Works Cited
Prescribing Opioids, Providing Naloxone, and Preventing Drug Diversion: The West Virginia Requirement
Course #91603 - $18-
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.
1. Federation of State Medical Boards. Guidelines for the Chronic Use of Opioid Analgesics. Washington, DC: The Federation of State Medical Boards; 2017.
2. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.
3. Chouinard S, Prasad A, Brown R. Survey assessing medical student and physician knowledge and attitudes regarding the opioid crisis. WMJ. 2018;117(1): 34-37.
4. West Virginia Legislature. House Bill 2620. Available athttp://www.wvlegislature.gov/Bill_Status/bills_text.cfm?billdoc=HB2620%20SUB.htm&yr=2017&sesstype=RS&i=2620. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
5. Association of American Medical Colleges. Medical Schools Confront Opioid Crisis with Greater Focus on Pain, Addiction Education. Available athttps://www.aamc.org/news-insights/medical-schools-confront-opioid-crisis-greater-focus-pain-addiction-education. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
6. Mezei L, Murinson BB. Pain education in North American medical schools. J Pain. 2011;12:1199-1208.
7. Oliver J, Coggins C, Compton P, et al. American Society for Pain Management Nursing position statement: pain management in patients with substance use disorders. Pain Management Nursing. 2012;13:169-183.
8. American Psychiatric Association. Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Available at https://practicumsupport-psych.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2013/05/Summary-of-DSM-V-Changes.pdf. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
9. West Virginia Board of Pharmacy. Protocol for Pharmacist or Interns Furnishing Opioid Antagonist Naloxone Hydrochloride, Developed in Consultation with the DHHR Bureau for Public Health. Available athttps://www.wvbop.com/article.asp?ty= CTTS&action2=showArticle&id=14. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
10. American Society of Addiction Medicine. Definition of Addiction. Available athttps://www.asam.org/quality-care/definition-of-addiction. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
11. Giordano J, Schatman ME, Höver G. Ethical insights to rapprochement in pain care: bringing stakeholders together in the best interest(s) of the patient. Pain Physician. 2009;12:E265-E275.
12. Kenen K, Mack K, Paulozzi L. Trends in prescriptions for oxycodone and other commonly used opioids in the United States, 2000–2010. Open Medicine. 2012;6(2):e41.
13. Owen GT, Burton AW, Schade CM, Passik S. Urine drug testing: current recommendations and best practices. Pain Physician. 2012;15:ES119-ES133.
14. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Drug Abuse Warning Network: Findings from Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits, 2021. Available at https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep22-07-03-002.pdf. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
15. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Behavioral Health Barometer: West Virginia, Volume 6: Indicators as measured through the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health and the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt32865/WestVirginia-BH-Barometer_Volume6.pdf. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
16. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Services. West Virginia to Celebrate First Ever National Fentanyl Awareness Day. Available at https://dhhr.wv.gov/News/2022/Pages/West-Virginia-to-Celebrate-First-Ever-National-Fentanyl-Awareness-Day.aspx. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
17. Use of Opioids in the Management of Chronic Pain Working Group. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Opioids in the Management of Chronic Pain. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense; 2022.
18. Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. J Pain. 2009;10(2):113-130.
19. Sundwall DN, Utah Department of Health. Utah Clinical Guidelines on Prescribing Opioids for Treatment of Pain. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah Department of Health; 2009.
20. Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines for responsible opioid prescribing in chronic non-cancer pain: part 2—guidance. Pain Physician. 2012;15(3 Suppl):S67-S116.
21. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Medication Guides: Distribution Requirements and Inclusion in Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). Available athttps://www.fda.gov/media/79776/download. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
22. Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Med. 2005;6(6):432-442.
23. Butler SF, Budman SH, Fernandez KC, Fanciullo GJ, Jamison RN. Cross-validation of a Screener to Predict Opioid Misuse in Chronic Pain Patients (SOAPP-R). J Addict Med. 2009;3(2):66-73.
24. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2004.
25. Fine PG, Finnegan T, Portenoy RK. Protect your patients, protect your practice: practical risk assessment in the structuring of opioid therapy in chronic pain. J Fam Pract. 2010;59(9 Suppl 2):S1-S16.
26. Katz NP. Opioid Prescribing Toolkit: A Workbook for Clinicians. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010.
27. Strickland JM, Huskey A, Brushwood DB. Pharmacist-physician collaboration in pain management practice. J Opioid Manag. 2007;3:295-301.
28. American Chronic Pain Association, Stanford Medicine. ACPA and Stanford Resource Guide to Chronic Pain Management: 2021 Edition. Available at https://med.stanford.edu/pain/patients/patient-resources.html. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
30. Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Whitcomb L, et al. A new tool to assess and document pain outcomes in chronic pain patients receiving opioid therapy. Clin Ther. 2004;26:552-561.
31. Atluri SL, Akbik H, Sudarshan G. Prevention of opioid abuse in chronic non-cancer pain: an algorithmic, evidence-based approach. Pain Physician. 2012;15:ES177-ES189.
32. West Virginia Legislature. Senate Bill 627. Available athttp://www.wvlegislature.gov/bill_status/bills_text.cfm?billdoc=SB627%20ENR.htm&yr=2016&sesstype=RS&billtype=B&houseorig=S&i=627. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
33. Baxter J. Minimizing the Misuse of Prescription Opioids in Patients with Chronic Nonmalignant Pain. Available at https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/minimizingmisuse_part1.pdf. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
34. American College of Preventive Medicine. Use, Abuse, Misuse and Disposal of Prescription Pain Medication Patient Guide. Available at https://cdn.ymaws.com/acpm.site-ym.com/resource/resmgr/timetools-files/painmedsclinicalreference.pdf. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
35. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Disposal of Unused Medicines: What You Should Know. Available athttps://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-disposal-medicines/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Risk for overdose from methadone used for pain relief—United States, 1999–2010. MMWR. 2012;61(26):493-497.
37. Hannon K. The Prescription Drug Crisis in New York State: A Comprehensive Approach. Available athttps://www.scribd.com/doc/82474334/Prescription-Drug-Abuse-Crisis-in-NYS-Comprehensive-Approach-New. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
38. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Drug Scheduling. Available athttps://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
39. West Virginia Code. Chapter 60A: Uniform Controlled Substances Act. Available athttp://www.wvlegislature.gov/WVCODE/Code.cfm?chap=60a&art=1. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
40. West Virginia State Senate. Senate Bill 437. Available athttp://www.wvlegislature.gov/Bill_Text_HTML/2012_SESSIONS/RS/pdf_bills/sb437%20sub3%20enr%20PRINTED.pdf. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
41. Reifler LM, Droz D, Bailey JE, et al. Do prescription monitoring programs impact state trends in opioid abuse/misuse. Pain Med. 2012;13:434-442.
42. West Virginia Board of Pharmacy. Controlled Substances Monitoring Program. Available athttps://www.csappwv.com. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
43. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2021-nsduh-detailed-tables. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
44. Sekhon R, Aminjavahery N, Davis CN Jr, et al. Compliance with opioid treatment guidelines for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) in primary care at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). Pain Med. 2013;14(10):1548-1556.
45. Meier B. Increase in Urine Testing Raises Ethical Questions. Available athttps://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/business/increase-in-urine-testing-raises-ethical-questions.html?_r=0. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
46. Passik SD. Issues in long-term opioid therapy: unmet needs, risks, and solutions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:593-601.
47. Holliday S, Hayes C, Dunlop A. Opioid use in chronic non-cancer pain. Part 2: prescribing issues and alternatives. Australian Family Physician. 2013;42:104-111.
48. Brinks S. Practitioner Diversion Awareness Conference. Available at https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/mtgs/pract_awareness/conf_2018/aug_2018/brinks_2.pdf#search=identify%20diversion. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
49. Eyre E. Drug Firms Poured 780M Painkillers into WV Amid Rise of Overdoses. Available athttps://www.wvgazettemail.com/news/legal_affairs/drug-firms-poured-780m-painkillers-into-wv-amid-rise-of-overdoses/article_99026dad-8ed5-5075-90fa-adb906a36214.html. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
50. Hall AJ, Logan JE, Toblin RL, et al. Patterns of abuse among unintentional pharmaceutical overdose fatalities. JAMA. 2008;300(22):2613-2620.
51. Thompson GL. The Death Toll of Prescription Drug Abuse: Statistics and Analysis, Past and Present. Available athttp://wvsubstancefree.org/docs/WV%20Drug%20Overdose%20Statistics%202001-2013.pdf. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
52. Wilson N, Kariisa M, Seth P, Smith H IV, Davis NL. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2017–2018. MMWR. 2020;69(11):290-297.
53. Jimenez CC. Drinking the Pierian spring: thoughts on things we ought to know. West Virginia Medical Journal. 2010;106(4):4-7.
54. West Virginia Board of Medicine. Legislative Rule 11-10-1: Practitioner Requirements for Accessing the West Virginia Controlled Substances Monitoring Program Database. Available athttps://wvbom.wv.gov/download_resource.asp?id=269. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
55. American Medical Association. Code of Ethics: Opinion 1.1.5 Terminating the Patient-Physician Relationship. Available athttps://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/code-of-medical-ethics-chapter-1.pdf. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
56. Groenewald CB, Rabbitts JA, Gebert JT, Palermo TM. Trends in opioid prescriptions among children and adolescents in the United States: a nationally representative study from 1996 to 2012. Pain. 2016;157(5):1021-1027.
57. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Drug Diversion in the Medicaid Program State Strategies for Reducing Prescription Drug Diversion in Medicaid. Washington, DC: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services; 2012.
58. Yaksh T, Wallace M. Opioids, analgesia, and pain management. In: Brunton L, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC (eds). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2017: 355-386.
59. Wheeler E, Jones TS, Gilbert MK, Davidson PJ. Opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone to laypersons—United States, 2014. MMWR. 2015;64(23):631-635.
60. van den Brink W, Haasen C. Evidence-based treatment of opioid-dependent patients. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51(10):635-646.
61. West Virginia Legislature. 2015 Senate Bill 335. Available athttp://www.wvlegislature.gov/Bill_Text_HTML/2015_SESSIONS/RS/bills/SB335%20SUB1%20ENR2.pdf. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
62. Lexicomp Online. Available athttps://online.lexi.com. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
63. West Virginia Secretary of State. Administrative Law: Title 15 Legislative Rule Series 8 Controlled Substances Monitoring. Available athttps://apps.sos.wv.gov/adlaw/csr/ruleview.aspx?document=9546. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
64. Rikard SM, Strahan AE, Schmit KM, Guy GP Jr. Chronic pain among adults—United States, 2019–2021. MMWR. 2023;72(15):379-385.
65. Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain—United States, 2022. MMWR. 2022;71(3):1-95.
66. West Virginia Legislature. Senate Bill 431. Available athttp://www.wvlegislature.gov/Bill_Status/bills_text.cfm?billdoc=SB431%20enr.htm&yr=2016&sesstype=RS&i=431. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
67. West Virginia Board of Medicine. July 1, 2016 Legislative Changes Regarding the Controlled Substance Monitoring Program Which Directly Impact Licensees. Available athttps://wvbom.wv.gov/download_resource.asp?id=316. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
68. West Virginia Legislature. Senate Bill 273. Available athttp://www.wvlegislature.gov/Bill_Status/bills_text.cfm?billdoc=SB273%20INTR.htm&yr=2018&sesstype=RS&i=273. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
69. West Virginia Medical Board. Legislative Changes Affecting Controlled Substance Prescribing. Available at https://wvbom.wv.gov/LegislativeChangesAffectOpioid.asp. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
70. Sedney CL, Khodaverdi M, Pollini R, Dekeseredy P, Wood N, Haggerty T. Assessing the impact of a restrictive opioid prescribing law in West Virginia. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2021;16(1):14.
71. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Analysis of Long-Term Trends in Prescription Opioid Analgesic Products: Quantity, Sales, and Price Trends. Available athttps://www.fda.gov/media/111695/download. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
72. Renny MH, Yin HS, Jent V, et al. Temporal trends in opioid prescribing practices in children, adolescents, and younger adults in the US from 2006 to 2018. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(10):1043-1052.
73. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Higher Dosage of Naloxone Nasal Spray to Treat Opioid Overdose. Available athttps://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-higher-dosage-naloxone-nasal-spray-treat-opioid-overdose. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
74. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Opioid Dispensing Rate Maps. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/rxrate-maps/opioid.html. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
75. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources. Drug Overdose Mortality. Available at https://dhhr.wv.gov/HSC/SS/Most_Requested_Statistics/DrugOverdoseMortality/Pages/default.aspx. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
76. West Virginia Office of Drug Control Policy. Opioid Data Dashboard. Available athttps://dhhr.wv.gov/office-of-drug-control-policy/datadashboard/Pages/default.aspx. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
77. Hwang CS, Turner LW, Kruszewski SP, Kolodny A, Alexander GC. Primary care physicians' knowledge and attitudes regarding prescription opioid abuse and diversion. Clin J Pain. 2016;32(4):279-84.
78. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Opioid Dispensing Rate Maps. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/rxrate-maps/index.html. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
79. West Virginia Board of Pharmacy. Prescription Opioid Indicators Report Kanawha County—2022. Available at https://dhhr.wv.gov/vip/county-reports/CountyReports/County%20Reports%202022/Kanawha%2022.pdf. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
80. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Moves Forward with Mail-back Envelopes for Opioid Analgesics Dispensed in Outpatient Settings. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-moves-forward-mail-back-envelopes-opioid-analgesics-dispensed-outpatient-settings. Last accessed March 1, 2024.
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.