Works Cited
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.
1. Institute of Medicine Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR (eds). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2003.
2. Amodio DM. The social neuroscience of intergroup relations. Eur Rev Soc Psychol. 2008;19(1):1-54.
3. The Joint Commission, Division of Health Care Improvement. Quick Safety 23: Implicit Bias in Health Care. Available at https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/newsletters/quick-safety-issue-23-apr-2016-final-rev.pdf. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
4. Edgoose J, Quiogue M, Sidhar K. How to identify, understand, and unlearn implicit bias in patient care. Fam Pract Manag. 2019;26(4):29-33.
5. Georgetown University National Center for Cultural Competence. Conscious and Unconscious Biases in Health Care. Available at https://nccc.georgetown.edu/bias. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
6. FitzGerald C, Hurst S. Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC Med Ethics. 2017;18(1):19.
7. Blair IV, Steiner JF, Havranek EP. Unconscious (implicit) bias and health disparities: where do we go from here? Perm J. 2011;15(2):71-78.
8. Hall WJ, Chapman MV, Lee KM, et al. Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(12):e60-e76.
9. Matthew DB. Toward a structural theory of implicit racial and ethnic bias in health care. Health Matrix. 2015;5(1)61-85.
10. Baron AS, Banaji MR. The development of implicit attitudes: evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychol Sci. 2006;17(1):53-58.
11. Ogungbe O, Mitra AK, Roberts JK. A systematic review of implicit bias in health care: a call for intersectionality. IMC Journal of Medical Science. 2019;13(1):1-16.
12. Georgetown University National Center for Cultural Competence. What the Literature Is Telling Us. Available at https://nccc.georgetown.edu/bias/module-2/2.php. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
13. FitzGerald C, Martin A, Berner D, Hurst S. Interventions designed to reduce implicit prejudices and implicit stereotypes in real world contexts: a systematic review. BMC Psychol. 2019;7(1):29.
14. DeAngeles T. In Search of Cultural Competence. Available at https://www.apa.org/monitor/2015/03/cultural-competence. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
15. Lekas H-M, Pahl K, Lewis CF. Rethinking cultural competence: shifting to cultural humility. Health Services Insights. 2020;13:1178632920970580.
16. Velott D, Sprow FK. Toward health equity: mindfulness and cultural humility as adult education. New Directions for Adult & Continuing Education. 2019;161:57-66.
19. Essed P. Everyday Racism: Reports for Women of Two Cultures. Dutch ed. Claremont, CA: Hunter House; 1990.
20. Lum D. Culturally Competent Practice: A Framework for Understanding Diverse Groups and Justice Issues. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage; 2010.
21. Baker DL, Schmaling K, Fountain KC, Blume AW, Boose R. Defining diversity: a mixed-method analysis of terminology in faculty applications. The Social Science Journal. 2016;53(1):60-66.
22. Crenshaw K. Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Rev. 1991;43(6):1241-1299.
23. Diller JV. Cultural Diversity: A Primer for the Human Services. 5th ed. Stamford, CT: Cenage Learning; 2014.
24. Gasner B, McGuigan W. Racial prejudice in college students: a cross-sectional examination. College Student Journal. 2014;48(2):249-256.
26. Harawa NT, Ford CL. The foundation of modern racial categories and implications for research on Black/White disparities in health. Ethn Dis. 2009;19(2):209-217.
27. Ross JP. The indeterminacy of race: the dilemma of difference in medicine and health care. Soc Theory Health. 2016;15(1):1-24.
28. Okazaki S, Saw A. Culture in Asian American community psychology: beyond the East-West binary. Am J Community Psychol. 2011;47(1-2):144-156.
29. Wijeyesinghe CL, Griffin P, Love B. Racism-curriculum design. In: Adams M, Bell LA, Griffin P (eds). Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routlege; 2007: 123-144.
31. Gee G, Ford C. Structural racism and health inequities: old issues, new directions. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race. 2011;8(1):115-132.
32. Johnson TJ. Intersection of bias, structural racism, and social determinants with health care inequities. Pediatrics. 2020;146(2):e2020003657.
33. Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JLK. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74(6):1464-1480.
34. Blair IV, Steiner FJ, Fairclough DL, et. al. Clinicians implicit ethnic/racial bias and perceptions of care among Black and Latino patients. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(1):43-52.
35. Dehon E, Weiss N, Jones J, Faulconer W, Hinton E, Sterling S. A systematic review of the impact of physician implicit racial bias on clinical decision making. Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(8):895-904.
36. Lai CK, Wilson ME. Measuring implicit intergroup biases. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2020;15(1).
38. Forscher PS, Lai CK, Axt JR, et al. A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. J Per Soc Psychol. 2019;117(3): 522-559.
39. Nosek BA, Smyth FL, Hansen JJ, Devos T, Lindner NM, Ranganath KA. Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. Eur Rev Soc Psychol. 2007;18:36-88.
40. Morin R. Exploring Racial Bias Among Biracial and Single-Race Adults: The IAT. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/08/19/exploring-racial-bias-among-biracial-and-single-race-adults-the-iat. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
41. Bertrand M, Mullainathan S. Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. Am Econ Rev. 2004;94:991-1013.
42. Hansen M, Schoonover A, Skarica B, Harrod T, Bahr N, Guise J-M. Implicit gender bias among US resident physicians. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1):396.
43. Phelan SM, Dovidio JF, Puhl RM, et al. Implicit and explicit weight bias in a national sample of 4,732 medical students: the medical student changes study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(4):1201-1208.
44. Johnson TJ, Hickey RW, Switzer GE, et al. The impact of cognitive stressors in the emergency department on physician implicit racial bias. Acad Emerg Med. 2016;23(3):297-305.
45. National Center for States Courts. Strategies to Reduce the Influence of Implicit Bias. Available at https://horsley.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/IB_Strategies_033012.pdf. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
46. Greenwald AG, Banaji MR. Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review. 1995;102(1): 4-27.
47. Lucas HD, Creery JD, Hu X, Paller KA. Grappling with implicit social bias: a perspective from memory research. Neuroscience. 2019;406:684-697.
48. Gawronski B. Six lessons for a cogent science of implicit bias and its criticism. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2019;14(4):574-595.
49. Aronson E. Social cognition. In: Aronson E (ed). Social Animal. New York, NY: Worth Publishers; 2008: 117-180.
50. Roche JM, Arnold HS, Ferguson AM. Social judgments of digitally manipulated stuttered speech: cognitive heuristics drive implicit and explicit bias. J Speech, Lang Hear Res. 2020;63(10):3443-3452.
51. Kempf A. If we are going to talk about implicit race bias, we need to talk about structural racism: moving beyond ubiquity inevitability in teaching and learning about race. The Journal of Culture and Education. 2020;19(2):50.
52. De Houwer J. Implicit bias is behavior: a functional-cognitive perspective on implicit bias. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2019;14(5):835-840.
53. De Houwer J. What is Implicit Bias? Available at https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/spontaneous-thoughts/201910/what-is-implicit-bias. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
54. Staats C. State of the Science: Implicit Bias Review, 2014. Available at https://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/research/2014-state-science-implicit-bias-review. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
55. Reihl KM, Hurley RA, Taber KH. Neurobiology of implicit and explicit bias: implications for clinicians. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;27(4):248-253.
57. Penner LA, Hagiwara N, Eggly S, Gaertner SL, Albrecht TL, Dovidio JF. Racial healthcare disparities: a social psychological analysis. Eur Rev Soc Psychol. 2013;24(1):70-122.
58. Wong Y-LR, Vinsky J. Beyond implicit bias: embodied cognition, mindfulness, and critical reflective practice in social work. Australian Social Work. 2021;74(2):186-197.
59. Castillo EG, Isom J, DeBonis KL, Jordan A, Braslow JT, Rohrbaugh R. Reconsidering systems-based practice: advancing structural competency, health equity, and social responsibility in graduate medical education. Acad Med. 2020;95(12):1817-1822.
60. Dehlendorf C, Bryant AS, Huddleston HG, Jacoby VL, Fujimoto VY. Health disparities: definitions and measurements. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(3):212-213.
61. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Disparities Among Youth. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/disparities/index.htm. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
62. Healthy People 2030. Questions and Answers. Available at https://health.gov/our-work/national-health-initiatives/healthy-people/healthy-people-2030/questions-answers#q9. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
63. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus15.pdf. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
64. National Center for Health Statistics. Life Expectancy. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/life-expectancy.htm. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
65. Roth LM, Henley MM. Unequal motherhood: racial-ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in cesarean sections in the United States. Social Problems. 2012;59(2):207-227.
66. Sagynbekov K. Gender-Based Health Disparities: A State-Level Study of the American Adult Population. Available at https://milkeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/reports-pdf/103017-Gender-BasedHealthDisparities.pdf. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
67. Pharr JR, Kachen A, Cross C. Health disparities among sexual gender minority women in the United States: a population-based study. Journal of Community Health. 2019;44(4):721-728.
68. Haines KL, Zens T, Beems M, Rauh R, Jung HS, Agarwal S. Socioeconomic disparities in the thoracic trauma population. J Surg Res. 2018;224:160-165.
69. Chapman EN, Kaatz A, Carnes M. Physicians and implicit bias: how doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities.J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(11):1504-1510.
70. Green AR, Carney DR, Pallin DJ, et al. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for Black and White patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(9):1231-1238.
71. Hagiwara N, Penner LA, Gonzalez R, et. al. Racial attitudes, physician-patient talk time ratio, and adherence in racially discordant medical interactions. Soc Sci Med. 2013;87:123-131.
72. Cooper LA, Roter DL, Carson KA, et al. The associations of clinicians' implicit attitudes about race with medical visit communication and patient ratings of interpersonal care. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(5):979-987.
73. Gonzalez CM, Deno ML, Kintzer E, Marantz PR, Lypson ML, McKee MD. Patient perspectives on racial and ethnic implicit bias in clinical encounters: implications for curriculum development. Patient Education & Counseling. 2018;101(9):1669-1675.
74. Teal CR, Gill AC, Green AR, Crandall S. Helping medical learners recognize and manage unconscious bias toward certain patient groups. Med Educ. 2012;46(1):80-88.
75. Bennett MJ. A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. Int J Intercult Relat. 1986;10(2):179-196.
76. Lain EC. Racialized interactions in the law school classroom: pedagogical approaches to creating a safe learning environment.J Legal Educ. 2018;67(3):780-801.
77. Sukhera J, Watling CA. A framework for integrating implicit bias recognition into health professions education. Acad Med. 2018;93(1):35-40.
78. Bennett CJ, Dielmann KM. Weaving the threat of implicit bias through health administration curricula to overcome gender disparities in the workforce. J Health Adm Educ. 2017:34(2): 277-294.
79. Sukhera J, Wodzinski M, Rehman M, Gonzalez CM. The Implicit Association Test in health professions education: a meta-narrative review.Perspect Med Educ. 2019;8(5):267-275.
80. Johnson R, Richard-Eaglin A. Combining SOAP notes with guided reflection to address implicit bias in health care. J Nurs Educ. 2020;59(1):59-59.
81. Zestcott CA, Blair IV, Stone J. Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: a narrative review. Group Process Intergroup Relat. 2016;19(4):528-542.
82. Devine PG, Forscher PS, Austin AJ, Cox WT. Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: a prejudice habit-breaking intervention.J Exp Soc Psychol. 2012;48(6):267-1278.
83. Todd AR, Bodenhausen GV, Richeson JA, Galinsky AD. Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011;100(6):1027-1042.
84. Drwecki BB, Moore CF, Ward SE, Prkachin KM. Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: the role of empathy and perspective-taking. Pain. 2011;152(5):1001-1006.
85. Whitford DK, Emerson AM. Empathy intervention to reduce implicit bias in pre-service teachers. Psychol Rep. 2019;122(2):670-688.
86. Mayo Clinic. Consumer Health: Mindfulness Exercises. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/mindfulness-exercises/art-20046356. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
87. Narayan MC. Addressing implicit bias in nursing: a review. American Journal of Nursing. 2019;119(7):36-43.
88. Goldstein E. The STOP Practice. Available at https://mindfulnessnorthwest.com/resources/Documents/Handouts/STOP%20practice%20handout.pdf. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
89. Burgess DJ, Beach MC, Saha S. Mindfulness practice: a promising approach to reducing the effects of clinician implicit bias on patients. Patient Educ Couns. 2017;100(2):372-376.
90. Kang Y, Gray JR, Dovidio JF. The nondiscriminating heart: lovingkindness meditation training decreases implicit intergroup bias.J Exp Psychol Gen. 2014;143(3):1306-1313.
91. Tang Y-Y, Hölzel BK, Posner MI. The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015;16(4):213-225.
92. Blair IV, Ma JE, Lenton AP. Imagining stereotypes away: the moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001;81(5):828-841.
93. Dasgupta N, Asgari, S. Seeing is Believing: exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2004;40(5):642–658.
94. National Center for States Courts. Addressing Implicit Bias in the Courts. Available at https://www.nccourts.gov/assets/inline-files/public-trust-12-15-15-IB_Summary_033012.pdf?q_DMMIVv0v_eDJUa1ADxtw59Zt_svPgl. Last accessed January 15, 2024.
95. Applebaum B. Remediating campus climate: implicit bias training is not enough. Studies in Philosophy & Education. 2019;38(2): 129-141.
96. Byrne A, Tanesini A. Instilling new habits: addressing implicit bias in healthcare professionals. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2015;20(5):1255-1262.
97. D'Amour D, Oandasan I. Interprofessionality as the field of interprofessional practice and interprofessional education: an emerging concept. J Interprof Care. 2005;(Suppl 1):8-20.
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.