. Sherman RN. Global volumetric assessment and three-dimensional enhancement of the face with injectable poly-L-lactic Acid. J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol. 2010;3(8):27-33.

54. Prager W, Agsten K, Kerscher M. Patient-reported outcomes following split-face injection of 2 volumizing fillers in the upper cheeks. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017;5(10):e1412.

55. Shetty R. Outer circle versus inner circle: special considerations while rejuvenating an Indian face using fillers. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2015;8(3):169-172.

56. Sadick N. Nonsurgical facial rejuvenation. Advances in Cosmetic Surgery. 2018;1(1):99-107.

57. Buckingham ED, Glasgold R, Kontis T, et al. Volume rejuvenation of the lower third, perioral, and jawline. Facial Plast Surg. 2015;31(1):70-79.

58. Sundaram H, Liew S, Signorini M, et al. Global Aesthetics Consensus: hyaluronic acid fillers and botulinum toxin type A: recommendations for combined treatment and optimizing outcomes in diverse patient populations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(5):1410-1423.

59. Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Overview of Botulinum Toxin for Cosmetic Indications. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-botulinum-toxin-for-cosmetic-indications. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

60. Monheit GD, Pickett A. AbobotulinumtoxinA: a 25-year history. Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(Suppl 1):S4-S11.

61. American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2018 Cosmetic (Aesthetic) Surgery National Data Bank Statistics. Available at https://cdn.theaestheticsociety.org/media/statistics/2018-TheAestheticSocietyStatistics.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

62. Samizadeh S, De Boulle K. Botulinum neurotoxin formulations: overcoming the confusion. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:273-287.

63. Liu A, Carruthers A, Cohen JL, et al. Recommendations and current practices for the reconstitution and storage of botulinum toxin type A. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(3):373-378.

64. Sapra P, DeMay S, Sapra S, Khanna J, Mraud K. A single-blind, split-face, randomized, pilot study comparing the effects of intradermal and intramuscular injection of two commercially available botulinum toxin A formulas to reduce signs of facial aging. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(2):34-44.

65. Lupo MP. Tox outside the box: off-label aesthetic uses of botulinum toxin. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(9):1151-1157.

66. Wu WTL, Liew S, Chan HH, et al. Consensus on current injectable treatment strategies in the Asian face. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016;40(2):202-214.

67. Anido J, Arenas D, Arruabarrena C, et al. Tailored botulinum toxin type A injections in aesthetic medicine: consensus panel recommendations for treating the forehead based on individual facial anatomy and muscle tone. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:413-421.

68. Carruthers J, Humphrey S. Injectable Soft Tissue Fillers: Temporary Agents. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/injectable-soft-tissue-fillers-temporary-agents. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

69. Tamiolakis P, Piperi E, Christopoulos P, Sklavounou-Andrikopoulou A. Oral foreign body granuloma to soft tissue fillers: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Clin Exp Dent. 2018;10(2):e177-e184.

70. Vedamurthy M. Beware what you inject: complications of injectables—dermal fillers. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2018;11(2):60-66.

71. De Boulle K, Heydenrych I. Patient factors influencing dermal filler complications: prevention, assessment, and treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:205-214.

72. Nestor MS, Bass AM, Gold MH. Soft tissue augmentation in the US. In: Goldberg DJ (ed.). Aesthetic Dermatology: Dermal Fillers. Vol. 4. Basal: Karger; 2018:119-127.

73. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA-Approved Dermal Fillers. Available at https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/aesthetic-cosmetic-devices/fda-approved-dermal-fillers. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

74. Carruthers J, Humphrey S. Injectable Soft Tissue Fillers: Permanent Agents. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/injectable-soft-tissue-fillers-permanent-agents. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

75. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval: Revanesse Ultra-P160042. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=P160042. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

76. Gold MH, Baumann LS, III Clark CP, Schlessinger J. A multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, split-face study of the safety and efficacy of a novel hyaluronic acid gel for the correction of nasolabial folds. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(1):66-73.

77. Herrmann JL, Hoffmann RK, Ward CE, Schulman JM, Grekin RC. Biochemistry, physiology, and tissue interactions of contemporary biodegradable injectable dermal fillers. Dermatol Surg. 2018;44(Suppl 1):S19-S31.

78. Pierre S, Liew S, Bernardin A. Basics of dermal filler rheology. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(Suppl 1):S120-S126.

79. Downie JB, Patel A, Heningburg J. Global updates on the future directions of neurotoxins and fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(12 Suppl):e1177.

80. Mashiko T, Mori H, Kato H, et al. Semi-permanent volumization by an absorbable filler: onlay injection technique to the bone. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2013;1(1):e4-14.

81. Fagien S, Cassuto D. Reconstituted injectable hyaluronic acid: expanded applications in facial aesthetics and additional thoughts on the mechanism of action in cosmetic medicine. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(1):208-217.

82. Meland M, Groppi C, Lorenc ZP. Rheological properties of calcium hydroxylapatite with integral lidocaine. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(9):1107-1110.

83. Funt D, Pavicic T. Dermal fillers in aesthetics: an overview of adverse events and treatment approaches. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013;6:295-316.

84. Tan M, Kontis TC. Midface volumization with injectable fillers. Facial Plast Surg Clin N Am. 2015;23(2):233-242.

85. Lemperle G, Sadick NS, Knapp TR, Lemperle SM. ArteFill permanent injectable for soft tissue augmentation: II. Indications and applications. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010;34(3):273-286.

86. Cohen SR, Berner CF, Busso M, et al. ArteFill: a long-lasting injectable wrinkle filler material—summary of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration trials and a progress report on 4- to 5-year outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(3 Suppl):64S-76S.

87. Fallacara A, Manfredini S, Durini E, Vertuani S. Hyaluronic acid fillers in soft tissue regeneration. Facial Plast Surg. 2017;33(1):87-96.

88. Edsman KLM, Ohrlund A. Cohesion of hyaluronic acid fillers: correlation between cohesion and other physicochemical properties. Dermatol Surg. 2018;44(4):557-562.

89. Sundaram H. Cosmetics challenge: going with the flow: an overview and clinical discussion of the rheology of soft tissue fillers, part 1 of 2. Practical Dermatol. 2010;11.

90. Sundaram H. The new face of fillers: why evidence and experience both count. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(9):964.

91. Vleggaar D, Fitzgerald R, Lorenc ZP. The need for consensus recommendations on the use of injectable poly-L-lactic acid for facial and nonfacial volumization. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(4 Suppl):s28.

92. Sickles CK, Nassereddin A, Gross GP. Poly-L-Lactic Acid. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507871. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

93. Vleggaar D, Fitzgerald R, Lorenc ZP, et al. Consensus recommendations on the use of injectable poly-L-lactic acid for facial and nonfacial volumization. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(4 Suppl):s44-s51.

94. Werschler WP, Calkin JM, Laub DA, Mauricio T, Narurkar VA, Rich P. Aesthetic dermatologic treatments: consensus from the experts. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2015;8(10 Suppl):S2-S7.

95. Smith KC. Reversible vs. nonreversible fillers in facial aesthetics: concerns and considerations. Dermatol Online J. 2008;14(8):3.

96. Gohil K. Pharmaceutical approval update. P T. 2015;40(1):33-35.

97. Shamban AT. Noninvasive submental fat compartment treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(12 Suppl):e1155.

98. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Kybella: FDA Prescribing Information, Side Effects and Uses. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/206333s001lbl.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

99. Patel S, Kridel R. Current trends in management of submental liposis: a pooled analysis and survey. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2018;20(3):202-206.

100. Ayer J, Ahmed A, Duncan-Parry E, et al. A photonumeric scale for the assessment of atrophic facial photodamage. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(5):1190-1195.

101. Flynn TC, Carruthers A, Carruthers J, et al. Validated assessment scales for the upper face. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(2 Spec No.):309-319.

102. Carruthers J, Flynn TC, Geister TL, et al. Validated assessment scales for the mid face. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(2):320-332.

103. Narins RS, Carruthers J, Flynn TC, et al. Validated assessment scales for the lower face. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(2 Spec No.):333-342.

104. Vashi NA, de Castro Maymone MB, Kundu RV. Aging differences in ethnic skin. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016;9(1):31-38.

105. Liew S, Wu WTL, Chan HH, et al. Consensus on changing trends, attitudes, and concepts of Asian beauty. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016;40(2):193-201.

106. Rhee SC, Lee SH. Attractive composite faces of different races. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010;34(6):800-801.

107. Fitzpatrick TB. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124(6):869-871.

108. Chien AL, Kang S. Photoaging. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/photoaging. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

109. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype. Available at https://www.arpansa.gov.au/sites/default/files/legacy/pubs/RadiationProtection/FitzpatrickSkinType.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

110. Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR, et al. International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races.J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16(4):615-646.

111. Oranges CM, Gohritz A, Haug M, Yves H, Schaefer DJ. Universal and ethnic-specific considerations on facial rejuvenation: where do you inject your fillers? Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(80):e842.

112. Keaney TC, Alster TS. Botulinum toxin in men: review of relevant anatomy and clinical trial data. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(10):1434-1443.

113. Keaney T. Male aesthetics. Skin Therapy Lett. 2015;20(2):5-7.

114. Wong V. Treating the male patient with dermal fillers. PMFA Journal. 2016;4(1).

115. Frucht CS, Ortiz AE. Nonsurgical cosmetic procedures for men: trends and technique considerations. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016;9(12):33-43.

116. Wong V. Treating the Male Patient With Dermal Fillers. Available at https://www.thepmfajournal.com/media/2694/pmfaon16-male-wong.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

117. de Maio M. Ethnic and gender considerations in the use of facial injectables: male patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):40S-43S.

118. Bonati LM, Fabi SG. Treating the young aesthetic patient: evidence-based recommendations. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(6):s81-s83.

119. Kuwazuru O, Miyamoto K, Yoshikawa N, Imayama S. Skin wrinkling morphology changes suddenly in the early 30s. Skin Res Technol. 2012;18(4):495-503.

120. Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Monheit GD, Davis PG, Tardie G. Multicenter, randomized, parallel-group study of the safety and effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA and hyaluronic acid dermal fillers (24-mg/mL smooth, cohesive gel) alone and in combination for lower facial rejuvenation. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36 (Suppl 4):2121-2134.

121. Sadick N. Facial volumetric structural rejuvenation: a natural approach to restoring youthfulness and preventing aging. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(9):1015.

122. Carruthers JD, Fagien S, Rohrich RJ, et al. Blindness caused by cosmetic filler injection: a review of cause and therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134(6):1197-1201.

123. Hinderer UT. Malar implants for the improvement of the facial appearance. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1975;56(2):157-165.

124. Jones D, Murphy DK. Volumizing Hyaluronic acid filler for midface volume deficit: 2-year results from a pivotal single-blind randomized controlled study. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(11):1602-1612.

125. de Maio M, Wu WTL, Goodman GJ, Monheit G, Alliance for the Future of Aesthetics Consensus Committee. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the lower face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(3):393e-404e.

126. Ramanadham SR, Rohrich RJ. Newer understanding of specific anatomic targets in the aging face as applied to injectables: superficial and deep facial fat compartments--an evolving target for site-specific facial augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):49S-55S.

127. de Maio M, Swift A, Signorini M, Fagien S, Aesthetic Leaders in Facial Aesthetics Consensus Committee. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the upper face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(2):265e-276e.

128. Trévidic P, Criollo-Lamilla G. Platysma bands: is a change needed in the surgical paradigm? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139:41-47.

129. Chen K, Huang J, Gong W, Iribarren P, Dunlop NM, Wang JM. Toll-like receptors in inflammation, infection and cancer. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007;7(10):1271-1285.

130. Chiang YZ, Pierone G, Al-Niaimi F. Dermal Fillers: pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of complications. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(3):405-413.

131. Robson SJ. Managing expectations associated with cosmetic intervention. JCAD. 2017;4.

132. Higgins S, Wysong A. Cosmetic surgery and body dysmorphic disorder: an update. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2018;4(1):43-48.

133. Yazdandoost RY, Hayatbini N, Asgharnejad Farid AA, Gharaee B, Latifi NA. The body image dissatisfaction and psychological symptoms among invasive and minimally invasive aesthetic surgery patients. World J Plast Surg. 2016;5(2):148-153.

134. Bouman TK, Mulkens S, van der Lei B. Cosmetic professionals' awareness of body dysmorphic disorder. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(2):336-342.

135. Sweis IE, Spitz J, Jr Barry DR, Cohen M. A review of body dysmorphic disorder in aesthetic surgery patients and the legal implications. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017;41(4):949-954.

136. Rongioletti F, Atzori L, Ferreli C, et al. Granulomatous reactions after injections of multiple aesthetic micro-implants in temporal combinations: a complication of filler addiction. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(6):1188-1192.

137. Lin CH, Chiang CP, Wu BY, Gao HW. Filler migration to the forehead due to multiple filler injections in a patient addicted to cosmetic fillers. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2017;19(2):124-126.

138. Urdiales-Galvez F, Delgado NE, Figueiredo V, et al. Preventing the complications associated with the use of dermal fillers in facial aesthetic procedures: an expert group consensus report. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017;41(3):667-677.

139. Castle DJ, Phillips KA, Jr Dufresne RG. Body dysmorphic disorder and cosmetic dermatology: more than skin deep. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004;3(2):99-103.

140. General Medical Council. Guidance for Doctors who Offer Cosmetic Interventions. 2016. Available at https://www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/documents/Guidance_for_doctors_who_offer_cosmetic_interventions_210316.pdf_65254111.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

141. Klassen AF, Cano SJ, Alderman A, et al. Self-report scales to measure expectations and appearance-related psychosocial distress in patients seeking cosmetic treatments. Aesthet Surg J. 2016;36(9):1068-1078.

142. Ubbink DT, Santema TB, Lapid O. Shared decision-making in cosmetic medicine and aesthetic surgery. Aesthet Surg J. 2016;36(1):NP14-NP19.

143. Urdiales-Gálvez F, Delgado NE, Figueiredo V, et al. Treatment of soft tissue filler complications: expert consensus recommendations. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2018;42(2):498-510.

144. Walker K, Basehore BM, Goyal A, Bansal P, Zito PM. Hyaluronic Acid. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482440. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

145. King M. This month's guideline: management of necrosis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(7):E53-E57.

146. Allen S. Anatomic Danger Zones for Facial Injection of Soft Tissue Fillers. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anatomic-danger-zones-for-facial-injection-of-soft-tissue-fillers. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

147. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Dermal Fillers (Soft Tissue Fillers). Available at https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/aesthetic-cosmetic-devices/dermal-fillers-soft-tissue-fillers. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

148. DeLorenzi C. Complications of injectable fillers, part 1. Aesthetics Surg J. 2013;33(4):561-575.

149. DeLorenzi C. Complications of injectable fillers, part 2: vascular complications. Aesthet Surg J. 2014;34(4):584-600.

150. Abduljabbar MH, Basendwh MA. Complications of hyaluronic acid fillers and their managements. J Dermatol Dermatologic Surg. 2016;20(2):100-106.

151. Saththianathan M, Johani K, Taylor A, et al. The role of bacterial biofilm in adverse soft-tissue filler reactions: a combined laboratory and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(3):613-621.

152. Almeida A, Banegas R, Martinez C, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyaluronic acid adverse events: Latin American expert panel consensus recommendations. Surg Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;9(3):204-213.

153. Rodriguez JM, Xie YL, Winthrop KL, et al. Mycobacterium chelonae facial infections following injection of dermal filler. Aesthet Surg J. 2013;33(2):265-269.

154. Balczun J. Dermal Fillers: All the Things that Can Go Wrong. Available at http://www.prime-journal.com/dermal-fillers-all-the-things-that-can-go-wrong. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

155. Prado G, Rodríguez-Feliz J. Ocular pain and impending blindness during facial cosmetic injections: is your office prepared? Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017;41(1):199-203.

156. Goodman GJ, Roberts S, Callan P. Experience and management of intravascular injection with facial fillers: results of a multinational survey of experienced injectors. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016;40(4):549-555.

157. Beleznay K, Carruthers JDA, Humphrey S, Jones D. Avoiding and treating blindness from fillers: a review of the world literature. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(10):1097-1117.

158. King M, Convery C, Davies E. This month's guideline: the use of hyaluronidase in aesthetic practice (v2.4). J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(6):E61-E68.

159. Signorini M, Liew S, Sundaram H, et al. Global Aesthetics Consensus: avoidance and management of complications from hyaluronic acid fillers: evidence- and opinion-based review and consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(6):961e-971e.

160. Beer K, Downie J, Beer J. A treatment protocol for vascular occlusion from particulate soft tissue augmentation. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5(5):44-47.

161. Sclafani AP, Fagien S. 2009. Treatment of injectable soft tissue filler complications. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(Suppl 2):1672-1680.

162. Alhede M, Bjarnsholt T. Are biofilms responsible for the adverse effects experienced following soft-tissue fillers? Future Microbiol. 2014;9(8):931-933.

163. Bhojani-Lynch T. Late-onset inflammatory response to hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017;5(12):e1532.

164. Netsvyetayeva I, Marusza W, Olszanski R, et al. Skin bacterial flora as a potential risk factor predisposing to late bacterial infection after cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel augmentation. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:213-222.

165. Wang Y, Leng V, Patel V, Phillips KS. Injections through skin colonized with Staphylococcus aureus biofilm introduce contamination despite standard antimicrobial preparation procedures. Sci Rep. 2017;7:45070.

166. Dumitraşcu DI, Georgescu AV. The management of biofilm formation after hyaluronic acid gel filler injections: a review. Clujul Med. 2013;86(3):192-195.

167. Bjarnsholt T, Tolker-Nielsen T, Givskov M, Janssen M, Christensen LH. Detection of bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization in culture-negative soft tissue filler lesions. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(Suppl 2):1620-1624.

168. Grippaudo FR, Pacilio M, Di Girolamo M, Dierckx RA, Signore A. Radiolabelled white blood cell scintigraphy in the work-up of dermal filler complications. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40(3):418-425.

169. Del Rosso JQ, Gallo GL, Thiboutot D, et al. Status Report from the Scientific Panel on Antibiotic Use in Dermatology of the American Acne and Rosacea Society: Part 2: perspectives on antibiotic use and the microbiome and review of microbiologic effects of selected specific therapeutic agents commonly used by dermatologists. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016;9(5):11-17.

170. Wang Y, Tan X, Xi C, Phillips KS. Removal of Staphylococcus aureus from skin using a combination antibiofilm approach. NP J Biofilms and Microbiomes. 2018;4:16.

171. Azeredo J, Azevedo NF, Briandet R, et al. Critical review on biofilm methods. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2016;43:313-351.

172. Pecharki D, Petersen FC, Scheie AA. Role of hyaluronidase in Streptococcus intermedius biofilm. Microbiology. 2008;154(Pt 3):932-938.

173. Wang Y, Jayan G, Patwardhan D, Philips KS. Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm medical devices: public health and regulatory science challenges. In: Zhang Z, Wagner VE (eds.). Antimicrobial Coatings and Modifications on Medical Devices. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017: 37-65.

174. Bhattacharya M, Wozniak DJ, Stoodley P, Hall-Stoodley L. Prevention and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(12):1499-1516.

175. Robinson C. Care in the Community: How Biofilms Improve Bacterial Survival. Available at https://www.technologynetworks.com/immunology/articles/care-in-the-community-how-biofilms-improve-bacterial-survival-311685. Last accessed February 14, 2024.

176. Wagner RD, Fakhro A, Cox JA, et al. Etiology, prevention, and management of infectious complications of dermal fillers. Semin Plast Surg. 2016;30(2):83-86.

177. Kavanagh KT, Abusalem S, Calderon LE. View point: gaps in the current guidelines for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:112.

178. Hunter C, Rosenfield L, Silverstein E, Petrou-Zeniou P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a comprehensive review and a plastic surgeon's approach to the occult sites. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(2):515-523.

179. O'Reilly EB, Johnson MD, Rohrich RJ. Comprehensive review of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: screening and preventive recommendations for plastic surgeons and other surgical health care providers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134(5):1078-1089.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.