Works Cited
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.
1. Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, et al. The state of US health, 1990–2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013;310(6):591-608.
2. Cohen SP. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neck pain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(2):284-299.
3. Webster LR. Pills, policies, and predicaments: the unintended consequences of a health care system's policy towards opioids. Pain Med. 2013;14(10):1439-1440.
4. Billeci D, Coluzzi F. Tapentadol extended release for the management of chronic neck pain. J Pain Res. 2017;10:495-505.
5. Hoy DG, Protani M, De R, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of neck pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(6):783-792.
6. Hill J, Lewis M, Papageorgiou AC, Dziedzic K, Croft P. Predicting persistent neck pain: a 1-year follow-up of a population cohort. Spine. 2004;29(15):1648-1654.
7. Teichtahl AJ, McColl G. An approach to neck pain for the family physician. Aust Fam Physician. 2013;42(11):774-777.
8. Côté P, Wong JJ, Sutton D, et al. Management of neck pain and associated disorders: a clinical practice guideline from the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(7):2000-2022.
9. Côté P, van der Velde G, Cassidy JD, et al. The burden and determinants of neck pain in workers: results of the bone and joint decade 2000–2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. Spine. 2008;33(4):S60-74.
10. Nilsen TI, Holtermann A, Mork PJ. Physical exercise, body mass index, and risk of chronic pain in the low back and neck/shoulders: longitudinal date from the Nord-Trondelag health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(3):267-273.
11. Kääriä S, Laaksonen M, Rahkonen O, Lahelma E, Leino-Arjas P. Risk factors of chronic neck pain: a prospective study among middle-aged employees. Eur J Pain. 2012;16(6):911-920.
12. Vincent HK, Adams MC, Vincent KR, Hurley RW. Musculoskeletal pain, fear avoidance behaviors, and functional decline in obesity: potential interventions to manage pain and maintain function. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2013;38(6):481-491.
13. Freeman MD, Croft AC, Nicodemus CN, Centeno CJ, Elkins WL. Significant spinal injury resulting from low-level accelerations: a case series of roller coaster injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(11):2126-2130.
15. Ritchie C, Ehrlich C, Sterling M. Living with ongoing whiplash associated disorders: a qualitative study of individual perceptions and experiences. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18(1):531.
16. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Cervical Whiplash. Available at https://www.aapmr.org/about-physiatry/conditions-treatments/musculoskeletal-medicine/cervical-whiplash. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
17. Castro WH, Schilgen M, Meyer S, Weber M, Peuker C, Wortler K. Do "whiplash injuries" occur in low-speed rear impacts? Eur Spine J. 1997;6(6):366-375.
18. Bunketorp OB, Elisson LK. Cervical status after neck sprains in frontal and rear-end car impacts. Injury. 2012;43(4):423-430.
19. Patient Platform Limited. Whiplash and Cervical Spine Injury. Available at https://patient.info/doctor/whiplash-and-cervical-spine-injury. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
20. Teasell RW, McClure JA, Walton D, et al. A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder (WAD): part 2—interventions for acute WAD. Pain Res Manag. 2010;15(5):295-304.
21. Freeman MD, Croft AC, Rossignol AM, Centeno CJ, Elkins WL. Chronic neck pain and whiplash: a case-control study of the relationship between acute whiplash injuries and chronic neck pain. Pain Res Manag. 2006;11(2):79-83.
22. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Cervical Radiculopathy. Available at https://www.aapmr.org/about-physiatry/conditions-treatments/musculoskeletal-medicine/cervical-radiculopathy. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
25. Hush JM, Lin CC, Michaleff ZA, Verhagen A, Refshauge KM. Prognosis of acute idiopathic neck pain is poor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(5):824-829.
26. Pengel LH, Herbert RD, Maher CG, Refshauge KM. Acute low back pain: systematic review of its prognosis. BMJ. 2003;327(7410):323.
27. Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, et al. Prognosis in patients with recent onset low back pain in Australian primary care: inception cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a171.
28. Anstey R, Kongsted A, Kamper S, Hancock MJ. Are people with whiplash-associated neck pain different from people with nonspecific neck pain? J Orthrop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46(10):894-901.
29. Blanpied PR, Gross AR, Elliott JM, et al. Neck pain: revision 2017. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(7):A1-A83.
30. Sterling M, Hendrikz J, Kenardy J. Compensation claim lodgement and health outcome developmental trajectories following whiplash injury: a prospective study. Pain. 2010;150(1):22-28.
31. Sarrami P, Armstrong E, Naylor JM, Harris IA. Factors predicting outcome in whiplash injury: a systematic meta-review of prognostic factors. J Orthop Traumatol. 2017;18(1):9-16.
32. McLean SA, Ulirsch JC, Slade GD, et al. Incidence and predictors of neck and widespread pain after motor vehicle collision among US litigants and nonlitigants. Pain. 2014;155(2):309-321.
33. Spearing NM, Connelly LB, Nghiem HS, Pobereskin L. Research on injury compensation and health outcomes: ignoring the problem of reverse causality led to a biased conclusion. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(11):1219-1226.
34. Worsfold C. When range of motion is not enough: towards an evidence-based approach to medico-legal reporting in whiplash injury. J Forensic Leg Med. 2014;25:95-99.
35. Minamide A, Yoshida M, Maio K. The natural clinical course of lumbar spinal stenosis: a longitudinal cohort study over a minimum of 10 years. J Orthop Sci. 2013;18(5):693-698.
36. Micankova Adamova B, Vohanka S, Dusek L, Jarkovsky J, Bednarik J. Prediction of long-term clinical outcome in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(12):2611-2619.
37. Hsu E, Atanelov L, Plunkett AR, Chai N, Chen Y, Cohen SP. Epidural lysis of adhesions for failed back surgery and spinal stenosis: factors associated with treatment outcome. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(1):215-224.
38. Costa Lda C, Maher CG, McAuley JH, et al. Prognosis for patients with chronic low back pain: inception cohort study. BMJ. 2009;339:b3829.
39. Chiarotto A, Fortunato S, Falla D. Predictors of outcome following a short multimodal rehabilitation program for patients with whiplash associated disorders. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;51(2):133-141.
40. Li Y, Peng B. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cervical vertigo. Pain Physician. 2015;18(4):E583-E595.
41. Freeman MD. Cervical Sprain and Strain. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/306176-overview. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
42. Abboud WA, Hassin-Baer S, Joachim M, Givol N, Yahalom R. Localized myofascial pain responds better than referring myofascial pain to botulinum toxin injections. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;46(11):1417-1423.
43. Häggman-Henrikson B, Rezvani M, List T. Prevalence of whiplash trauma in TMD patients: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2014;41(1):59-68.
44. Häggman-Henrikson B, List T, Westergren HT, Axelsson SH. Temporomandibular disorder pain after whiplash trauma: a systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2013;27(3):217-226.
45. Landzberg G, El-Rabbany M, Klasser GD, Epstein JB. Temporomandibular disorders and whiplash injury: a narrative review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2017;124(2):e37-e46.
46. Windsor RE. Cervical Spine Anatomy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948797-overview. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
47. Wong JJ, Côté P, Ameis A, et al. Are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effective for the management of neck pain and associated disorders, whiplash-associated disorders, or non-specific low back pain? A systematic review of systematic reviews by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(1):34-61.
48. Bokshan SL, DePasse JM, Eltorai AE, Paxton SE, Green A, Daniels AH. An evidence-based approach to differentiating the cause of shoulder and cervical spine pain. Am J Med. 2016;129(9):913-918.
49. Everett C, Bauernfeind M, Essaff D. Cervical and Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Arthropathy. Available at https://now.aapmr.org/cervical-and-thoracic-zygapophsial-joint-arthropathy. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
50. Nance PW, Adcock EM. Facet Mediated Pain. Available at https://now.aapmr.org/facet-mediated-pain. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
51. Furman MB. Cervical Disc Disease. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/305720-overview. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
52. Czervionke LF, Fenton DS. Fat-saturated MR imaging in the detection of inflammatory facet arthropathy (facet synovitis) in the lumbar spine. Pain Med. 2008;9(4):400-406.
53. Mehnert MJ, Freedman MK, Surrey DE. Cervicogenic Headache. Available at https://now.aapmr.org/cervicogenic-headache. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
54. Bogduk N, Govind J. Cervicogenic headache: an assessment of the evidence on clinical diagnosis, invasive tests, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(10):959-968.
55. Sjaastad O, Fredriksen TA, Pfaffenrath V. Cervicogenic headache: diagnostic criteria. The Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group. Headache. 1998;38(6):442-445.
56. Moley PJ. Evaluation of Neck and Back Pain. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/neck-and-back-pain/evaluation-of-neck-and-back-pain. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
57. Cooper G. Cervical Myofascial Pain. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/305937-overview. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
59. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Cervical Stenosis. Available at https://www.aapmr.org/about-physiatry/conditions-treatments/musculoskeletal-medicine/cervical-stenosis. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
60. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. Available at https://www.aapmr.org/about-physiatry/conditions-treatments/rehabilitation-of-central-nervous-system-disorders/cervical-spondylotic-myelopathy. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
61. Hirpara KM, Butler JS, Dolan RT, O'Byrne JM, Poynton AR. Nonoperative modalities to treat symptomatic cervical spondylosis. Adv Orthop. 2012;2012:294857.
62. State Insurance Regulatory Authority. Guidelines for the Management of Acute Whiplash Associated Disorders for Health Professionals. Available at https://www.sira.nsw.gov.au/resources-library/motor-accident-resources/publications/for-professionals/whiplash-resources/SIRA08104-Whiplash-Guidelines-1117-396479.pdf. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
63. Kaneoka K, Ono K, Inami S, Hayashi K. Motion analysis of cervical vertebrae during whiplash loading. Spine. 1999;24(8):763-769.
64. Barnsley L, Lord SM, Wallis BJ, Bogduk N. The prevalence of chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash. Spine. 1995;20(1):20-25.
65. Al-Shatoury HAH. Cervical Spondylosis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/306036-overview. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
66. Rubin M. Cervical Spondylosis and Spondylotic Cervical Myelopathy. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/spinal-cord-disorders/cervical-spondylosis-and-spondylotic-cervical-myelopathy. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
67. Baron R, Binder A, Attal N, Casale R, Dickenson AH, Treede RD. Neuropathic low back pain in clinical practice. Eur J Pain. 2016;20(6):861-873.
70. Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: systematic review, meta-analysis and updated NeuPSIG recommendations. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(2):162-173.
71. Binder A, Baron R. The pharmacological therapy of chronic neuropathic pain. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016;113(37):616-625.
72. Baron R, Hans G, Dickenson AH. Peripheral input and its importance for central sensitization. Ann Neurol. 2013;74(5):630-636.
74. Yarnitsky D. Role of endogenous pain modulation in chronic pain mechanisms and treatment. Pain. 2015;156(Suppl 1):S24-S31.
75. Davis CG. Mechanisms of chronic pain from whiplash injury. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013;20(2):74-85.
77. Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain. 2000;85(3):317-332.
78. Linton SJ, Shaw WS. Impact of psychological factors in the experience of pain. Phys Ther. 2011;91(5):700-711.
79. Hooten WM. Chronic pain and mental health disorders: shared neural mechanisms, epidemiology, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(7):955-970.
80. Sterling M, Hendrikz J, Kenardy J, et al. Assessment and validation of prognostic models for poor functional recovery 12 months after whiplash injury: a multicenter inception cohort study. Pain. 2012;153(8):1727-1734.
81. Baker DG, Nievergelt CM, C'Connor DT. Biomarkers of PTSD: neuropeptides and immune signaling. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(2):663-673.
82. Edwards RR, Kronfli T, Haythornthwaite JA, Smith MT, McGuire L, Page GG. Association of catastrophizing with interleukin-6 responses to acute pain. Pain. 2008;140(1):135-144.
83. Sterling M, Elliott JM, Cabot PJ. The course of serum inflammatory biomarkers following whiplash injury and their relationship to sensory and muscle measures: a longitudinal cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77903.
84. Carriere JS, Thibault P, Adams H, Milioto M, Ditto B, Sullivan MJL. Expectancies mediate the relationship between perceived injustice and return to work following whiplash injury: a 1-year prospective study. Eur J Pain. 2017;21(7):1234-1242.
85. Fung K, Alden LE. Once hurt, twice shy: social pain contributes to social anxiety. Emotion. 2017;17(2):231-239.
86. McWilliams LA. Adult attachment insecurity is positively associated with medically unexplained chronic pain. Eur J Pain. 2017;21(8):1378-1383.
88. Kosek E, Cohan M, Baron R, et al. Do we need a third mechanistic descriptor for chronic pain states? Pain. 2016;157(7):1382-1386.
89. Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms. 2nd ed (Revised). Washington, DC: International Association for the Study of Pain; 1994.
90. Jensen TS, Baron R, Haanpaa M, et al. A new definition of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2011;152(10):2204-2205.
91. Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U, Tolle TR. painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(10):1911-1920.
92. Attal N, Perrot S, Fermanian J, Bouhassira D. The neuropathic components of chronic low back pain: a prospective multicenter study using the DN4 questionnaire. J Pain. 2011;12(10):1080-1087.
93. Förster M, Mahn F, Gockel U, et al. Axial low back pain: one painful area—many perceptions and mechanisms. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68273.
94. Spahr N, Hodkinson D, Jolly K, Williams S, Howard M, Thacker M. Distinguishing between nociceptive and neuropathic components in chronic low back pain using behavioral evaluation and sensory examination. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017;27: 40-48.
95. Fornasari D. Pain mechanisms in patients with chronic pain. Clin Drug Investig. 2012;32(1):45-52.
96. Pergolizzi JV, LeQuang JA, Berger GK, Raffa RB. The basic pharmacology of opioids informs the opioid discourse about misuse and abuse: a review. Pain Ther. 2017;6(1):1-16.
97. Baron R, Maier C, Attal N, et al. Peripheral neuropathic pain: a mechanism-related organizing principle based on sensory profiles. Pain. 2017;158(2):261-272.
98. Freynhagen R, Tolle TR, Gockel U, Baron R. The PainDETECT Project: far more than a screening tool on neuropathic pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016;32(6):1033-1057.
99. International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Revises Its Definition of Pain for the First Time Since 1979. Available at https://www.iasp-pain.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/revised-definition-flysheet_R2.pdf. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
100. Woolf CJ, American College of Physicians, American Physiological Society. Pain: moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic management. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(6):441-451.
101. Kosek E, Clauw D, Nijs J, et al. Chronic nociplastic pain affecting the musculoskeletal system: clinical criteria and grading system. Pain. 2021;162(11):2629-2634.
102. Glass LS, Harris JS. Cervical and thoracic spine disorders. In: Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines: Evaluation and Management of Common Health Problems and Functional Recovery of Workers. 2nd ed. Elk Grove, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; 2003: 1-711.
103. Colorado Department of Labor and Employment. Cervical Spine Injury Medical Treatment Guidelines. Available at https://cdle.colorado.gov/sites/cdle/files/Rule_17_Exhibit_8_prior_to_2010.pdf. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
104. Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the bone and joint decade 2000–2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. Spine. 2008;33(4):199-213.
105. Alsaadi SM, McAuley JH, Hush JM, et al. Poor sleep quality is strongly associated with subsequent pain intensity in patients with acute low back pain. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(5):1388-1394.
106. Artner J, Cakir B, Spiekermann JA, et al. Prevalence of sleep deprivation in patients with chronic neck and back pain: a retrospective evaluation of 1016 patients. J Pain Res. 2013;6:1-6.
107. Intermountain Healthcare. Pain Management: Neck Pain. Available at https://intermountainhealthcare.org/services/pain-management/conditions/neck-pain/neck-pain/. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
108. Giamberardino MA, Affaitati G, Fabrizio A, Costantini R. Myofascial pain syndromes and their evaluation. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2011;25(2):185-198.
109. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head Injury: Assessment and Early Management. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg176. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
111. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Spinal Injury: Assessment and Initial Management. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng41. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
112. Hadley MN, Walters BC, Aarabi B, et al. Clinical assessment following acute cervical spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery. 2013;72(2):40-53.
113. Hadley MN, Walters BC. Introduction to the guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries. Neurosurgery. 2013;72(2):5-16.
114. Schneider JP, Jay GW, Goldstein L, Pinzon EG. CDC issues final guidelines for opioid prescribing: PPM editorial board responds. Practical Pain Management. 2019;16(3):1-6.
115. Chaverneff F. CDC Guidelines on Opioids: Reaction from the American Academy of Pain Management. Available at https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/news/cdc-guidelines-on-opioids-reaction-from-the-american-academy-of-pain-management. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
117. Vartiainen P, Roine RP, Kalso E, Heiskanen T. Worse health-related quality of life, impaired functioning and psychiatric comorbidities are associated with excess mortality in patients with severe chronic pain. Eur J Pain. 2022;26(5):1135-1146.
118. Yu H, Côté P, Southerst D, et al. Does structured patient education improve the recovery and clinical outcomes of patients with neck pain? A systematic review from the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Spine J. 2016;16(12):1524-1540.
119. Moore RA, Eccleston C, Derry S, et al. "Evidence" in chronic pain: establishing best practice in the reporting of systematic reviews. Pain. 2010;150(3):386-389.
120. Moore RA, Straube S, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Chronic low back pain analgesic studies: a methodological minefield. Pain. 2010;149(3):431-434.
121. Tuttle AH, Tohyama S, Ramsay T, et al. Increasing placebo responses over time in U.S. clinical trials of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2015;156(12):2616-2626.
122. Nijs J, Malfliet A, Ickmans K, Baert I, Meeus M. Treatment of central sensitization in patients with "unexplained" chronic pain: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15(12):1671-1683.
123. Ossipov MH, Morimura K, Porreca F. Descending pain modulation and chronification of pain. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2014;8(2):143-151.
124. Holbech JV, Jung A, Jonsson T, Wanning M, Bredahl C, Bach FW. Combination treatment of neuropathic pain: Danish expert recommendations based on a Delphi process. J Pain Res. 2017;10:1467-1475.
125. Ennis ZN, Dideriksen D, Vaegter HB, Handberg G, Pottegard A. Acetaminophen for chronic pain: a systematic review on efficacy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;118(3):184-189.
126. Williams CM, Maher CG, Latimer J, et al. Efficacy of paracetamol for acute low-back pain: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9954):1586-1596.
127. Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, et al. Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo controlled trials. BMJ. 2015;350:h1225.
128. Saragiotto BT, Machado GC, Ferreira ML, et al. Paracetamol for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD012230.
129. Roberts E, Delgado Nunes V, Buckner S, et al. Paracetamol: not as safe as we thought? A systematic literature review of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(3):552-559.
130. Nalamachu S. An overview of pain management: the clinical efficacy and value of treatment. Am J Manag Care. 2013;19(14):s261-s266.
131. Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Day RO, Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(7):1269-1278.
133. Fanelli A, Ghisi D, Aprile PL, Lapi F. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors: latest evidence and clinical implications. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2017;8(6):173-182.
135. Singh G. Recent considerations in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy. Am J Med. 1998;105(1B):31S-38S.
136. Slater D, Kunnathil S, McBride J, Koppala R. Pharmacology of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2010;27(4):400-411.
137. Walker C, Biasucci LM. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs revisited. Postgrad Med. 2018;130(1):55-71.
138. Speed C, Wolfarth B. Challenges of pain masking in the management of soft tissue disorders: optimizing patient outcomes with a multi-targeted approach. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(5):953-959.
139. Quan M. Hot topics in primary care: the cardiovascular safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: putting the evidence in perspective. J Fam Pract. 2017;66(4):S52-S57.
140. Anglin R, Yuan Y, Moayyedi P, Tse F, Armstrong D, Leontiadis GI. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with or without concurrent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(6):811-819.
141. Laporte S, Chapelle C, Caillet P, et al. Vleeding risk under selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pharmacol Res. 2017;118:19-32.
142. Freedberg DE, Kim LS, Yang YX. The risks and benefits of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors: expert review and best practice advice from the American Gastroenterological Association. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(4):706-715.
143. Lanza FL, Chan FK, Quigley EM. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(3):728-738.
144. Guerrero F, Bolier R, Van Cleave JH, Reid MC. Pharmacological approaches for the management of persistent pain in older adults: what nurses need to know. J Gerontol Nurs. 2016;42(12):49-57.
145. Hunt RH, Choquette D, Craig BN, et al. Approach to managing musculoskeletal pain: acetaminophen, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, or traditional NSAIDs? Can Fam Physician. 2007;53(7):1177-1184.
146. Dick IE, Brochu RM, Purohit Y, Kaczorowski GJ, Martin WJ, Priest BT. Sodium channel blockade may contribute to the analgesic efficacy of antidepressants. J Pain. 2007;8(4):315-324.
147. Benbouzid M, Gaveriaux-Ruff C, Yalcin I, et al. Delta-opioid receptors are critical for tricyclic antidepressant treatment of neuropathic allodynia. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(6):633-636.
148. Mu A, Weinberg E, Moulin DE, Clarke H. Pharmacologic management of chronic neuropathic pain: review of the Canadian Pain Society consensus statement. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(11):844-852.
149. Alev L, Fujikoshi S, Yoshikawa A, et al. Duloxetine 60 mg for chronic low back pain: post hoc responder analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. J Pain Res. 2017;10:1723-1731.
150. Skljarevski V, Ossanna M, Liu-Seifert H, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of duloxetine versus placebo in the management of chronic low back pain. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(9):1041-1018.
151. Enomoto H, Fujikoshi S, Funai J, et al. Assessment of direct analgesic effect of duloxetine for chronic low back pain: post hoc path analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. J Pain Res. 2017;10:1357-1368.
152. Derry S, Phillips T, Moore RA, Wiffen PJ. Milnacipran for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD011789.
153. Riediger C, Schuster T, Barlinn K, Maier S, Weitz J, Siepmann T. Adverse effects of antidepressants for chronic pain: a systematic review and mate-analysis. Front Neurol. 2017;8:307.
154. Semel D, Murphy TK, Zlateva G, Cheung R, Emir B. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of pregabalin in older patients with neuropathic pain: results from a pooled analysis of 11 clinical studies. BMC Fam Pract. 2010;11:85.
155. Saldaña MT, Navarro A, Perez C, Masramon X, Rejas J. Patient-reported-outcomes in subjects with painful lumbar or cervical radiculopathy treated with pregabalin: evidence from medical practice in primary care settings. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30(8):1005-1015.
156. Shanthanna H, Gilron I, Rajarathinam M, et al. Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med. 2017;14(8):e1002369.
157. Malik KM, Nelson AM, Avram MJ, Robak SL, Benzon HT. Efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of radicular pain: results of a controlled trial. Anesth Pain Med. 2015;5(4):e28110.
158. Baron R, Martin-Mola E, Muller M, Dubois C, Falke D, Steigerwald I. Effectiveness and safety of tapentadol prolonged release (PR) versus a combination of tapentadol PR and pregabalin for the management of severe, chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component: a randomized, double-blind, phase 3b study. Pain Pract. 2015;15(5):455-470.
159. Lo YL, Cheong PWT, George JM, et al. Pregabalin and radicular pain study (PARPS) for cervical spondylosis in a multiracial Asian population. J Clin Med Res. 2014;6(1):66-71.
160. Lyndon A, Audrey S, Wells C, et al. Risk to heroin users of polydrug use of pregabalin or gabapentin. Addiction. 2017;112(9):1580-1589.
161. Wallwork RS, Chipidza FE, Stern TA. Obstacles to the prescription and use of opioids. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2016;18(1).
162. Nicol AL, Hurley RW, Benzon HT. Alternatives to opioids in the pharmacologic management of chronic pain syndromes: a narrative review of randomized, controlled, and blinded clinical trials. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(5):1682-1703.
163. Rose ME. Are prescription opioids driving the opioid crisis? Assumptions vs facts. Pain Medicine. 2018;19(4):793-807.
164. Ciccone TG. Responses and Criticisms Over New CDC Opioid Prescribing Guidelines. Available at https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/resources/news-and-research/responses-criticisms-over-new-cdc-opioid-prescribing-guidelines. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
165. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019 Annual Surveillance Report of Drug-Related Risks and Outcomes—United States Surveillance Special Report. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2019-cdc-drug-surveillance-report.pdf. Last accessed October 1, 2022.
166. Cheatle MD, Gallagher RM, O'Brien CP. Low risk of producing an opioid use disorder in primary care by prescribing opioids to prescreened patients with chronic noncancer pain. Pain Med. 2018;19(4):764-773.
167. Noble M, Treadwell JR, Tregear SJ, et al. Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD006605.
168. Minozzi S, Amato L, Davoli M. Development of dependence following treatment with opioid analgesics for pain relief: a systematic review. Addiction. 2013;108(4):688-698.
169. Dasgupta N, Funk MJ, Proescholdbell S, Hirsch A, Ribisl KM, Marshall S. Cohort study of the impact of high-dose opioid analgesics on overdose mortality. Pain Med. 2016;17(1):85-98.
170. Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Dhalla IA, Paterson JM, Juurlink DN. Opioid dose and drug-related mortality in patients with nonmalignant pain. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(7):686-691.
171. Hedegaard H, Bastian BA, Trinidad JP, Spencer MR, Warner M. Drugs most frequently involved in drug overdose deaths: United States, 2017. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2019;68(12):1-15.
172. Ueberall MA, Mueller-Schwefe GHH. Efficacy and tolerability balance of oxycodone/naloxone and tapentadol in chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component: a blinded end point analysis of randomly selected routine data from 12-week prospective open-label observations. J Pain Res. 2016;9:1001-1020.
173. Jones GP, Tripathi SS. Oxycodone and naloxone combination: a 12-week follow-up in 20 patients shows effective analgesia with opioid-induced bowel dysfunction. Pain Ther. 2016;5(1):107-113.
174. Miyazaki T, Choi IY, Rubas W, et al. NKTR-181: a novel mu-opioid analgesic with inherently low abuse potential. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017;363(1):104-113.
176. Federation of State Medical Boards. Guidelines for the Chronic Use of Opioid Analgesics. Available at https://www.fsmb.org/siteassets/advocacy/policies/opioid_guidelines_as_adopted_april-2017_final.pdf. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
177. Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—United States, 2016. MMWR. 2016;65(1):1-49.
178. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Medication Guides: Distribution Requirements and Inclusion in Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/79776/download. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
179. Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines for responsible opioid prescribing in chronic non-cancer pain: part 2—guidance. Pain Physician. 2012;15(3 Suppl):S67-S116.
180. Strickland JM, Huskey A, Brushwood DB. Pharmacist-physician collaboration in pain management practice. J Opioid Manag. 2007;3:295-301.
181. Sundwall DN, Utah Department of Health. Utah Clinical Guidelines on Prescribing Opioids for Treatment of Pain. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah Department of Health; 2009.
182. DePriest AZ, Miller K. Oxycodone/naloxone: role in chronic pain management, opioid-induced constipation, and abuse deterrence. Pain Ther. 2014;3(1):1-15.
183. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs. New Drug Application: 205777. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=205777. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
184. Lexicomp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
185. Lee YH, Brown DL, Chen HY. Current impact and application of abuse-deterrent opioid formulations in clinical practice. Pain Physician. 2017;20(7):E1003-E1023.
186. Serpell M, Tripathi S, Scherzinger S, Rojas-Farreras S, Oksche A, Wilson M. Assessment of transdermal buprenorphine patches for the treatment of chronic pain in a UK observational study. Patient. 2016;9(1):35-46.
187. Parkin-Smith GF, Amorin-Woods LG, Davies SJ, Losco BE, Adams J. Spinal pain: current understanding, trends, and the future of care. J Pain Res. 2015;8:741-752.
188. Plosker GL. Buprenorphine 5, 10, and 20 µg/h transdermal patch: a review of its use in the management of chronic non-malignant pain. Drugs. 2011;71(18):2491-2509.
189. The Medical Letter. Buprenorphine buccal film (Belbuca) for chronic pain. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2016;58:47-48.
190. Baron R, Eberhart L, Kern KU, et al. Tapentadol prolonged release for chronic pain: a review of clinical trials and 5 years of routine clinical practice data. Pain Pract. 2017;17(5):678-700.
191. Sánchez Del Águila MJ, Schenk M, Kern KU, Drost T, Steigerwald I. Practical considerations for the use of tapentadol prolonged release for the management of severe chronic pain. Clin Ther. 2015;37(1):94-113.
192. Steigerwald I, Muller M, Davies A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tapentadol prolonged release for severe, chronic low back pain with or without a neuropathic pain component: results of an open-label, phase 3b study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(6):911-936.
193. Galvez R, Schafer M, Hans G, Falke D, Steigerwald I. Tapentadol prolonged release versus strong opioids for severe, chronic low back pain: results of an open-label, phase 3b study. Adv Ther. 2013;30(3):229-259.
194. Pergolizzi J, Alon E, Baron R, et al. Tapentadol in the management of chronic low back pain: a novel approach to a complex condition? J Pain Res. 2011;4:203-210.
195. Buynak R, Rappaport SA, Rod K, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of tapentadol extended release following up to 2 years of treatment in patients with moderate to severe, chronic pain: results of an open-label extension trial. Clin Ther. 2015;37(11):2420-2438.
196. Billeci D, Coluzzi F. Tapentadol extended release for the management of chronic neck pain. J Pain Res. 2017;10:495-505.
197. Safeer S, Cleary J, Fudin J. A perspective on tapentadol therapy. Practical Pain Management. 2016;16(7).
198. Butler SF, McNaughton EC, Black RA. Tapentadol abuse potential: a postmarketing evaluation using a sample of individuals evaluated for substance abuse treatment. Pain Med. 2015;16(1):119-130.
199. McNaughton EC, Black RA, Weber SE, Butler SF. Assessing abuse potential of new analgesic medications following market release: an evaluation of internet discussion of tapentadol abuse. Pain Med. 2015;16(1):131-140.
200. Dart RC, Surratt HL, Le Lait MC, et al. Diversion and illicit sale of extended-release tapentadol in the United States. Pain Med. 2016;17(8):1490-1496.
201. Christoph A, Eerdekens MH, Kok M, Volkers G, Freynhagen R. Cebranopadol, a novel first-in-class analgesic drug candidate: first experience in patients with chronic low back pain in a randomized clinical trial. Pain. 2017;158(9):1813-1824.
202. Markman J, Gudin J, Rauck R, et al. SUMMIT-07: a randomized trial of NKTR-181, a new molecular entity, full mu-opioid receptor agonist for chronic low-back pain. Pain. 2019;160(6):1374-1382.
203. The Rheumatologist. FDA Advisory Committees Reject Oxycodegol (NKTR-181) Application. Available at https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/fda-advisory-committees-reject-oxycodegol-nktr-181-application/. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
204. Drugs.com. NKTR-181 FDA Approval Status. Available at https://www.drugs.com/history/nktr-181.html. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
205. Knezevic NN, Tverdohleb T, Nikibin F, Knezevic I, Candido KD. Management of chronic neuropathic pain with single and compounded topical analgesics. Pain Manag. 2017;7(6):537-558.
206. Derry S, Conaghan P, Da Silva JA, et al. Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD007400.
207. Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Kalso EA, et al. Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5:CD008609.
208. Likar R, Kager I, Obmann M, Pipam W, Sittl R. Treatment of localized neuropathic pain after disk herniation with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:689-692.
209. Baron R, Treede RD, Birklein F, et al. Treatment of painful radiculopathies with capsaicin 8% cutaneous patch. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33(8):1401-1411.
210. Cline AE, Turrentine JE. Compounded topical analgesics for chronic pain. Dermatitis. 2016;27(5):263-271.
211. Somberg JC, Molnar J. Retrospective evaluation on the analgesic activities of 2 compounded topical creams and Voltaren gel in chronic noncancer pain. Am J Ther. 2015;22(5):342-349.
212. Hesselink JMK. Topical analgesics: critical issues related to formulation and concentration. J Pain Relief. 2016;5:274.
213. Kalant H. Marihuana: medicine, addictive substance, or both? A common-sense approach to the place of cannabis in medicine. CMAJ. 2013;4(3):4-9.
214. Berlach DM, Shir Y, Ware MA. Experience with the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone in chronic noncancer pain. Pain Med. 2006;7(1):25-29.
215. Burns TL, Ineck JR. Cannabinoid analgesia as a potential new therapeutic option in the treatment of chronic pain. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(2):251-260.
216. Anthony AT, Rahmat S, Sangle P, Sandhu O, Khan S. Cannabinoid receptors and their relationship with chronic pain: a narrative review. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10436.
217. Brosseau L, Wells GA, Tugwell P, et al. Ottawa panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on therapeutic massage for neck pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2012;16(3):300-325.
218. Lopez-de-Uralde-Villanueva I, Beltran-Alacreu H, Fernandez-Carnero J, Kindelan-Calvo P, La Touche R. Widespread pressure pain hyperalgesia in chronic nonspecific neck pain with neuropathic features: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Pain Physician. 2016;19(2):77-88.
219. Cugalj AP, McManus K. Manual Treatments. Available at https://now.aapmr.org/manual-treatments. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
220. Gross A, Langevin P, Burnie SJ, et al. Manipulation and mobilization for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD004249.
222. Reed ML. Physical Therapy. Available at https://www.spine.org/KnowYourBack/Treatments/Nonsurgical-Treatments/Physical-Therapy. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
223. Griffin A, Leaver A, Moloney N. General exercise does not improve long-term pain and disability in individuals with whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(7):472-480.
224. Southerst D, Nordin MC, Côté P, et al. Is exercise effective for the management of neck pain and associated disorders or whiplash-associated disorders? A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Spine J. 2016;16(12):1503-1523.
225. Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD004250.
226. Celenay ST, Akbayrak T, Kaya DO. A comparison of the effects of stabilization exercises plus manual therapy to those of stabilization exercises alone in patients with nonspecific mechanical neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46(2):44-55.
227. Celenay ST, Kaya DO, Akbayrak T. Cervical and scapulothoracic stabilization exercises with and without connective tissue massage for chronic mechanical neck pain: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Man Ther. 2016;21:144-150.
228. Pillastrini P, de Lima E Sa Resende F, Banchelli F. Effectiveness of global postural re-education in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain: randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2016;96(9):1408-1416.
229. Lauche R, Schuth M, Schwickert M, et al. Efficacy of the Alexander technique in treating chronic non-specific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2016;30(3):247-258.
230. Daenen L, Varkey E, Kellmann M, Nijs J. Exercise, not to exercise, or how to exercise in patients with chronic pain? Applying science to practice. Clin J Pain. 2015;31(2):108-114.
231. Vaegter HB. Exercising non-painful muscles can induce hypoalgesia in individuals with chronic pain. Scand J Pain. 2017;15:60-61.
232. Smith A, Rirchie C, Pedler A, McCamley K, Roberts K, Sterling M. Exercise induced hypoalgesia is elicited by isometric, but not aerobic exercise in individuals with chronic whiplash associated disorders. Scand J Pain. 2017;15:14-21.
233. Eccleston C, Crombez G. Worry and chronic pain: a misdirected problem solving model. Pain. 2007;132(3):233-236.
234. Richmond H, Hall AM, Copsey B, et al. The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral treatment for non-specific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134192.
235. Butler AC, Chapman JE, Forman EM, Beck AT. The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26(1):17-31.
236. Monticone M, Ambrosini E, Cedraschi C, et al. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain: a Cochrane review. Spine. 2015;40(19):1495-1504.
237. Shearer HM, Carroll LJ, Wong JJ, et al. Are psychological interventions effective for the management of neck pain and whiplash-associated disorders? A systematic review by the Ontatio Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Spine J. 2016;16(12):1566-1581.
238. Thompson DP, Oldham JA, Woby SR. Does adding cognitive-behavioral physiotherapy to exercise improve outcome in patients with chronic neck pain? A randomized controlled trial. Physiotherapy. 2016;102(2):170-177.
239. Monticone M, Ambrosini E, Vernon H, et al. Efficacy of two brief cognitive-behavioral rehabilitation programs for chronic neck pain: results of a randomized controlled pilot study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2018;54(6):890-899.
240. Moon TW, Posadzki P, Choi TY, et al. Acupuncture for treating whiplash associated disorder: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014:870271.
241. MacPherson H, Vertosick EA, Foster NE, et al. The persistence of the effects of acupuncture after a course of treatment: a meta-analysis of patients with chronic pain. Pain. 2017;158(5):784-793.
242. Cramer H, Klose P, Brinkhaus B, et al. Effects of yoga on chronic neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31(11):1457-1465.
243. Lauche R, Stumpe C, Fehr J, et al. The effects of tai chi and neck exercises in the treatment of chronic nonspecific neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain. 2016;17(9):1013-1027.
244. Jeitler M, Brunnhuber S, Meier L, et al. Effectiveness of jyoti meditation for patients with chronic neck pain and psychological distress: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Pain. 2015;16(1):77-86.
245. Stout A. Epidural steroid injections for cervical radiculopathy. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2011;22(1):149-159.
246. Stout A. Epidural steroid injections for low back pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2010;21(4):825-834.
247. Rathmell JP, Benzon HT, Dreyfuss P. Safeguards to prevent neurologic complications after epidural steroid injections: consensus opinions from a multidisciplinary working group and national organizations. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(5):974-984.
248. Gross AR, Peloso PM, Galway E, et al. Physician-delivered injection therapies for mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review update (non-oral, non-intravenous pharmacological interventions for neck pain). Open Orthop J. 2013;7:562-581.
249. Bicket MC, Gupta A, Brown CH, Cohen SP. Epidural injections for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the "control" injections in randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(4):907-931.
250. Kennedy DJ, Shokat M, Visco CJ. Sacroiliac joint and lumbar zygapophysial joint corticosteroid injections. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2010;21(4):835-842.
251. Mazin DA, Sullivan JP. Lumbar and sacral radiofrequency neurotomy. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2010;21(4):843-850.
252. Engel A, Rappard G, King W, Kennedy DJ, SIS. The effectiveness and risks of fluoroscopically-guided cervical medial branch thermal radiofrequency neurotomy: a systematic review with comprehensive analysis of the published data. Pain Med. 2016;17(4):658-669.
253. Helm li S, Simopoulos TT, Stojanovic M, Abdi S, El Terany MA. Effectiveness of thermal annular procedures in treating discogenic low back pain. Pain Physician. 2017;20(6):447-470.
254. Oken J, Foorsov V. Spinal Procedures. Available at https://now.aapmr.org/spinal-procedures. Last accessed August 23, 2022.
255. Willems PC. Provocative diskography: safety and predictive value in the outcome of spinal fusion or pain intervention for chronic low-back pain. J Pain Res. 2014;7:699-705.
256. Singh V, Benyamin RM, Datta S, Falco FJ, Helm S, Manchikanti L. Systematic review of percutaneous lumbar mechanical disc decompression utilizing decompressor. Pain Physician. 2009;12(3):589-599.
257. Momenzadeh S, Koosha A, Monfared MK, et al. The effect of percutaneous laser disc decompression on reducing pain and disability in patients with lumbar disc herniation. J Lasers Med Sci. 2019;10(1):29-32.
258. Lavelle W, Carl A, Lavelle ED, Khaleel MA. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007;25(4):913-928.
259. Friedly J, Standaert C, Chan L. Epidemiology of spine care: the back pain dilemma. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2010;21(4):659-677.
260. Hazzard MA, Huang KT, Toche UN, et al. Comparison of vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, and nonsurgical management of vertebral compression fractures and impact on US healthcare resource utilization. Asian Spine J. 2014;8(5):605-614.
261. Nicol AL, Wu II, Ferrante FM. Botulinum toxin type A injections for cervical and shoulder girdle myofascial pain using an enriched protocol design. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(6):1326-1335.
262. Zhou JY, Wang D. An update on botulinum toxin A injections of trigger points for myofascial pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(1):386.
263. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Botulinum Toxin A for Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness. Ottawa (ON): 2014.
264. Sandrini G, De Icco R, Tassorelli C, Smania N, Tamburin S. Botulinum neurotoxin type A for the treatment of pain: not just in migraine and trigeminal neuralgia. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):38.
265. Pezalla EJ, Rosen D, Erensen JG, Haddox JD, Mayne TJ. Secular trends in opioid prescribing in the USA. J Pain Res. 2017;10:383.
266. IQVIA Institute for Human Data Science. Prescription Opioid Trends in the United States: Measuring and Understanding Progress in the Opioid Crisis. Available at https://www.iqvia.com/insights/the-iqvia-institute/reports/prescription-opioid-trends-in-the-united-states. Last accessed October 1, 2022.
267. Hedegaard H, Miniño AM, Spencer MR, Warner M. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2020. NCHS Data Brief. 2021;428:1-7.
268. Ahmad FB, Rossen LM, Sutton P. Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm. Last accessed October 1, 2022.
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.