Works Cited

Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma

Course #52404-

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Christian CW, Block R; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect; American Academy of Pediatrics. Abusive head trauma in infants and children. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):1409-1411.

2. Ceballos SG. Abusive head trauma: a case study. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2009;31(4):277-286.

3. Bloom FE, Beal MF, Kupfer DJ (eds). The DANA Guide to Brain Health: A Practical Family Reference from Medical Experts. New York, NY: Dana Press; 2006.

4. Caffey J. On the theory and practice of shaking infants: its potential residual effects of permanent brain damage and mental retardation. Am J Dis Child. 1972;124(2):161-169.

5. Baerg J, Thirumoorthi A, Vannix R, Taha A, Young A, Zouros A. Cervical spine imaging for young children with inflicted trauma: expanding the injury pattern. J Ped Surg. 2017;52(5):816-821.

6. National Conference of State Legislatures. Shaken Baby Syndrome Prevention Legislation. Available at https://www.ncsl.org/human-services/child-welfare-enacted-legislation. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

7. Jenny C, Hymel KP, Ritzen A, Reinert SE. Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma. JAMA. 1999;281(7):621-626.

8. Li J, Li XY, Feng DF, Pan DC. Biomarkers associated with diffuse traumatic axonal injury: exploring pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and prognosis. J Trauma. 2010;69(6):1610-1618.

9. Medline Plus. Subdural Hematoma. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000713.htm. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

10. Billmire ME, Myers PA. Serious head injury in infants: accident or abuse? Pediatrics. 1985;75:340-342.

11. Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Incidence of Child Abuse Skyrocketed During Recent Recession, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC-Led Study Finds. Available at https://www.chp.edu/news/050110-child-abuse-increased. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

12. Olshaker JS, Jackson MC, Smock WS (eds). Forensic Emergency Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006.

13. Missouri Department of Social Services State Technical Assistance Team. Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome): Information and Prevention. Available at http://www.dss.mo.gov/stat/statpres/abusiveheadtrauma.ppt. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

14. Starling SP, Holden JR. Perpetrators of abusive head trauma: a comparison of two geographic populations. South Med J. 2000;93(5): 463-465.

15. Berger RP, Fromkin JB, Stutz H, et al. Abusive head trauma during a time of increased unemployment: a multicenter analysis. Pediatrics. 2011;128(4):637-643.

16. Pinto PS, Meoded A, Poretti A, Tekes A, Huisman TAGM. The unique features of traumatic brain injury in children: review of the characteristics of the pediatric skull and brain, mechanisms of trauma, patterns of injury, complications, and their imaging findings—part 2. J Neuroimaging. 2012;22(2):e18-e41.

17. Brain Injury Association of America. Living with Brain Injury. Available at https://www.biausa.org/brain-injury/about-brain-injury/adults-what-to-expect. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

18. Case ME, National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome. Science Behind SBS/AHT: Why Do Children Need Autopsies? Available at https://dontshake.org/learn-more. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

19. Li XY, Feng DF. Diffuse axonal injury: novel insights into detection and treatment. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16(5):614-619.

20. Chadwick DL, Bertocci G, Castillo E, et al. Annual risk of death resulting from short falls among young children: less than 1 in 1 million. Pediatrics. 2008;121(6):1213-1224.

21. Levin AV. Retinal hemorrhage in abusive head trauma. Pediatrics. 2010;126(5):961-970.

22. Becker DB, Needleman HL, Kotelchuck M. Child abuse and dentistry: orofacial trauma and its recognition by dentists. J Am Dent Assoc. 1978;97(1):24-28.

23. Flaherty EG, Sege RD, Griffith J, et al. From suspicion of physical child abuse to reporting: primary care clinician decision-making. Pediatrics. 2008;122(3):611-619.

24. Savitsky E, Votey S. Current controversies in the management of minor pediatric head injuries. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:96-101.

25. Chiesa A, Duhaime AC. Abusive head trauma. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009;56(2):317-331.

26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heads Up: Facts for Physicians About Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI). Available at https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/12340/Share. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

27. Prevent Child Abuse Kentucky. Available at https://www.pcaky.org. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

28. Browne GJ, Cheng, NG, McCaskill ME, Phin S, Cree A. An Approach to Paediatric Cervical Spine Injury. Available at http://www.pemdatabase.org/files/An_approach_to_paediatric_cervical_spine_injury__WEB_.doc. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

29. Moppett IK. Traumatic brain injury: assessment, resuscitation and early management. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(1):18-31.

30. Marion DW (ed). Traumatic Brain Injury. New York, NY: Thieme New York; 1999.

31. Cantor RM, Leaming JM. Evaluation and management of pediatric major trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1998;16(1):229-256.

32. Starling SP, Patel S, Burke BL, Sirotnak AP, Stronks S, Rosquist P. Analysis of perpetrator admissions to inflicted traumatic brain injury in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(5):454-458.

33. Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, Gordon D, Hartl R, Newell DW. Surgical management of acute subdural hematomas. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(3 Suppl):S16-24.

34. Rubin DM, Christian CW, Bilaniuk LT, Zazyczny KA, Durbin DR. Occult head injury in high-risk abused children. Pediatrics. 2003;111(6 Pt 1):1382-1386.

35. Parent S, Dimar J, Dekutoski M, Roy-Beaudry M. Unique features of pediatric spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(21 Suppl):S202-S208.

36. Bracken MB. Steroids for acute spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD001046.

37. Duhaime AC, Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Bruce DA, Margulies SS, Wiser R. The shaken baby syndrome: a clinical, pathological, and biomechanical study. J Neurosurg. 1987;66(3):409-415.

38. Dias MS, Smith K, DeGuehery K, Mazur P, Li V, Shaffer ML. Preventing abusive head trauma among infants and young children: a hospital-based, parent education program. Pediatrics. 2005;115(4):e470-e477.

39. Levin AV, Cordovez JA, Leiby BE, Pequignot E, Tandon A. Retinal hemorrhage in abusive head trauma: finding a common language. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2014;112:1-10.

40. Jenny C. Preventing head trauma from abuse in infants. CMAJ. 2009;180(7):703-704.

41. Deyo G, Skybo T, Carroll A. Secondary analysis of the "Love Me... Never Shake Me" SBS education program. Child Abuse Negl. 2008;32(11):1017-1025.

42. Barr RG, Barr M, Fujiwara T, Conway J, Catherine N, Brant R. Do educational materials change knowledge and behaviour about crying and shaken baby syndrome? A randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2009;180(7):727-733.

43. Barr RG. Why Does My Baby Cry So Much? Available at http://www.purplecrying.info/sub-pages/crying/why-does-my-baby-cry-so-much.php. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

44. The Period of PURPLE Crying. Available at http://www.purplecrying.info. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

45. PennState Health Children's Hospital. Head and Spine Trauma. Available at https://www.pennstatehealth.org/childrens/services-treatments/head-spine-trauma. Last accessed April 20, 2020.

46. American Academy of Pediatrics. Abusive Head Trauma: Shaken Baby Syndrome. Available at https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/Abusive-Head-Trauma-Shaken-Baby-Syndrome.aspx. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

47. Kellogg N, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics. 2005;116(6):1565-1568.

48. Niederkrotenthaler T1, Xu L, Parks SE, Sugerman DE. Descriptive factors of abusive head trauma in young children—United States, 2000–2009. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37(7):446-455.

49. Parks SE, Annest JL, Hill HA, Karch DL, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma: Recommended Definitions for Public Health Surveillance and Research. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/pedheadtrauma-a.pdf. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

50. Schnitzer PG1, Ewigman BG. Child deaths resulting from inflicted injuries: household risk factors and perpetrator characteristics. Pediatrics. 2005;116(5):e687-e693.

51. Barr RG. Preventing abusive head trauma resulting from a failure of normal interaction between infants and their caregivers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(Suppl 2):17294-17301.

52. Greiner MV, Lawrence AP, Horn P, Newmeyer AJ, Makoroff KL. Early clinical indicators of developmental outcome in abusive head trauma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28(6):889-896.

53. van Karnebeek CDM, Scheper FY, Abeling NG, et al. Etiology of mental retardation in children referred to a tertiary care center: a prospective study. Am J Ment Retard. 2005;110(4):253-267.

54. Battaglia A, Bianchini E, Carey JC. Diagnostic yield of the comprehensive assessment of developmental delay/mental retardation in an institute of child neuropsychiatry. Am J Med Genet. 1999;82(1):60-66.

55. Winnepenninckx B, Rooms L, Kooy RF. Mental retardation: a review of the genetic causes. Br J Dev Disabil. 2003;49(96):29-44.

56. Adamsbaum C, Grabar S, Mejean N, Rey-Salmon C. Abusive head trauma: judicial admissions highlight violent and repetitive shaking. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):546-555.

57. Reece RM. Highlighting violent and repetitive shaking. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):572-573.

58. Runyan DK1, Shankar V, Hassan F, et al. International variations in harsh child discipline. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):e701-e711.

59. Reijneveld SA, van der Wal MF, Brugman E, Sing RA, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Infant crying and abuse. Lancet. 2004;364(9442):1340-1342.

60. Theodore AD, Chang JJ, Runyan DK, Hunter WM, Bangdiwala SI, Agans R. Epidemiologic features of the physical and sexual maltreatment of children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics. 2005;115(3):e331-e337.

61. Bonnier C1, Nassogne MC, Saint-Martin C, Mesples B, Kadhim H, Sébire G. Neuroimaging of intraparenchymal lesions predicts outcome in shaken baby syndrome. Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):808-814.

62. King WJ, MacKay M, Sirnick A, Canadian Shaken Baby Study Group. Shaken baby syndrome in Canada: clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospital cases. CMAJ. 2003;168(2):155-159.

63. Ewing-Cobbs L, Kramer L, Prasad M, et al. Neuroimaging, physical, and developmental findings after inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. Pediatrics. 1998;102(2 Pt 1):300-307.

64. Virginia Department of Social Services. Never Shake Your Baby. Available at https://www.dss.virginia.gov/files/division/dfs/cps/shaken_baby_syndrome/brochures/B032-01-0007-04-eng.pdf. Last accessed May 11, 2023.

65. National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome. SBS Statistics. Available at https://dontshake.org/learn-more. Last accessed May 11, 2023.

66. Kentucky State Legislature. 2010 HB 285. Available at https://legiscan.com/KY/bill/HB285/2010. Last accessed May 15, 2023.

67. Peterson C, Xu L, Florence C, Parks SE. Annual cost of U.S. hospital visits for pediatric abusive head trauma. Child Maltreat. 2015;20(3):162-169.

68. Dias MS, Rottmund CM, Cappos KM, et al. Association of a postnatal parent education program for abusive head trauma with subsequent pediatric abusive head trauma hospitalization rates. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(3):223-229.

69. Zolotor AJ, Runyan DK, Shanahan M, et al. Effectiveness of a statewide abusive head trauma prevention program in North Carolina. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(12):1126-1131.

70. Joyce T, Gossman W, Huecker MR. Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499836. Last accessed May 11, 2023.

71. Lind K, Toure H, Brugel D, et al. Extended follow-up of neurological, cognitive, behavioral and academic outcomes after severe abusive head trauma. Child Abuse Negl. 2016;51:358-367.

72. McGrath A, Taylor RS. Pediatric Skull Fractures. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482218. Last accessed May 11, 2023.

73. Chin LS. Spinal Cord Injuries Treatment and Management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793582. Last accessed April 20, 2020.

74. Shah YS, Iftikhar M, Justin GA, Canner JK, Woreta FA. A national analysis of ophthalmic features and mortality in abusive head trauma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140(3):227-234.

75. Hect JL, Almast A, Simon D, Shoemaker S, McDowell MM. Prevalence, severity, and neurosurgical management of abusive head trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;1-7.

76. Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC. Animal models of pediatric abusive head trauma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2022;38(12):2317-2324.

77. Case ME. Inflicted traumatic brain injury in infants and young children. Brain Pathol. 2008;18(4):571-582.

78. Stahel PF. The inherent dangers of high-dose steroids for acute inflammatory conditions. Lancet. 2016;388(10039):102.

79. Alderson P, Roberts I. Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2005(1):CD000196.

80. Clifton GL, Valadka A, Zygun D, et al. Very early hypothermia induction in patients with severe brain injury (the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia II): a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(2):131-139.

81. Gu W, Bai Y, Cai J, et al. Hypothermia impairs glymphatic drainage in traumatic brain injury as assessed by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with intrathecal contrast. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1061039.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.