Works Cited

Diagnosing and Managing Headaches

Course #90214 - $60-

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2016 Emergency Department Summary Tables. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhamcs/web_tables/2016_ed_web_tables.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

2. Matchar DB, Harpole L, Samsa GP, et al. The Headache Management Trial: a randomized study of coordinated care. Headache. 2008;48(9):1294-1310.

3. World Health Organization. Headache Disorders. Available at https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

4. Lipton RB, Silberstein SD, Saper JR, Bigal ME, Goadsby PJ. Why headache treatment fails. Neurology. 2003;60(7):1064-1070.

5. Meeks J. Highlights of the 5th Annual Association of Family Practice Physician Assistants (AFPPA) Conference: Headache Management—Evaluation and Treatment. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/467744. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

6. Stovner LJ, Nichols E, Steiner TJ, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2018;17(11):954-976.

7. Mennini FS, Gitto L, Martelletti P. Improving care through health economics analyses: costs of illness and headache. J Headache Pain. 2008;9(4):199-206.

8. Goldberg LD. The cost of migraine and its treatment. Am J Manag Care. 2005;11(2 suppl):S62-S67.

9. Wu J, Hughes MD, Hudson MF, Wagner PJ. Antimigraine medication use and associated health care costs in employed patients.J Headache Pain. 2012;13(2):121-127.

10. Ferrante T, Manzoni GC, Russo M. Prevalence of tension-type headache in adult general population: the PACE study and review of the literature. Neurol Sci. 2013;Suppl:S137-S138.

11. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Diagnosis and Management of Headache in Adults: A National Clinical Guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; 2008.

12. MedlinePlus. Headaches. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/headache.html. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

13. Merck Manual: Professional Version. Approach to the Patient with Headache. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/headache/approach-to-the-patient-with-headache. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

14. Lipton RB, Grosberg B, Singer RP, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a new powdered formulation of diclofenac potassium for oral solution for the acute treatment of migraine: results from the International Migraine Pain Assessment Clinical Trial (IMPACT). Cephalalgia. 2010;30(11):1336-1345.

15. Hwa-Froelich DA, Westby CE. Considerations when working with interpreters. Commun Disord Q. 2003;24(2):78-85.

16. Herndon E, Joyce L. Getting the most from language interpreters. Fam Pract Manag. 2004;11(6):37-40.

17. Lynch EW. Developing cross-cultural competence. In: Lynch EW, Hanson MJ (eds). Developing Cross-Cultural Competence: A Guide for Working with Children and Their Families. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing, Co.; 2004.

18. Donohoe CD. The role of the physical examination in the evaluation of headache. Med Clin North Am. 2013;97(2):197-216.

19. Waldman SD. Targeted headache history. Med Clin North Am. 2013;97(2):185-195.

20. Beithon J, Gallenberg M, Johnson K, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Headache. Available at https://www.icsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Headache.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

21. Kaniecki R. Headache assessment and management. JAMA. 2003;289(11):1430-1433.

22. Neff MJ. Evidence-based guidelines for neuroimaging in patients with nonacute headache. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71(6):1219-1222.

23. Singapore Ministry of Health. Diagnosis and Management of Headache. Available at https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider4/guidelines/cpg_headache_booklet.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

24. Aukerman G, Knutson D, Miser WF. Management of the acute migraine headache. Am Fam Physician. 2002;66(11):2123-2131.

25. Edlow JA, Panagos PD, Godwin SA, Thomas TL, Decker WW, American College of Emergency Physicians. Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52(4):407-436.

26. Baraff LJ, Byyny RL, Probst MA, Salamon N, Linetsky M, Mower WR. Prevalence of herniation and intracranial shift on cranial tomography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and a normal neurologic examination. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(4):423-428.

27. De Luca GC, Bartleson JD. When and how to investigate the patient with headache. Semin Neurol. 2010;30(2):131-144.

28. Mayo Clinic. Spinal Headaches. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20377913. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

29. Merck Manual.Post-Lumbar Puncture and Other Low-Pressure Headaches. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/headache/post%E2%80%93lumbar-puncture-and-other-low%E2%80%93pressure-headaches. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

30. Straus SE, Thorpe KE, Holroyd-Leduc J. How do I perform a lumbar puncture and analyze the results to diagnose bacterial meningitis? JAMA. 2006;296(16):2012-2022.

31. Detsky ME, McDonald DR, Baerlocher MO, Tomlinson GA, McCrory DC, Booth CM. Does this patient with headache have a migraine or need neuroimaging? JAMA. 2006;296(10):1274-1283.

32. Afridi SK, Giffin NJ, Kaube H, et al. A positron emission tomographic study in spontaneous migraine. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(8):1270-1275.

33. National Headache Foundation. CT Scan: Brain Scan. Available at https://headaches.org/ct-scan-brain-scan. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

34. Pillow MT, Mulliken RA, Straus CM. Emergency Neuroradiology. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/810904-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

35. Al-Shatoury HAH, Galhom AA, Engelhard HH III. Posterior Fossa Tumors. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249495-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

36. Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine: current understanding and treatment. New Engl J Med. 2002;346(4):257-270.

37. Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Diamond S, Diamond ML, Reed M. Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: data from the American Migraine Study II. Headache. 2001;41(7):646-657.

38. Chawla J. Migraine Headache. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

39. Lipton RB, Diamond S, Reed M, Diamond ML, Stewart WF. Migraine diagnosis and treatment: results from the American Migraine Study II. Headache. 2001;41(7):638-645.

40. Cady RK, Schreiber CP. Sinus headache or migraine? Considerations in making a differential diagnosis. Neurology. 2002;58 (9 suppl 6):S10-S14.

41. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ. Headache in Clinical Practice. 2nd ed. London: Informa Healthcare; 2002.

42. Lipton RB, Dodick D, Sadovsky R, et al. A self-administered screener for migraine in primary care: the ID Migraine validation study. Neurology. 2003;61(3):375-382.

43. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38:1-211.

44. Jen JC. Familial Hemiplegic Migraine. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1388/. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

45. Dafer RM. Migraine Variants. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142731-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

46. Ferrari A, Leone S, Vergoni AV, et al. Similarities and differences between chronic migraine and episodic migraine. Headache. 2007;47(1):65-72.

47. Sulak P, Willis S, Kuehl T, Coffee A, Clark J. Headaches and oral contraceptives: impact of eliminating the standard 7-day placebo interval. Headache. 2007;47(1):27-37.

48. MacGregor EA. Migraine headache in perimenopausal and menopausal women. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009;13(5):399-403.

49. Marcus DA. Managing headache during pregnancy and lactation. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008;8(3):385-395.

50. The Migraine Disability Assessment Test. Available at https://headaches.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/MIDAS.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

51. Herndon RM. The Handbook of Neurologic Rating Scales. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing; 2006.

52. Silberstein SD. Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2000;55:754-762.

53. Matchar DB, Young WB, Rosenberg JH, et al. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Migraine Headache in the Primary Care Setting: Pharmacological Management of Acute Attacks. Available at http://jasoncartermd.com/resources/pdf/Migraine%20Guidelines.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

54. Schroeder BM, AAFP, ACP-ASIM. AAFP/ACP-ASIM release guidelines on the management and prevention of migraines. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(6):1392,1395-1397.

55. Goadsby PJ, Dodick DW, Leone M, et al. Trial of galcanezumab in prevention of episodic cluster headache. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:132-141.

56. American Headache Society. Trigger Avoidance Information. Available at https://americanheadachesociety.org/trigger-avoidance-information. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

57. Melchart D, Thormaehlen J, Hager S, Liao J, Linde K, Weidenhammer W. Acupuncture versus placebo versus sumatriptan for early treatment of migraine attacks: a randomized controlled trial. J Intern Med. 2003;253:181-188.

58. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, Manheimer E, Vickers A, White AR. Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2009;1:CD001218.

59. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, Manheimer E, Vickets A, White AR. Acupuncture for tension-type headache. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2009;1:CD007587.

60. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, et al. Acupuncture for the prevention of tension-type headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD007587.

61. Jennum P, Jensen R. Sleep and headache. Sleep Med Rev. 2002;6(6):471-479.

62. Ong JC, Stepanski EJ, Gramling SE. Pain coping strategies for tension-type headache: possible implications for insomnia? J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5(1):52-56.

63. Preda A. Primary Hypersomnia. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291699-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

64. Varkey E, Cider A, Carlsson J, Linde M. A study to evaluate the feasibility of an aerobic exercise program in patients with migraine. Headache. 2009;49(4):563-570.

65. Lemstra M, Stewart B, Olszynski WP. Effectiveness of multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of migraine: a randomized clinical trial. Headache. 2002;42(9):845-854.

66. Grazzi L, Andrasik F, D'Amico D, et al. Behavioral and pharmacologic treatment of transformed migraine with analgesic overuse: outcome at 3 years. Headache. 2002;42(6):483-490.

67. Goadsby PJ. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of migraine. BMJ. 2006;332(7532):25-29.

68. Escher CM, Paracka L, Dressler D, Kollewe K. Botulinum toxin in the management of chronic migraine: clinical evidence and experience. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2017;10(2):127-135.

69. Burk CT, Gilderman A, Salas J, Berenbeim D, Nichol MB. The impact of an over-the-counter migraine medication program on quality of life. Headache. 2003;43(3):191-201.

70. Longmore J, Shaw D, Smith D, et al. Differential distribution of 5HT1D- and 5HT1B-immunoreactivity within the human trigemino-cerebrovascular system: implications for the discovery of new antimigraine drugs. Cephalalgia. 1997;17(8):833-842.

71. Dean L. Comparing Triptans. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2010.

72. Welch KM, Mathew NT, Stone P, Rosamond W, Saiers J, Gutterman D. Tolerability of sumatriptan: clinical trials and post-marketing experience. Cephalalgia. 2000;20(8):687-695.

73. LexiComp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

74. Helfand M, Peterson K. Drug Class Review: Triptans. Final Report Update 4. Portland, OR: Oregon Health and Science University; 2009.

75. Silberstein SD. Meeting acute migraine treatment needs through novel treatment formulations. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7(2):153-158.

76. Daily Med. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

77. Dodick DW. A review of the clinical efficacy and tolerability of almotriptan in acute migraine. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003;4(7):1157-1163.

78. Chia YC, Lim SH, Wang SJ, Cheong YM, Denaro J, Hettiarachchi J. Efficacy of eletriptan in migraineurs with persistent poor response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Headache. 2003;43(9):984-990.

79. Garcia-Ramos G, MacGregor EA, Hilliard B, Bordini CA, Leston J, Hettiarachchi J. Comparative efficacy of eletriptan vs. naratriptan in the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2003;23(9):869-876.

80. Ryan R, Geraud G, Goldstein J, Cady R, Keywood C. Clinical efficacy of frovatriptan: placebo-controlled studies. Headache. 2002;42(suppl 2):S84-S92.

81. Stronks DL, Tulen JH, Bussmann HB, Mulder LJ, Passchier J. Effects of naratriptan versus naproxen on daily functioning in the acute treatment of migraine: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, crossover study. Headache. 2003;43(8):845-852.

82. Pascual J, Vega P, Deiner HC, Allen C, Vrijens F, Patel K. Comparison of rizatriptan 10 mg vs. zolmitriptan 2.5 mg in the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2000;20(5):455-461.

83. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Sumatriptan (oral route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD008615.

84. Goldstein J Smith TR, Pugach N, Griesser J, Sebree T, Pierce M. A sumatriptan iontophoretic transdermal system for the acute treatment of migraine. Headache. 2012;52(9):1402-1410.

85. Medical News Today. Skin Patch For Migraines Receives FDA Approval. Available at https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/255153. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

86. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Zecuity (Sumatriptan) Migraine Patch: Drug Safety Communication—FDA Evaluating Risk of Burns and Scars. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-evaluating-risk-burns-and-scars-zecuity-sumatriptan-migraine-patch. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

87. Gallagher RM, Dennish G, Spierings EL, Chitra R. A comparative trial of zolmitriptan and sumatriptan for the acute oral treatment of migraine. Headache. 2000;40(2):119-128.

88. Nieber K. CGRP antagonists: novel concept for treatment of migraine. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2009;32(5):182-185.

89. Villalon CM, Olesen J. The role of CGRP in the pathophysiology of migraine and efficacy of CGRP receptor antagonists as acute antimigraine drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2009;124(3):309-323.

90. Benemei S, Nicoletti P, Capone JG, Gepetti P. CGRP receptors in the control of pain and inflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009;9(1):9-14.

91. Edvinsson L, Linde M. New drugs in migraine treatment and prophylaxis: telcagepant and topiramate. Lancet. 2010;376(9741):645-655.

92. Moja L, Cusi C, Sterzi R, Canepari C. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for preventing migraine and tension-type headaches. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2005;3:CD002919.

93. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Public Health Advisory: Combined Use of 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor Agonists (Triptans), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) or Selective Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) May Result in Life-Threatening Serotonin Syndrome [archive]. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170406044820/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124349.htm. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

94. Rothrock JF. Botox for headache treatment. Headache. 2007;47(2):345-346.

95. Naumann M, So Y, Argoff CE, et al. Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of autonomic disorders and pain (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008;70(19):1707-1714.

96. Davids HR. Botulinum Toxin in Pain Management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325574-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

97. Lyseng-Williamson KA, Frampton JE. OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX): a guide to its use in preventing headaches in adults with chronic migraine. CNS Drugs. 2012;26(8):717-723.

98. Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012;78:1337-1345.

99. Klapper J. Divalproex sodium in migraine prophylaxis: a dose-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 1997;17(2):103-108.

100. Freitag FJ, Collins SD, Carlson HA, et al. A randomized trial of divalproex sodium extended-release tablets in migraine prophylaxis. Neurology. 2002;58(11):1652-1659.

101. Silberstein SD, Neto W, Schmitt J, Jacobs D, MIGR-001 Study Group. Topiramate in migraine prevention: results of a large controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(4):490-495.

102. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Risk of Oral Clefts in Children Born to Mothers taking Topamax (Topiramate). Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-risk-oral-clefts-children-born-mothers-taking-topamax-topiramate. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

103. Potter DL, Hart DE, Calder CS, Storey JR. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study to determine the efficacy of topiramate in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Neurology. 2000;54(suppl 3):A15.

104. Rothrock JF. Clinical trials spotlight: topiramate for chronic migraine. Headache. 2007;47(1):139.

105. Modi S, Lowder DM. Medications for migraine prophylaxis. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73(1):72-78.

106. Fischera M, Marziniak M, Gralow I, Evers S. The incidence and prevalence of cluster headache: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(6):614-618.

107. Beck E, Sieber WJ, Trejo R. Management of cluster headache. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71(4):717-724.

108. Mayo Clinic. Cluster Headache. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cluster-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20352080. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

109. Tfelt-Hansen PC, Jensen RH. Management of cluster headache. CNS Drugs. 2012;26(7):571-580.

110. Pascual J, Lainez MJ, Dodick D, Hering-Hanit R. Antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of chronic and episodic cluster headache: a review. Headache. 2007;47(1):81-89.

111. Evers S, Afra J, Frese A, et al. Cluster headache and other trigemino-autonomic cephalgias. In: Gilhus NE, Barnes MP, Brainin M (eds). European Handbook of Neurological Management. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011: 179-190.

112. Ashkenazi A, Schwedt T. Cluster headache: acute and prophylactic therapy. Headache. 2011;51(2):272-286.

113. American Headache Society. The American Headache Society position statement on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache. 2019;59(1):1-18.

114. MedlinePlus. Tension Headache. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000797.htm. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

115. Fernandez-de-las Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Pareja JA. Forward head posture and neck mobility in chronic tension-type headache: a blinded, controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(3):314-319.

116. Silberstein SD, Gobel H, Jensen R, et al. Botulinum toxin type A in the prophylactic treatment of chronic tension-type headache: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(7):790-800.

117. Mayo Clinic. Exercise Headaches. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-headaches/symptoms-causes/syc-20372276. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

118. Kerr E, Hewitt R, Gleadhill I. Benign headache in the elderly: a case report of hypnic headache. Ulster Med J. 2006;75(2):158-159.

119. American Migraine Foundation. Primary Headache Associated with Sexual Activity (Orgasmic and Pre-Orgasmic Headache). Available at https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/orgasmic-pre-orgasmic-headache. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

120. Frese A, Eikermann A, Frese K, Schwaag S, Husstedt IW, Evers S. Headache associated with sexual activity: demography, clinical features, and comorbidity. Neurology. 2003;61(6):796-800.

121. Liebeskind DS. Epidural Hematoma. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1137065-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

122. Meagher RJ, Young WF. Subdural Hematoma. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1137207-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

123. Wagner AL. Imaging in Subdural Hematoma. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/344482-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

124. Hemphill JC III, Greenberg SM, Anderson C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46(7):2032-2060.

125. Watson JC. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Surgery. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/247090-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

126. Becske T, Jallo GI. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164341-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

127. Gershon A, Feld RS, Twohig MT. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Imaging. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/344342-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

128. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. News Release: FDA Approves Nymalize – First Nimodipine Oral Solution for Use in Certain Brain Hemorrhage Patients. Available at http://web.archive.org/web/20161023125704/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm352280.htm. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

129. Seetharaman M. Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis). Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/809492-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

130. Zohrabian D. Carotid Artery Dissection. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/757906-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

131. Ramzan M, Mehla S. Migraine-Associated Stroke: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Prevention. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/migraine-associated-stroke-risk-factors-diagnosis-and-prevention. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

132. Jauch EC. Ischemic Stroke. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

133. Jauch EC, Kissela B, Stettler B. Acute Management of Stroke. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1159752-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

134. Anderson P. Migraine with Aura "Major" Contributor to All Stroke Types. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806983. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

135. Tentschert S, Wimmer R, Greisenegger S, Lang W, Lalouschek W. Headache at stroke onset in 2196 patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2005;36:E1-E3.

136. Lo BM. Brain Neoplasms. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/779664-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

137. Tse V. Brain Metastasis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157902-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

138. Thomas KE, Hasbun R, Jekel J, Quagliarello VJ. The diagnostic accuracy of Kernig's sign, Brudzinski's sign, and nuchal rigidity in adults with suspected meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(1):46-52.

139. Hasbun R. Meningitis Workup. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/232915-workup. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

140. Wan C, Vokshoor A. Viral Meningitis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1168529-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

141. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fungal Meningitis. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/fungal.html. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

142. de Assis Aquino Gondim F, Thomas FP. Viral Encephalitis. Available at https://reference.medscape.com/article/1166498-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

143. Jones NS. Sinus headaches: avoiding over- and mis-diagnosis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9(4):439-444.

144. Ramanan RV, Khan AN. Sinusitis (Rhinosinusitis) Imaging. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/384649-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

145. Eross E, Dodick D, Eross M. The Sinus, Allergy and Migraine Study (SAMS). Headache. 2007;47(2):213-224.

146. Moorthy RJ, Rajshekhar V. Management of brain abscess: an overview. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;24(6):E3.

147. Brook I. Brain Abscess. Available at https://reference.medscape.com/article/212946-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

148. Gupta VK. Systemic hypertension, headache, and ocular hemodynamics: a new hypothesis. Med Gen Med. 2006;8(3):63.

149. Cremer A, Amraoui F, Lip G Y H, et al. From malignant hypertension to hypertension-MOD: a modern definition for an old but still dangerous emergency. J Human Hypertens. 2016;30:463-466.

150. van den Born BJ, Koopmans RP, Groeneveld JO, van Montfrans GA. Ethnic disparities in the incidence, presentation and complications of malignant hypertension. J Hypertens. 2006;24(11:2299-2304.

151. Bisognano JD. Malignant Hypertension. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241640-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

152. Tan H. Bilateral oculomotor palsy secondary to pseudotumor cerebri. Pediatr Neurol. 2010;42(2):141-142.

153. Gans MS. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1143167-overview. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

154. Dhungana S, Sharrack B, Woodroofe N. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010;121(2):71-82.

155. Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P, Welch KMA, Goadsby PJ, Ramadan NM (eds). The Headaches.3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005.

156. King MK, Bailey C. Carbon monoxide-related deaths: United States, 1999–2004. MMWR. 2007;56(50):1309-1312.

157. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Carbon monoxide exposures—United States, 2000–2009. MMWR. 2011;60(30):1014-1017.

158. Satran D, Henry CR, Adkinson C, Nicholson CI, Bracha Y, Henry TD. Cardiovascular manifestations of moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(9):1513-1516.

159. Mayo Clinic. Lead Poisoning. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lead-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354717. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

160. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Syringomyelia. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Syringomyelia-Information-Page. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

161. National Headache Foundation. TMJ and MPD. Available at https://headaches.org/tmj-and-mpd/. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

162. Biondi DM. Cervicogenic headache: a review of diagnostic and treatment strategies. JAOA. 2005;105(4):16-22.

163. Page P. Cervicogenic headaches: an evidence-led approach to clinical management. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2011;6(3):254-266.

164. van Suijlekom HA, Lame I, Stomp-van den Berg SG, Kessels AG, Weber WE. Quality of life of patients with cervicogenic headache: a comparison of control subjects and patients with migraine or tension-type headache. Headache. 2003;43(10): 1034-1041.

165. Tepper SJ. Medication-overuse headache. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2012;18(4):807-822.

166. American Migraine Foundation. The Basics of Headache Medication and Overuse. Available at https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/medication-overuse-headache. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

167. Diener HC, Katsarava Z. Medication overuse headache. Curr Med Res Opin. 2001;17(suppl 1):S17-S21.

168. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Statistics on Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches. Available at https://www.nccih.nih.gov/research/statistics-on-complementary-and-integrative-health-approaches. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

169. Thomson Healthcare. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 4th ed. New York, NY: Thomson Reuters; 2007.

170. Coeytaux RR, Linville JC. Chronic daily headache in a primary care population: prevalence and headache impact test scores. Headache. 2007;47(1):7-12.

171. Garza I, Schwedt TJ. Diagnosis and management of chronic daily headache. Semin Neurol. 2010;30(2):154-166.

172. Gentile S, Lo Giudice R, Ferrero M, Pinessi L. Differential diagnosis of headache in a neurological department. Panminerva Med. 2003;45(3):203-209.

173. Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD, Schwedt TJ. The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the American Headache Society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2015;55(1):3-20.

174. Friedman BW, West J, Vinson DR, Minen MT, Restivo A, Gallagher EJ. Current management of migraine in US emergency departments: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory medical Care Survey. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(4):301-309.

175. Orr SL, Friedman BW, Christie S, et al. Management of adults with acute migraine in the emergency department: the American Headache Society evidence assessment of parenteral pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2016;56(6):911-940.

176. Vecsei L, Gallacchi G, Sági I, et al. Diclofenac epolamine is effective in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. A randomized, crossover, double blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(1):29-34.

177. Diener HC, Motagna P, Gács G, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of diclofenac potassium sachets in migraine: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study in comparison with diclofenac potassium tablets and placebo. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(5):537-547.

178. U.S. Food and Administration. FDA Approves Novel Preventive Treatment for Migraine. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-novel-preventive-treatment-migraine. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

179. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Highlights of Prescribing Information: Ajovy (Fremanezumab-vfrm). Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761089s000lbl.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

180. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Highlights of Prescribing Information: Emgality (Galcanezumab-gnlm). Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761063s000lbl.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

181. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves First Treatment for Episodic Cluster Headache that Reduces the Frequency of Attacks. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-episodic-cluster-headache-reduces-frequency-attacks. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

182. CEFALY US. FDA-Approved Cefaly Device to Stop Migraines Now Available. Available at https://www.cefaly.com. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

183. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 510(k) Summary: Cefaly. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf17/K171446.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

184. Birlea M, Penning S, Callahan K, Schoenen J. Efficacy and safety of external trigeminal neurostimulation in the prevention of chronic migraine: an open-label trial. Cephalalgia Reports. 2019;2:1-10.

185. Chou DE, Shnayderman Yugrakh M, Winegarner D, et al. Acute migraine therapy with external trigeminal neurostimulation (ACME): a randomized controlled trial. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(1):3-14.

186. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. gammaCore Sapphire: 510(k) Premarket Notification. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf18/K182369.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

187. Tasorelli C, Grazzi L, de Tommaso M, et al. Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation as acute therapy for migraine: the randomized PRESTO study. Neurology. 2018;91(4):e364-e373.

188. Goadsby PJ, de Coo IF, Silver N, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled ACT2 study. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(5):959-969.

189. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Device Classification Under Section 513(f)(2)(de novo). Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf18/DEN180059.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

190. Brooks M. FDA Okays Smartphone-Controlled Wearable for Migraine Pain. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/913538. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

191. Schindler EAD, Burish MJ. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of cluster headache. BMJ. 2022;376:e059577.

192. Ashina M. Migraine. N Eng J Med. 2020;383:1866-1876.

193. Kuca B, Silberstein SD, Wietecha L, et al. Lasmiditan is an effective acute treatment for migraine: a phase 3 randomized study. Neurology. 2018;91(24):e2222-e2232.

194. PR Newswire. Now Over-the-Counter: FDA Clears CEFALY DUAL Migraine Treatment for Use Without a Prescription. Available at https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/now-over-the-counter-fda-clears-cefaly-dual-migraine-treatment-for-use-without-a-prescription-301150599.html. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

195. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Clearance Letter: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator to Treat Headache. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf20/K203419.pdf. Last accessed August 3, 2023.

196. Burch R, Rizzoli P, Loder E. The prevalence and impact of migraine and severe headache in the United States: updated age, sex, and socioeconomic-specific estimates from government health surveys. Headache. 2021;61:60-68.

197. Abu-Arafeh I, Razak S, Silvaraman B, Graham C. Prevalence of headache and migraine in children and adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52:1088-1097.

198. Ailani J, Burch RC, Robbins MS on behalf of the Board of Directors of the American Headache Society (AHS). The AHS consensus statement: update on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache. 2022;62(1):111-112.

199. Chiang C-C, Schwedt T. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-targeted therapies as preventive and acute treatments for migraine: the monoclonal antibodies and gepants. Prog Brain Res. 2020;255:143-170.

200. Ailani J, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, et al. Atogepant for the preventive treatment of migraine. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:695-706.

201. Orr SL, Potter BK, Ma J, Colman I. Migraine and mental health in a population-based sample of adolescents. Canad J Neurol Sci. 2016;44: 44-50.

202. Orr SL, Kabbouche MA, O'Brien HL, et al. Paediatric migraine: evidence-based management and future directions. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14:515-527.

203. American Academy of Neurology/American Headache Society. Practice Guideline Update: Acute Treatment of Migraine in Children and Adolescents. Available at https://www.aan.com/Guidelines/Home/GuidelineDetail/966. Last accessed August 2, 2023.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.