Works Cited

Seizures and Epilepsy Syndromes

Course #90424 - $60-

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Sadler RM. Epilepsy and seizures. In: Noble J (ed). Textbook of Primary Care Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2000.

2. Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging, Lee RK, Burns J, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria seizures and epilepsy. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020;17(5):S293-S304.

3. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The Epilepsies and Seizures: Hope Through Research. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/patient-caregiver-education/hope-through-research/epilepsies-and-seizures-hope-through-research. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

4. Adamolekun B. Seizure Disorders. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

5. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. A practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55(4):475-482.

6. International League Against Epilepsy. Definition of Epilepsy 2014. Available at https://www.ilae.org/guidelines/definition-and-classification/definition-of-epilepsy-2014. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epilepsy. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/index.html. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

8. Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009. Epilepsia. 2010;51(4):676-685.

9. Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58(4):522-530.

10. Fisher RS, Cross JH, D'Souza C, et al. Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia. 2017;58(4):531-542.

11. Epilepsy Foundation. Facts and Statistics About Epilepsy. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/statistics. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

12. Institute of Medicine. Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2012.

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epilepsy in adults and access to care—United States, 2010. MMWR. 2012;61(45):909-913.

14. Epilepsy Foundation. Who Can Get Epilepsy? Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/understanding-seizures/who-gets-epilepsy. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

15. Tian N, Kobau R, Zack MM, Greenlund KJ. Barriers to and disparities in access to health care among adults aged ≥18 years with epilepsy – United States, 2015 and 2017. MMWR. 2022;71(21):697-702.

16. Epilepsy Foundation. What is Epilepsy? Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

17. Waterhouse E, Towne A. Seizures in the elderly: nuances in presentation and treatment. Cleve Clin J Med. 2005;72(Suppl 3):S26-S37.

18. Begley CE, Durgin TL. The direct cost of epilepsy in the United States: a systematic review of estimates. Epilepsia. 2015;56(9):1376-1387.

19. Medical News Today. High and Often Overlooked Costs Associated with Epilepsy Revealed by Study. Available at https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/mnt/releases/148327#1. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

20. Begley CE, Famulari M, Annegers JF, et al. The cost of epilepsy in the United States: an estimate from population-based clinical and survey data. Epilepsia. 2000;41(3):342-351.

21. Job Accommodation Network. Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder. Accommodation and Compliance: Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder. Available at https://askjan.org/disabilities/Epilepsy-Seizure-Disorder.cfm#spy-scroll-heading-3. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

22. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Ticket to Work—Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999. Available at https://downloads.cms.gov/cmsgov/archived-downloads/SMDL/downloads/SMD082900.pdf. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

23. Mulley JC, Scheffer IE, Harkin LA, Berkovic SF, Dibbens LM. Susceptibility genes for complex epilepsy. Hum Mol Genetics. 2005;14(R2):R243-R249.

24. Epilepsy Foundation. Genetic Causes of Epilepsy. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/causes/genetic. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

25. Gurnett CA, Hedera P. New ideas in epilepsy genetics. Arch Neurol. 2007;64(3):324-328.

26. Kaneko S, Yoshida S, Kanai K, Yasui-Furukori N, Iwasa H. Development of individualized medicine for epilepsy based on genetic information. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2008;1(5):661-681.

27. Epilepsy Foundation. Causes of Epilepsy. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/causes. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

28. Epilepsy Foundation. Specific Infections Associated with Epilepsy. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/causes/infections. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

29. Mao G. Overview of Head Injuries. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/head-injuries/overview-of-head-injuries. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

30. Franz DN, Cameron WT. Tuberous Sclerosis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1177711-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

31. Hurst JS, Wilcoski S. Recognizing an index case of tuberous sclerosis. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(3):703-710.

32. Yu JY, Pearl PL. Metabolic causes of epileptic encephalopathy. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2013;2013:124934.

33. Susanto I. Hypertensive Encephalopathy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166129-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

34. Cação G, Sander JW. In: Whittlesea C, Hodson K (eds). Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 6th ed. Baltimore, MD: Elsevier; 2019.

35. Epilepsy Foundation. Seizure Triggers. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/seizure-triggers. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

36. Harding G, Wilkins AJ, Erba G, Barkley GL, Fisher RS. Photic- and pattern-induced seizures: expert consensus of the Epilepsy Foundation of America Working Group. Epilepsia. 2005;46(9):1423-1425.

37. Tobimatsu S, Zhang YM, Tomoda Y, Mitsudome A, Kato M. Chromatic sensitive epilepsy: a variant of photosensitive epilepsy.Ann Neurol. 1999;45(6):790-793.

38. Ko DY. Epilepsy and Seizures. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

39. Chung SS. Should geriatric patients receive specialized seizure therapy? Aging Health. 2009;5(4):453-454.

40. Cohen I, Navarro V, Clemenceau S, Baulac M, Miles R. On the origin of interictal activity in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Science. 2002;298(5597):1418-1421.

41. Ko DY. Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

42. Diaz-Arrastia R, Agostini MA, Frol AB, et al. Neurophysiologic and neuroradiologic features of intractable epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in adults. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(11):1611-1616.

43. Epilepsy Foundation. Seizure Phases. Available at https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizures/seizure-phases/. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

44. Epilepsy Foundation. Types of Seizures. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/seizure-types. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

45. Epilepsy Foundation. Photosensitivity and Seizures. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/seizure-triggers/photosensitivity. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

46. Stanford Hospital and Clinics. Epilepsy. Available at https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/epilepsy.html. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

47. Velazquez JL, Huo JZ, Dominguez LG, Leshchenko Y, Snead OC 3rd. Typical versus atypical absence seizures: network mechanisms of the spread of paroxysms. Epilepsia. 2007;48(8):1585-1593.

48. Doose Syndrome Epilepsy Alliance. Atypical Absence Seizure. Available at https://doosesyndrome.org/glossary/atypical-absence-seizure/#. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

49. Blume WT, Lüders HO, Mizrahi E, Tassinari C, van Emde Boas W, Engel J Jr. Glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology: report of the ILAE task force on classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 2001;42(9):1212-1218.

50. Cleveland Clinic. Focal Seizure. Available at https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22893-focal-seizure. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

51. Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58(4):512-521.

52. International League Against Epilepsy. ILAE Classification and Definition of Epilepsy Syndromes. Available at https://www.ilae.org/guidelines/definition-and-classification/classification-and-definition-of-epilepsy-syndromes. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

53. Wirrell E, Tinuper P, Perucca E, Moshe SL. Introduction to the epilepsy syndrome papers. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1330-1332.

54. International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsy Syndromes. Available at https://epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/epilepsy-syndrome-groupoverview.html. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

55. Epilepsy Foundation. Evaluation of Your Medical History. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/diagnosis/medical-history. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

56. AlEissa EI. First Adult Seizure. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1186214-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

57. Dalrymple J, Appleby J. Cross sectional study of reporting of epileptic seizures to general practitioners. BMJ. 2000;320(7227):94-97.

58. NYU Langone Medical Center. Diagnosing Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders. Available at https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders/diagnosis. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

59. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Neurological Diagnostic Tests and Procedures Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/neurological-diagnostic-tests-and-procedures-fact-sheet. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

60. Campbell WW, Barohn RJ (eds). DeJong's The Neurologic Examination. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2020.

61. Kern B. Hyperventilation Syndrome. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/807277-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

62. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Transient Ischemic Attack. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transient-ischemic-attack. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

63. Kaplan PW, Fisher RS. Imitators of Epilepsy. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing; 2005.

64. Benbadis SR. Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184694-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

65. Epilepsy Foundation. Electroencephalography (EEG). Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/diagnosis/eeg. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

66. Panayiotopoulos CP. The Epilepsies: Seizures, Syndromes and Management. 1st ed. Oxfordshire: Bladon Medical Publishing; 2004.

67. Sheth RD. EEG in Common Epilepsy Syndromes. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1138154-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

68. Epilepsy Foundation. Brain Imaging for Epilepsy. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/diagnosis/brain-imaging. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

69. MedlinePlus. MRI. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003335.htm. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

70. MedlinePlus. PET Scan. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003827.htm. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

71. Shlamovitz GZ. Lumbar Puncture. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80773-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

72. Bromfield EB, Cavazos JE, Sirven JI (eds). An Introduction to Epilepsy. Sacramento, CA: Rogawski MA, University of California, Davis School of Medicine; 2006.

73. St. Louis EK. Minimizing AED adverse effects: improving quality of life in the interictal state in epilepsy care. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009;7(2):106-114.

74. Lexi-Comp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com/lco/action/login. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

75. Loring DW, Meador KJ. Cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs in children. Neurology. 2004;62(6):872-877.

76. Epilepsy Foundation. School and Child Care. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/parents-and-caregivers/kids/school-child-care. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

77. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Febrile Seizures Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/febrile-seizures-fact-sheet. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

78. Tejani NR. Febrile Seizures. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview#a4. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

79. Shinnar S. Prolonged febrile seizures and medial temporal sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1998;43(4):411-412.

80. Shinnar S. Febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis. Epilepsy Curr. 2003;3(4):115-118.

81. Fernando C. Febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004;17(2):161-164.

82. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Infantile Spasms. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/infantile-spasms. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

83. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/lennox-gastaut-syndrome. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

84. Sirven JI, Waterhouse E. Management of status epilepticus. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(3):469-476.

85. Sonbol MM. Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1185061-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

86. Prasad A, Kuzniecky RI, Knowlton RC, et al. Evolving antiepileptic drug treatment in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:1100-1105.

87. Epilepsy Foundation. Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/syndromes/juvenile-myoclonic-epilepsy. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

88. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approval Label: Keppra. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/021035s078s080,021505s021s024lbl.pdf. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

89. D'Souza W. Alsaadi T, Montoya J, et al. Perampanel for the treatment of patients with myoclonic seizure in clinical practice: evidence from the PERMIT study. Seizure. 2022;100:56-66.

90. Witt JA, Helmstaedter C. The impact of Perampanel on cognition: a systematic review of studies employing standardized tests in patients with epilepsy. Seizure. 2022;94:107-111.

91. Epilepsy Foundation. Older Adults. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/specific-populations/older-adults. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

92. Epilepsy Foundation. Women. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/specific-populations/women. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

93. Morrow J, Russell A, Guthrie E, et al. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77(2):193-198.

94. Epilepsy Foundation. Specific Problems Affecting Infants. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/lifestyle/family-planning/infant-problems. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

95. Caughey AB. Seizure Disorders in Pregnancy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/272050-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

96. Epilepsy Foundation. Risks During Pregnancy Due to Epilepsy. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/lifestyle/family-planning/pregnancy-risks. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

97. Epilepsy Foundation. Preparing for Pregnancy. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/lifestyle/family-planning/preparing-pregnancy. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

98. The North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. Available at https://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

99. Harden CL, Meador KJ, Pennell PB, et al. Management issues for women with epilepsy—focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): teratogenesis and perinatal outcomes. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009;73(2):133-141.

100. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Children Born to Mothers Who Took Valproate Products While Pregnant May Have Impaired Cognitive Development. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-children-born-mothers-who-took-valproate-products-while-pregnant-may#. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

101. Harden CL, Pennell PB, Koppel BS, et al. Management issues for women with epilepsy—focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2009;73(2):142-149.

102. Tatum WO 4th, Liporace J, Benbadis SR, Kaplan PW. Updates on the treatment of epilepsy in women. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(2):137-145.

103. Montouris G, Morris GL III. Reproductive and sexual dysfunction in men with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;7(Suppl 2):S7-S14.

104. Talbot JA, Sheldrick R, Caswell H, Duncan S. Sexual function in men with epilepsy: how important is testosterone? Neurology. 2008;70(16):1346-1352.

105. Goldenberg MM. Overview of drugs used for epilepsy and seizures: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. P T. 2010;35(7):392-415.

106. Epilepsy Foundation. Seizure Medication List. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/tools-resources/seizure-medication-list. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

107. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(5):314-319.

108. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Effectiveness of first antiepileptic drug. Epilepsy Curr. 2002;2(3):72-73.

109. Faught E. Monotherapy in adults and elderly persons. Neurology. 2007;69(24 Suppl 3):S3-S9.

110. St. Louis EK. Monotherapy to polytherapy: antiepileptic drug conversions through the spectrum of epilepsy care. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009;7(2):75-76.

111. St. Louis EK, Rosenfeld WE, Bramley T. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy: the initial approach in epilepsy management. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009;7(2):77-82.

112. Reynolds EH, Shorvon SD. Monotherapy or poly therapy for epilepsy? Epilepsia. 2007;22(1):1-10.

113. Garnett WR, St. Louis EK, Henry TR, Bramley T. Transitional polytherapy: tricks of the trade for monotherapy to monotherapy AED conversions. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009;7(2):83-95.

114. Diaz-Arrastia R, Agostini MA, Van Ness PC. Evolving treatment strategies for epilepsy. JAMA. 2002;287(22):2917-2920.

115. LaRoche SM, Helmers SL. The new antiepileptic drugs. JAMA. 2004;291(5):615-620.

116. Patorno E, Bohn RL, Wahl PM, et al. Anticonvulsant medications and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, or violent death. JAMA. 2010;303(14):1401-1409.

117. Britton JW, Shih JJ. Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2010;2:181-189.

118. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves New Indication for Drug Containing an Active Ingredient Derived From Cannabis to Treat Seizures in Rare Genetic Disease. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-indication-drug-containing-active-ingredient-derived-cannabis-treat-seizures-rare#. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

119. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Daily Med. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

120. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves New Treatment for Adults with Partial-Onset Seizures. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-adults-partial-onset-seizures. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

121. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves New Therapy for Dravet Syndrome. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-therapy-dravet-syndrome. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

122. Chung SS. New treatment option for partial-onset seizures: efficacy and safety of lacosamide. Ther Adv Neurol Disorders. 2010;3(2):77-83.

123. Bauer S, Rudd GD, Mylius V, Hamer HM, Rosenow F. Lacosamide intoxication in attempted suicide. Epilepsy Behav. 2010;17(4):549-551.

124. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs: Lacosamide. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=browseByLetter.page&productLetter=L&ai=0. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

125. Epilepsy Foundation. Lamotrigine. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/tools-resources/seizure-medication-list/lamotrigine. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

126. Guberman AH, Besag FM, Brodie MJ, et al. Lomotrigine-associated rash: risk/benefit considerations in adults and children. Epilepsia. 1999;40(7):985-991.

127. Eisai Global. Fycompa Newly Approved by U.S. FDA as Treatment for Partial-Onset Seizures in Pediatric Patients with Epilepsy. Available at https://www.eisai.com/news/2018/news201879.html. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

128. MedlinePlus. Phenobarbital. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682007.html. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

129. Mockenhaupt M, Messenheimer J, Tennis P, Schlingmann J. Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in new users of antiepileptics. Neurology. 2005;64(7):1134-1138.

130. Epilepsy Foundation. Pregabalin. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/tools-resources/seizure-medication-list/pregabalin. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

131. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Valproate Information. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/valproate-information. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

132. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves First Drug Comprised of an Active Ingredient Derived from Marijuana to Treat Rare, Severe Forms of Epilepsy. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-comprised-active-ingredient-derived-marijuana-treat-rare-severe-forms. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

133. Epilepsy Foundation. Stopping Seizure Medications. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/treatment/medicines/stopping-medication. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

134. Vossler DG. Epilepsy Surgery. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/251449-overview. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

135. Gilmore R, Lilly D, Uthman B, Roper SN. Understanding Seizures and the Treatment Options: A Guide For You and Your Family. Available at https://neurosurgery.ufl.edu/files/2012/10/seizureguide.pdf. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

136. Cassels C. Gamma Knife Surgery May Be Viable Alternative for Treatment of Intractable Epileptic Seizures. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/546376. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

137. UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburg. Functional Hemispherectomy in Children. Available at https://www.chp.edu/our-services/brain/neurosurgery/epilepsy-surgery/types-of-surgery/hemispherectomy. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

138. Krishnaiah B, Ramaratnam S, Ranganathan L. Subpial transection surgery for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;11:CD008153.

139. McGonigal A, Bartolomei F, Gavaret M, Chauvel P, Regis J. Gamma knife radiosurgery of paracentral epilepsy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2014;92(6):346-353.

140. McGonigal A, Sahgal A, De Salles A, et al. Radiosurgery for epilepsy: systematic review and International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society (ISRS) practice guideline. Epilepsy Res. 2017;137:123-131.

141. Henry TR. Therapeutic mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation. Neurology. 2002;59(Suppl 4):S3-S14.

142. Kokoszka MA, Panov F, La Vega-Talbott M, McGoldrick PE, Wolf SM, Ghatan S. Treatment of medically refractory seizures with responsive neurostimulation: 2 pediatric cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;21(4):421-427.

143. Marks WJ (ed). Deep Brain Stimulation Management. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015.

144. Gschwind M, Seeck M. Modern management of seizures and epilepsy. Swiss Med Wkly. 2016;146:w14310.

145. Skarpaas TL, Jarosiewicz B, Morrell MJ. Brain-responsive neurostimulation for epilepsy (RNS® System). Epilepsy Res. 2019;153: 68-70.

146. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Brain Stimulation Therapies for Epilepsy. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/About-NINDS/Impact/NINDS-Contributions-Approved-Therapies/Brain-stimulation-therapies-epilepsy. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

147. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Brain Stimulation Therapies for Epilepsy. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/about-ninds/impact/ninds-contributions-approved-therapies/brain-stimulation-therapies-epilepsy#. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

148. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval (PMA). Medtronic DBS Therapy for Epilepsy. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=P960009S219. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

149. Medtronic. FDA Approved "New Era" DBS Device. Available at https://news.medtronic.com/fda-approval-percept. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

150. Epilepsy Foundation. Ketogenic Diet. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/treatment/dietary-therapies/ketogenic-diet. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

151. Epilepsy Action. The Ketogenic Diet and Related Diets. Available at https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/treatment/ketogenic-diet. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

152. Kossoff E. Side Effects on the Ketogenic Diet: Identification and Treatment. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/stories/side-effects-ketogenic-diet-identification-and-treatment. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

153. Engel J Jr. Complementary and alternative medical therapies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2008;21(2):184-189.

154. Epilepsy Society. Complementary Therapies. Available at https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/complementary-therapies#.V9b1eYVj6Hk. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

155. Mani R, Pollard JR. Antiepileptic drugs and other medications: what interactions may arise? Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2009;11(4):253-261.

156. Epilepsy Foundation. Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/parents-and-caregivers/talking-kids-about-epilepsy/intellectual-disabilities. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

157. Kwan P, Sander JW. The natural history of epilepsy: an epidemiological view. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(10):1376-1381.

158. Epilepsy Foundation. General First Aid for Seizures. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/recognition/seizure-first-aid. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

159. Adams SM, Knowles PD. Evaluation of a first seizure. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(9):1342-1347.

160. Boggs JG. Mortality associated with status epilepticus. Epilepsy Curr. 2004;4(1):25-27.

161. Epilepsy Foundation. Status Epilepticus. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/complications-risks/emergencies/status-epilepticus. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

162. Cherian A, Thomas SV. Status epilepticus. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2009;12(3):140-153.

163. Epilepsy Foundation. Getting Emergency Help. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/recognition/emergency-help. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

164. Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the guideline committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Currents. 2016;16(1):48-61.

165. Roth JL. Status Epilepticus Treatment and Management: Approach Considerations. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1164462-treatment. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

166. Bell GS, Sander JW. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Risk factors, possible mechanisms and prevention: a reappraisal.Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2006;15(2):72-83.

167. Asadi-Pooya AA, Sperling MR. Clinical features of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;26(5):297-301.

168. Sperling MR. Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr. 2001;1(1):21-23.

169. Epilepsy Society. Living with Epilepsy. Available at https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/living-epilepsy#.V9b7KYVj6Hk. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

170. Epilepsy Foundation. Assembling Your Healthcare Team. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/diagnosis/healthcare-team. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

171. Epilepsy Foundation. Staying Safe. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/preparedness-safety/staying-safe. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

172. World Health Organization. Epilepsy. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

173. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Folate. Available at https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

174. Epilepsy Foundation. State Driving Laws Database: Driver Information by State. Available at https://www.epilepsy.com/lifestyle/driving-and-transportation/laws. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

175. Mills MD. The psychological and social impact of epilepsy. Neurol Asia. 2007;12(Suppl 1):S10-S12.

176. Suurmeijer T, Reuvekamp MF, Aldenkamp BP. Social functioning, psychological functioning, and quality of life in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001;42(9):1160-1168.

177. O'Donoghue MF, Goodridge DM, Redhead K, Sander JW, Duncan JS. Assessing the psychosocial consequences of epilepsy: a community-based study. Br J Gen Pract. 1999;49(440):211-214.

178. Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project. Available at https://www.epgp.org/. last accessed September 26, 2022.

179. American Epilepsy Society. Available at https://www.aesnet.org/. Last accessed September 26, 2022.

180. Dichter MA. Emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and epileptogenesis. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(4):443-447.

181. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval: VNS Therapy System. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=P970003S207. Last accessed August 18, 2023.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.