Works Cited
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.
1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2022. Available at https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2022/2022-cancer-facts-and-figures.pdf. Last accessed January 15, 2022.
2. Skin Cancer Foundation. Skin Cancer Facts. Available at https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts. Last accessed January 15, 2022.
3. Eide MJ, Krajenta R, Johnson D, et al. Identification of patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer using health maintenance organization claims data. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171(1):123-128.
4. Edwards BK, Noone AM, Mariotto AB, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2014, featuring survival.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(9):1-22.
5. Stern RS. Prevalence of a history of skin cancer in 2007: results of an incidence-based model. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(3):279-82.
6. American Academy of Dermatology. Skin Cancer. Available at https://www.aad.org/media/stats/conditions/skin-cancer. Last accessed January 15, 2022.
7. Jerant AF, Johnson JT, Sheridan CD, Caffrey TJ. Early detection and treatment of skin cancer. Am Fam Phys. 2000;62(2):357-368.
8. Bader RS, Kennedy AS, Santacroce L, Diomede L. Basal Cell Carcinoma. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-overview. Last accessed January 15, 2022.
9. Walter J. Cancer of the skin. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2012.
10. National Cancer Institute. Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ). Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/kaposi-treatment-pdq. Last accessed January 15, 2022.
11. Dinh V, Feun L, Elgart G, Savaraj N. Merkel cell carcinomas. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 2007;21(3):527-544.
12. Agni M, Shea CR, Prieto VG. Dermatologic Manifestations of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1100917-overview. Last accessed January 15, 2022.
13. Paulson KG, Park SY, Vandeven NA, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: current U.S. incidence and projected increases based on changing demographics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(3):457-463.
14. National Cancer Institute. Merkel Cell Carcinoma Treatment (PDQ). Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/merkel-cell-treatment-pdq. Last accessed January 15, 2022.
15. Lewis KG, Weinstock MA, Weaver AL, Otley CC. Adjuvant local irradiation for Merkel cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(6):693-700.
16. Scotto J, Kopf AW, Urbach F. Non-melanoma skin cancer among Caucasians in four areas of the United States. Cancer. 1974;34(4):1333-1338.
17. Arora A, Attwood J. Common skin cancers and their precursors. Surg Clin N Am. 2009;89(3):703-712.
18. Skin Cancer Foundation. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Causes and Risk Factors. Available at https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/squamous-cell-carcinoma/scc-causes-and-risk-factors. Last accessed January 17, 2022.
19. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Melanoma of the Skin: Recent Trends in SEER Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates, 2000–2018. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/application.html. Last accessed January 17, 2022.
20. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Melanoma of the Skin: SEER Incidence Rates by Age at Diagnosis, 2014–2018. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/application.html?site=53&data_type=1&graph_type=3&compareBy=sex&chk_sex_3=3&chk_sex_2=2&rate_type=1&race=1&advopt_precision=1. Last accessed January 17, 2022.
21. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer Stat Facts: Who Gets This Cancer? Available at http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/melan.html. Last accessed January 17, 2022.
22. National Cancer Institute National Childhood Cancer Registry Explorer. Melanomas: 5-Year Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates, 2014-2018. Available at https://nccrexplorer.ccdi.cancer.gov/application.html?site=1104&data_type=1&graph_type=10&compareBy=sex&chk_sex_1=1&chk_sex_3=3&chk_sex_2=2&series=9&race=1&age_range=1&advopt_precision=1&advopt_show_ci=on. Last accessed January 18, 2022.
23. American Cancer Society. Key Statistics for Melanoma Skin Cancer. Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/melanoma-skin-cancer/about/key-statistics.html. Last accessed January 18, 2022.
24. Hu S, Soza-Vento RM, Parker DF, Kirsner RS. Comparison of stage at diagnosis of melanoma among Hispanic, black, and white patients in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(6):704-708.
25. Brenner M, Hearing VJ. The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin. Photochem Photobiol. 2008;84(3): 539-549.
26. Montagna W, Carlisle K. The architecture of black and white facial skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24(6 pt 1):929-937.
27. Battie C, Gohara M, Verschoore M, Roberts W. Skin cancer in skin of color: an update on current facts, trends, and misconceptions. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(2):194-198.
29. Edwards BK, Ward E, Eheman C, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2006, featuring colorectal cancer trends and impact of interventions (risk factors, screening, and treatment) to reduce future rates. Cancer. 2010;116(3):544-573.
31. Karagas MR, Nelson HH, Sehr P, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and incidence of squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas of the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(6):389-395.
32. Yoon J, Roenigk RK. Skin cancers. In: Lang RS, Hensrud DD. Clinical Preventive Medicine. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association Press; 2004: 561-570.
34. Perkins JL, Liu Y, Mitby PA, et al. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(16):3733-3741.
35. Kricker A, Armstrong BK, English DR. Sun exposure and non-melanocytic skin cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 1994;5(4):367-392.
36. National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program. Browse the SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2015. Risk of Developing/Dying: Table 16.12: Melanoma of the Skin (Invasive). Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015/browse_csr.php?sectionSEL=16&pageSEL=sect_16_table.12. Last accessed January 18, 2022.
38. Saiyed FK, Hamilton EC, Austin MT. Pediatric melanoma: incidence, treatment, and prognosis. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2017;8:39-45.
39. Christenson LJ, Borrowman TA, Vachon CM, et al. Incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas in a population younger than 40 years. JAMA. 2005;294(6):681-690.
40. Moore MM, Geller AC, Zhang Z, et al. Skin cancer examination teaching in US medical education. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(4):439-444.
41. National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program. Browse the SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2015. Relative Survival (Percent) by Year of Diagnosis, All Races, Males and Females: Table 16.9: Melanoma of the Skin (Invasive). Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015/browse_csr.php?sectionSEL=16&pageSEL=sect_16_table.09. Last accessed January 19, 2022.
42. Karia PS, Han J, Schmults CD. Cutaneous cell carcinoma: estimated incidence of disease, nodal metastasis, and deaths from disease in the United States, 2012. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(6):957-966.
43. National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program. Browse the SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2015. Age-Adjusted Rates and Trends by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, 2011–2015: Table 16.15. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015/browse_csr.php?sectionSEL=16&pageSEL=sect_16_table.15. Last accessed January 19, 2022.
44. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program. 15th Report on Carcinogens. Available at https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/assessments/cancer/roc/index.html. Last accessed January 21, 2022.
45. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General; 2014.
46. Qureshi AA, Laden F, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ. Geographic variation and risk of skin cancer in U.S. women: differences between melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(5):501-507.
47. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59(4):225-249.
48. Wu S, Han J, Vleugels RA, et al. Cumulative ultraviolet radiation flux in adulthood and risk of incident skin cancers in women.Br J Cancer. 2014;110:1855-1861.
49. Rigel DS. Cutaneous ultraviolet exposure and its relationship to the development of skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(5):S129-S132.
50. Neale RE, Barnes PW, Robson TM, et al. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2021;20(1):1-67.
51. Godar DE, Urbach F, Gasparro FP, van der Leun JC. UV doses of young adults. Photochem Photobiol. 2003;77(4):453-457.
52. Green AC, Wallingford SC, McBride P. Childhood exposure to ultraviolet radiation and harmful skin effects: epidemiological evidence. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2011;107(3):349-355.
53. Kricker A, Armstrong BK, English DR, Heenan PJ. Does intermittent sun exposure cause basal cell carcinoma? A case-control study in Western Australia. Int J Cancer. 1995;60(4):489-494.
54. Zanetti R, Rosso S, Martinez C, et al. Comparison of risk patterns in carcinoma and melanoma of the skin in men: a multi-centre case-case-control study. Br J Cancer. 2006;94(5):743-751.
55. Claerhout S, Van Laethem A, Agostinis P, Garmyn M. Pathways involved in sunburn cell formation: deregulation in skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2006;5(2):199-207.
56. Chen YC, Christiani DC, Su HJ, et al. Early-life or lifetime sun exposure, sun reaction, and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma in an Asian population. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(5):771-776.
57. Beitner H, Norell SE, Ringborg U, Wennersten G, Mattson B. Malignant melanoma: aetiological importance of individual pigmentation and sun exposure. Br J Dermatol. 1990;122(1):43-51.
58. Holly EA, Aston DA, Cress RD, Ahn DK, Kristiansen JJ. Cutaneous melanoma in women. I. Exposure to sunlight, ability to tan, and other risk factors related to ultraviolet light. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141(10):923-933.
59. Osterlind A, Tucker MA, Stone BJ, Jensen OM. The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. II. Importance of ultraviolet-light exposure. Int J Cancer. 1988;42(3):319-324.
60. Ródenas JM, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Herranz MT, Tercedor J, Serrano S. Sun exposure, pigmentary traits, and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a case-control study in a Mediterranean population. Cancer Causes Control. 1996;7(2):275-283.
61. Wolf P, Quehenberger F, Müllegger R, Stranz B, Kerl H. Phenotypic markers, sunlight-related factors and sunscreen use in patients with cutaneous melanoma: an Austrian case-control study. Melanoma Res. 1998;8(4):370-378.
62. Espinosa Arranz J, Sanchez Hernandez JJ, Bravo Fernandez P, et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and sun exposure in Spain. Melanoma Res. 1999;9(2):199-205.
63. Whiteman DC, Stickley M, Watt P, Hughes MC, Davis MB, Green AC. Anatomic site, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(19):3172-3177.
64. Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma. II. Sun exposure. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41(1):45-60.
65. Lew RA, Sober AJ, Cook N, Marvell R, Fitzpatrick TB. Sun exposure habits in patients with cutaneous melanoma: a case control study. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1983;9(12):981-986.
66. Pfahlberg A, Kölmel KF, Gefeller O, Febim Study Group. Timing of excessive ultraviolet radiation and melanoma: epidemiology does not support the existence of a critical period of high susceptibility to solar ultraviolet radiation-induced melanoma.Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(3):471-475.
67. Levine JA, Sorace M, Spencer J, Siegel DM. The indoor UV tanning industry: a review of skin cancer risk, health benefit claims, and regulation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(6):1038-1044.
68. Guy GP, Berkowitz Z, Everett Jones S, Watson M, Richardson LC. Prevalence of indoor tanning and association with sunburn among youth in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(5):387-390.
69. Guy GP Jr, Watson M, Seidenberg AB, Hartman AM, Perna F. Trends in indoor tanning and its association with sunburn among U.S. adults. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(6):1191-1193.
70. Schulman JM, Fisher DE. Indoor ultraviolet tanning and skin cancer: health risks and opportunities. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21(2):144-149.
71. National Conference of State Legislatures. Indoor Tanning Restrictions for Minors: A State-By-State Comparison. Available at http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/indoor-tanning-restrictions.aspx. Last accessed January 21, 2022.
72. Mayer JE. The window of opportunity for indoor tanning legislation. Transl Behav Med. 2014;4(4):434-435.
73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Skin Cancer Prevention Progress Report 2018. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.
74. Sexton M, Jones DB, Maloney ME. Histologic pattern analysis of basal cell carcinoma: study of a series of 1039 consecutive neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23(6 pt 1):1118-1126.
76. Stulberg DL, Crandell B, Fawcett RS. Diagnosis and treatment of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Am Fam Phys. 2004;70(8):1481-1488.
78. Cassarino DS, Derienzo DP, Barr RJ. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a comprehensive clinicopathologic classification: part one. J Cutan Pathol. 2006;33(3):191-206.
79. Wagner RF Jr, Wagner D, Tomich JM, Wagner KD, Grande DJ. Diagnosis of skin disease: dermatologists vs. nondermatologists. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1985;11(5):476-479.
80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics: Ambulatory Care Use and Physician Office Visits. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/physician-visits.htm. Last accessed January 22, 2022.
81. Geller AC, O'Riordan DL, Oliveria SA, Valvo S, Teich M, Halpern AC. Overcoming obstacles to skin cancer examinations and prevention counseling for high-risk patients: results of a national survey of primary care physicians. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004;17(6):416-423.
82. American Academy of Family Physicians. Family Medicine Facts. Table 12: Clinical Procedures Performed by Physicians at their Practice. Available at https://www.aafp.org/about/dive-into-family-medicine/family-medicine-facts/table12.html. Last accessed January 22, 2022.
83. Schwartz JL, Wang TS, Hamilton TA, Lowe L, Sondak VK, Johnson TM. Thin primary cutaneous melanomas: associated detection patterns, lesion characteristics, and patient characteristics. Cancer. 2002;95(7):1562-1568.
84. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Squamous Cell Skin Cancer. V.1.2022. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/squamous.pdf. Last accessed January 22, 2022.
85. Argenziano G, Soyer HP. Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: a valuable tool for early diagnosis of melanoma. Lancet Oncol. 2001;2(7):443-449.
86. Argenziano G, Soyer HP, Chimenti S, et al. Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the Internet. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(5):679-693.
87. Carli P, de Giorgi V, Chiarugi A, et al. Addition of dermoscopy to conventional naked-eye examination in melanoma screening: a randomized study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50(5):683-689.
88. Carli P, De Giorgi V, Crocetti E, et al. Improvement of malignant/benign ratio in excised melanocytic lesions in the "dermoscopy era:" a retrospective study 1997–2001. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150(4):687-692.
89. Argenziano G, Puig S, Zalaudek I, et al. Dermoscopy improves accuracy of primary care physicians to triage lesions suggestive of skin cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(12):1877-1882.
90. Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(2):401-407.
91. Benedetto AV, Benedetto EA, Griffin TD. Basal cell carcinoma presenting as a large pore. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(5):727-732.
92. Gold MH, Nestor MS. Current treatments of actinic keratosis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5(2 suppl):17-25.
93. Swetter SM, Tsao H, Bichakjian CK, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of primary cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(1):208-250.
94. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, et al. (eds). AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2017.
95. Smeets NW, Krekels GA, Ostertag JU, et al. Surgical excision vs. Mohs' micrographic surgery for basal-cell carcinoma of the face: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9447):1766-1772.
96. Bath FJ, Bong J, Perkins W, Williams HC. Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD003412.
97. Essers BA, Dirksen CD, Nieman FH, et al. Cost-effectiveness of Mohs micrographic surgery vs. surgical excision for basal cell carcinoma of the face. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(2):187-194.
98. Nestor MS, Gold MH, Kauvar AN, et al. The use of photodynamic therapy in dermatology: results of a consensus conference. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5(2):140-154.
99. Braathen LR, Szeimies RM, Basset-Seguin N, et al. Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: an international consensus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(1):125-143.
100. Rhodes AR, Weinstock MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Mihm MC Jr, Sober AJ. Risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: a practical method of recognizing predisposed individuals. JAMA. 1987;258(21):3146-3154.
101. Bader RS. Basal Cell Carcinoma Treatment and Management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/276624-treatment. Last accessed January 22, 2022.
102. Bath-Hextall F, Bong J, Perkins W, Williams H. Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin: systematic review. BMJ. 2004;329(7468):705.
103. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Basal Cell Skin Cancer. V.1.2022. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nmsc.pdf. Last accessed January 22, 2022.
104. Tierney EP, Hanke CW. Cost effectiveness of Mohs micrographic surgery: review of the literature. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(10): 914-922.
105. Fink-Puches R, Soyer HP, Hofer A, Kerl H, Wolf P. Long-term follow-up and histological changes of superficial nonmelanoma skin cancers treated with topical delta-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(7):821-826.
106. Marmur ES, Schmults CD, Goldberg DJ. A review of laser and photodynamic therapy for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(2 pt. 2):264-271.
107. Robinson JK. Follow-up and prevention (basal cell). In: Miller SJ, Maloney ME (eds). Cutaneous Oncology Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell; 1998: 695-698.
108. Bain J. More than One? Available at https://www.skincancer.org/prevention/are-you-at-risk/more-than-one. Last accessed January 23, 2022.
109. Marghoob AA, Slade J, Salopek TG, Kopf AW, Bart RS, Rigel DS. Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas are important risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma: screening implications. Cancer. 1995;75(2 suppl):707-714.
110. Shin DM, Maloney ME, Lippman SM. Follow-up and prevention (squamous cell carcinoma). In: Miller SJ, Maloney ME (eds). Cutaneous Oncology Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell; 1998.
111. Goldberg MS, Doucette JT, Lim HW, Spencer J, Carucci JA, Rigel DS. Risk factors for presumptive melanoma in skin cancer screening: American Academy of Dermatology National Melanoma/Skin Cancer Screening Program experience, 2001–2005.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57(1):60-66.
112. Hsu MY, Meier F, Herlyn M. Melanoma development and progression: a conspiracy between tumor and host. Differentiation. 2002;70(9-10):522-536.
113. Cho E, Rosner BA, Colditz GA. Risk factors for melanoma by body site. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(5):1241-1244.
114. Caini S, Gandini S, Sera F, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma according to anatomical site and clinico-pathological variant. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(17):3054-3063.
115. Ivry GB, Ogle CA, Shim EK. Role of sun exposure in melanoma. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32(4):481-492.
116. National Cancer Institute. Common Moles, Dysplastic Nevi, and Risk of Melanoma. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/moles-fact-sheet. Last accessed January 23, 2022.
117. Titus-Ernstoff L, Perry AE, Spencer SK, et al. Multiple primary melanoma: two-year results from a population-based study. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(4):433-438.
118. Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: I. Common and atypical naevi. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41(1):28-44.
119. National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program. Contents of the SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2012. Age Distribution at Diagnosis. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2012/results_merged/topic_age_dist.pdf. Last accessed January 23, 2022.
120. McKenna JK, Florell SR, Goldman GD, Bowen GM. Lentigo maligna/lentigo maligna melanoma: current state of diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32(4):493-504.
121. Brady MS, Oliveria SA, Christos PJ, et al. Patterns of detection in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Cancer. 2000;89(2):342-347.
122. Terushkin V, Halpern AC. Melanoma early detection. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 2009;23(3):481-500.
123. Chamberlain AJ, Fritschi L, Kelly JW. Nodular melanoma: patients' perceptions of presenting features and implications for early detection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(5):694-701.
124. Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Kopf AW. Early detection of malignant melanoma: the role of the physician examination and self-examination of the skin. CA Cancer J Clin. 1985;35(3):130-151.
125. Melanoma Research Foundation. What Melanoma Looks Like. Available at https://melanoma.org/melanoma-education/what-melanoma-looks-like/. Last accessed January 23, 2022.
126. Grin CM, Kopf AW, Welkovich B, Bart RS, Levenstein MJ. Accuracy in the clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 1990;126(6):763-766.
127. Shoo BA, Kashani-Sabet M. Melanoma arising in African-, Asian-, Latino-and Native-American populations. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2009;28(2):96-102.
128. Cormier JN, Xing Y, Ding M, et al. Ethnic differences among patients with cutaneous melanoma. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(17):1907-1914.
129. Bergfelt L, Newell GR, Sider JG, Kripke ML. Incidence and anatomic distribution of cutaneous melanoma among United States Hispanics. J Surg Oncol. 1989;40(4):222-226.
130. National Cancer Institute. Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment (PDQ). Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/hp/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq. Last accessed January 23, 2022.
131. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg. 1970;172(5):902-908.
132. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Cutaneous Melanoma. V.2.2022. Available at https:/www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/cutaneous_melanoma.pdf. Last accessed January 28, 2022.
133. Jost LM, Jelic S, Purkalne G, ESMO Guidelines Task Force. ESMO minimum clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Ann Oncol. 2005;16(suppl 1):i66-i68.
134. Skin Cancer Foundation. After a Transplant: New Dangers. Available at https://www.skincancer.org/blog/after-a-transplant-new-dangers/. Last accessed January 18, 2022.
135. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Atkins MB, et al. An evidence-based staging system for cutaneous melanoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004;54(3):131-149.
136. Schmalbach CE, Bradford CR. Is sentinel lymph node biopsy the standard of care for cutaneous head and neck melanoma? Laryngoscope. 2015;125(1):153-160.
137. Phan GQ, Messina JL, Sondak VK, Zager JS. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: indications and rationale. Cancer Control. 2009;16(3):234-239.
138. Larsen AK, Jensen MB, Krag C. Long-term survival after metastatic childhood melanoma. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2014;2(6):e163.
139. Sladden MJ, Balch C, Barzilai DA, et al. Surgical excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD004835.
140. Kavanagh D, Hill AD, Djikstra B, Kennelly R, McDermott EM, O'Higgins NJ. Adjuvant therapies in the treatment of stage II and III malignant melanoma. Surgeon. 2005;3(4):245-256.
142. Anaya DA, Xing Y, Feng L, et al. Adjuvant high-dose inferferon for cutaneous melanoma is most beneficial for patients with early stage III disease. Cancer. 2008;112(9):2030-2037.
143. Mocellin S, Pasquali S, Rossi CR, Nitti D. Interferon alpha adjuvant therapy in patients with high-risk melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(7):493-501.
144. Ascierto PA, Scala S, Ottaiano A, et al. Adjuvant treatment of malignant melanoma: where are we? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;57(1):45-52.
145. Dixon S, Walters SJ, Turner L, Hancock BW. Quality of life and cost-effectiveness of interferon-alpha in malignant melanoma: results from randomised trial. Br J Cancer. 2006;94(4):492-498.
146. Tarhini AA, Agarwala SS. Novel agents in development for the treatment of melanoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2005;14(7):885-892.
147. Tarhini AA, Agarwala SS. Interleukin-2 for the treatment of melanoma. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2005;6(12):1234-1239.
148. Atallah E, Flaherty L. Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2005;6(3):185-193.
149. American Cancer Society. Treatment of Melanoma Skin Cancer by Stage. Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/melanoma-skin-cancer/treating/by-stage.html. Last accessed January 26, 2022.
150. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Dabrafenib Plus Trametinib for Adjuvant Treatment of Melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K Mutations. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-dabrafenib-plus-trametinib-adjuvant-treatment-melanoma-braf-v600e-or-v600k-mutations. Last accessed January 26, 2022.
151. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Hematology/Oncology (Cancer) Approvals & Safety Notifications. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/oncology-cancer-hematologic-malignancies-approval-notifications?t=529865. Last accessed January 26, 2022.
152. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Ipilimumab. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/125377s087lbl.pdf. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
153. Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(8):711-723.
154. Lexicomp Online. Available at http://online.lexi.com. Last accessed January 22, 2022.
155. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Vemurafenib. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/202429s012lbl.pdf. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
156. Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2507-2516.
157. Raedler LA. Keytruda (Pembrolizumab): First PD-1 inhibitor approved for previously treated unresectable or metastatic melanoma. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2015;8(Spec Feature):96-100.
158. Green AC, Williams GM, Logan V, Strutton GM. Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(3):257-263.
159. McMasters KM, Wong SL, Edwards MJ, et al. Factors that predict the presence of sentinel lymph node metastasis in patients with melanoma. Surgery. 2001;130(2):151-156.
160. Lens MB, Dawes M, Newton-Bishop JA, Goodacre T. Tumour thickness as a predictor of occult lymph node metastases in patients with stage I and II melanoma undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy. Br J Surg. 2002;89(10):1223-1227.
161. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ, et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(13):1307-1317.
162. Wong SL, Morton DL, Thompson JF, et al. Melanoma patients with positive sentinel nodes who did not undergo completion lymphadenectomy: a multi-institutional study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13(6):809-816.
163. Wong SL, Faries MB, Kennedy EB, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy and management of regional lymph nodes in melanoma: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Society of Surgical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(4):399-413.
164. Scott JD, McKinley BP, Bishop A, Trocha SD. Treatment and outcomes of melanoma with a Breslow's depth greater than or equal to one millimeter in a regional teaching hospital. Am Surg. 2005;71(3):198-201.
165. Cormier JN, Xing Y, Ding M, et al. Population-based assessment of surgical treatment trends for patients with melanoma in the era of sentinel lymph node biopsy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(25):6054-6062.
166. Bilimoria KY, Balch CM, Bentrem DJ, et al. Complete lymph node dissection for sentinel node-positive melanoma: assessment of practice patterns in the United States. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15(6):1566-1576.
167. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer Stat Facts: Melanoma of the Skin. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/melan.html. Last accessed February 7, 2022.
168. LeBlanc WG, Vidal L, Kirsner RS et al. Reported skin cancer screening of U.S. adult workers. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(1): 55-63.
169. Lakhani NA, Saraiya M, Thompson TD, King SC, Guy GP Jr. Total body skin examination for skin cancer screening among U.S. adults from 2000 to 2010. Prev Med. 2014;61:75-80.
170. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for skin cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;316(4):429-435.
171. Sanchez G, Nova J, Rodriguez-Hernandez A, et al. Sun protection for preventing basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7.
172. National Cancer Institute. Skin Cancer (Including Melanoma). Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
173. American Academy of Family Physicians. AAFP Policy Action: Summary of Recommendations for Clinical Preventive Services, 2017. Available at https://www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/patient_care/clinical_recommendations/cps-recommendations.pdf. Last accessed February 8, 2022.
174. Skin Cancer Foundation. Basal Cell Carcinoma Warning Signs: Early Detection Best Practices. Available at https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/bcc-warning-signs-images. Last accessed February 8, 2022.
175. Watts CG, Drummond M, Goumas C, et al. Sunscreen use and melanoma risk among young Australian adults. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(9):1001-1009.
176. Wernli KJ, Henrikson NB, Morrison CC, Nguyen M, Pocobelli G, Whitlock EP. Screening for Skin Cancer in Adults: An Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2016.
177. American Academy of Dermatology. Skin Cancer Screening Program. Available at https://www.aad.org/public/public-health/skin-cancer-screenings. Last accessed February 8, 2022.
178. American Cancer Society. Skin Cancer Prevention and Early Detection. Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/skin-cancer/prevention-and-early-detection.html. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
179. Kantor J, Kantor DE. Routine dermatologist-performed full-body skin examination and early melanoma detection. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(8):873-876.
180. Aitken JF, Elwood M, Baade PD, Youl P, English D. Clinical whole-body skin examination reduces the incidence of thick melanomas. Int J Cancer. 2010;126(2):450-458.
181. Geller AC, Miller DR, Swetter SM, Demierre MF, Gilchrest BA. A call for the development and implementation of a targeted national melanoma screening program. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(4):504-507.
182. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Behavioral counseling to prevent skin cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018; 319(11):1134-1142.
183. Cancer Trends Progress Report. Prevention. UV Exposure and Sun Protective Practices. Available at https://www.progressreport.cancer.gov/prevention/sun_protection. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
184. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Skin Cancer. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
185. Skin Cancer Foundation. Prevention Guidelines. Available at https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-prevention/. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
186. National Cancer Institute. Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS): Skin Protection. Available at https://hints.cancer.gov/docs/Briefs/HINTS_Brief_6_051607.pdf. Last accessed February 8, 2022.
187. Wheless L, Ruczinski I, Alani RM, et al. The association between skin characteristics and skin cancer prevention behaviors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(10):2613-2619.
188. Cancer Trends Progress Report. Sunburn. Available at https://progressreport.cancer.gov/prevention/sunburn. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
189. Holman DM, Ding H, Guy GP Jr, et al. Prevalence of sun protection use and sunburn and association of demographic behavioral characteristics with sunburn among U.S. adults. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(5):561-568.
190. Dennis LK, Beane Freeman LE, VanBeek MJ. Sunscreen use and the risk for melanoma: a quantitative review. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(12):966-978.
191. Autier P, Doré JF, Schifflers E, et al. Melanoma and use of sunscreens: an EORTC case-control study in Germany, Belgium and France: the EORTC melanoma cooperative group. Int J Cancer. 1995;61(6):749-755.
192. Green A, Williams G, Neale R, et al. Daily sunscreen application and beta carotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9180):723-729.
193. Dupuy A, Dunant A, Grob JJ, Réseau d'Epidémiologie en Dermatologie. Randomized controlled trial testing the impact of high-protection sunscreens on sun-exposure behavior. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141(8):950-956.
194. Wright MW, Wright ST, Wagner RF. Mechanisms of sunscreen failure. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(5):781-784.
195. Wesson KM, Silverberg NB. Sun protection education in the United States: what we know and what needs to be taught. Cutis. 2003;71(1):71-74, 77.
196. Geller AC, Brooks DR, Colditz GA, Koh HK, Frazier AL. Sun protection practices among offspring of women with personal or family history of skin cancer. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):e688-e694.
197. Dadlani C, Orlow SJ. Planning for a brighter future: a review of sun protection and barriers to behavioral change in children and adolescents. Dermatol Online J. 2008;14(9):1.
198. Stern RS, Weinstein MC, Baker SG. Risk reduction for nonmelanoma skin cancer with childhood sunscreen use. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122(5):537-545.
199. National Cancer Institute. Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Available at https://hints.cancer.gov/view-questions-topics/all-hints-questions.aspx. Last accessed February 3, 2022.
200. Eide MJ, Tuthill JM, Krajenta R, et al. Validation of claims algorithms to identify nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Invest Dermitol. 2012;132(8):2005-2009.
201. Muzic JG, Schmitt AR, Wright AC. Incidence and trends of basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2017;92(6):890-898.
202. Cronin KA, Lake AJ, Scott S, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part I: national cancer statistics. Cancer. 2018;124(13):2785-2800.
203. REF D: Arnold M, de Vries E, Whiteman DC, et al. Global burden of cutaneous melanoma attributable to ultraviolet radiation in 2012. Int J Cancer. 2018;143(6):1305-1314.
204. Harvey VM, Patel H, Sandhu S, et al. Social determinants of racial and ethnic disparities in cutaneous melanoma outcomes. Cancer Control. 2014;21(4):343-349.
205. Sharma D, Friedman AJ, Redbord KP. Need for improved skin cancer surveillance in pediatric cancer survivors. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(2):165-168.
206. Willingham V. Sunlamps and Tanning Beds Get FDA Warning. Available at https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/29/health/tanning-sunlamps-labeling-fda. Last accessed February 3, 2022.
207. Berwick M, Begg CB, Fine JA, Roush GC, Barnhill RL. Screening for cutaneous melanoma by skin self-examination. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88(1):17-23.
208. Lee KB, Weinstock MA, Risica PM. Components of a successful intervention for monthly skin self-examination for early detection of melanoma: the "Check It Out" trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(6):1006-1012.
209. Robinson JK, Turrisi R. Skills training to learn discrimination of ABCDE criteria by those at risk of developing melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142(4):447-452.
210. Robinson JK, Turrisi R, Stapleton J. Efficacy of a partner assistance intervention designed to increase skin self-examination performance. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(1):37-41.
211. Committee on Health Literacy Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health. Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2004.
212. Kirsch IS, Jungeblut A, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult Literacy in America: A First Look at the Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education; 2002.
213. U.S. Census Bureau. Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2015–2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Available at https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?d=ACS%205-Year%20Estimates%20Data%20Profiles&table=DP02&tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP02. Last accessed February 3, 2022.
214. Shepard S. Challenges in Cultural Diversity: Protect Your Patients and Yourself. Available at https://www.thedoctors.com/articles/challenges-of-cultural-diversity-in-healthcare-protect-your-patients-and-yourself. Last accessed February 3, 2022.
215. Karliner LS, Napoles-Springer AM, Schillinger D, Bibbins-Domingo K, Pérez-Stable EJ. Identification of limited English proficient patients in clinical care. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(10):1555-1560.
216. Sevilla Mátir JF, Willis DR. Using bilingual staff members as interpreters. Fam Pract Manag. 2004;11(7):34-36.
217. Ngo-Metzger Q, Massagli MP, Clarridge BR, et al. Linguistic and cultural barriers to care: perspectives of Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(1):44-52.
218. Flores G. Language barriers to health care in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(3):229-231.
219. Flores G. The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: a systematic review. Med Care Res Rev. 2005;62(3):255-299.
220. Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review of the literature. Health Serv Res. 2007;42(2):727-754.
221. Hwa-Froelich DA, Westby CE. Considerations when working with interpreters. Commun Disord Quart. 2003;24(2):78-85.
222. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures. Available at https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2019/cancer-facts-and-figures-2019.pdf. Last accessed January 18, 2022.
223. Bichakjian CK, Schwartz JL, Wang TS, Hall JM, Johnson TM, Biermann JS. Melanoma information on the Internet: often incomplete-a public health opportunity? J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(1):134-141.
224. Pagoto S, Hillhouse J, Heckman CJ, et al. Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) position statement: ban indoor tanning for minors. Transl Behav Med. 2014;4(1):124-126.
225. American Academy of Dermatology. Amended Position Statement on Indoor Tanning. Available at https://www.aad.org/forms/policies/uploads/ps/ps%20-%20indoor%20tanning.pdf. Last accessed January 21, 2022.
226. American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Environmental Health and Section on Dermatology. Policy statement: ultraviolet radiation: a hazard to children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;104(2):328.
227. Wu S, Han J, Laden F, Qureshi AA. Long-term ultraviolet flux, other potential risk factors, and skin cancer risk: a cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar Prev. 2014;23(6):1080-1089.
228. Yanofsky VR, Mercer SE, Phelps RG. Histopathological variants of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a review. J Skin Cancer. 2011;210813:1-13.
229. Karisa PS, Morgan FC, Califano JA, Schmults CD. Comparison of tumor classifications for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in the 7th vs 8th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(2):175-181.
230. Stevenson MM. Cutaneous Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Staging. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2007181-overview. Last accessed January 22, 2022.
231. Keohane SG, Proby CM, Newlands C, et al. The new 8th edition of TNM staging and its implications for skin cancer: a review by the British Association of Dermatologists and the Royal College of Pathologists, U.K. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179(4):824-828.
232. National Cancer Institute. Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ). Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-treatment-pdq. Last accessed January 22, 2022.
233. Morton CA. A synthesis of the world's guidelines on photodynamic therapy for non-melanoma skin cancer. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2018;153(6):783-792.
234. Hehlgans S, Booms P, Gullulu O, et al. Radiation sensitization of basal cell and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(9):2485.
235. American Cancer Society. Risk Factors for Melanoma Skin Cancer. Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html. Last accessed January 23, 2022.
236. Skin Cancer Foundation. Types of Melanoma. Available at https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma/types-of-melanoma. Last accessed January 23, 2022.
237. Aviles-Izquierdo JA, Molina-Lopez I, Rodriguez-Lomba E. Who detects melanoma? Impact of detection patterns on characteristics and prognosis of patients with melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75(5):967-974.
238. Ross MI, Balch CM. Excision margins of melanoma make a difference: new data support an old paradigm. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(4):1053-1056.
239. McMasters KM, Egger ME, Edwards MJ, et al. Final results of the sunbelt melanoma trial: a multi-institutional prospective randomized phase III study evaluating the role of adjuvant high-dose interferon alfa-2b and completion lymph node dissection for patients staged by sentinel lymph node biopsy. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(1):1079-1086.
240. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Melanoma. Available at https://www.asco.org/practice-patients/guidelines/melanoma#/9316. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
241. National Cancer Institute. HINTS Briefs. Available at https://hints.cancer.gov/docs/Briefs/HINTS_Brief_13.pdf. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
242. Skin Cancer Foundation. Sun-Protective Clothing. Available at https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-prevention/sun-protection/sun-protective-clothing. Last accessed January 24, 2022.
243. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Atezolizumab for BRAF V600 Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-atezolizumab-braf-v600-unresectable-or-metastatic-melanoma. Last accessed January 26, 2022.
244. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Pembrolizumab for Adjuvant Treatment of Stage IIB or IIC Melanoma. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-adjuvant-treatment-stage-iib-or-iic-melanoma. Last accessed January 26, 2022.
245. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Safety and Efficacy of Pembrolizumab Compared to Placebo in Resected High-risk Stage II Melanoma (MK-3475-716/KEYNOTE-716). Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03553836. Last accessed January 27, 2022.
246. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Grants Regular Approval to Nivolumab for Adjuvant Treatment of Melanoma. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-grants-regular-approval-nivolumab-adjuvant-treatment-melanoma. Last accessed January 28, 2022.
247. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Cobimetinib: Approval Letter. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2015/206192Orig1s000Approv.pdf. Last accessed January 31, 2022.
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.