Works Cited

Renal Disease and Failure

Course #34233 - $60-

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. National Institutes of Health. Fact Sheet: Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure. Available at https://www.kidney.org/sites/default/files/docs/nihfactsheetckd.pdf. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

2. Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J (eds). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill; 2018.

3. Malhotra D, Tzamaloukas AH. Non-dialysis management of chronic renal failure. Med Clin North Am. 1997;81(3):749-766.

4. Yu ASL, Chertow GM, Luyckx V, Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Taal MW. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020.

5. International Society of Nephrology. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Available at https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/KDIGO_2012_CKD_GL.pdf. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

6. International Society of Nephrology. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Available at https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/KDIGO-2012-AKI-Guideline-English.pdf. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

7. Workeneh BT, Agraharkar M, Gupta R. Acute Kidney Injury. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/243492-overview. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

8. NKF KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Available at https://www.kidney.org/sites/default/files/docs/ckd_evaluation_classification_stratification.pdf. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

9. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare Coverage of Kidney Dialysis and Kidney Transplant Services. Available at https://www.medicare.gov/Pubs/pdf/10128-Medicare-Coverage-ESRD.pdf. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

10. United States Renal Data System 2020 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. Available at https://adr.usrds.org/2020. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2021. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/kidneydisease/pdf/Chronic-Kidney-Disease-in-the-US-2021-h.pdf. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

12. Burrows NR, Zhang Y, Hora I, et al. Sustained lower incidence of diabetes-related end-stage kidney disease among American Indians and Alaska Natives, Blacks, and Hispanics in the U.S., 2000-2016. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(9):2090-2097.

13. Burrows NR, Li Y, Geiss LS. Incidence of treatment for end-stage renal disease among individuals with diabetes in the U.S. continues to decline. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):73-77.

14. Whaley-Connell AT, Vassalotti JA, Collins AJ, Chen SC, McCullough PA. National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) annual data report 2011: executive summary. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(3 Suppl 2):S1-S4.

15. Mindell JA, Chertow GM. A practical approach to acute renal failure. Med Clin North Am. 1997;81(3):731-748.

16. Levine DZ. Caring for the Renal Patient. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1997.

17. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):851-860.

18. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group. KDIGO 2020 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2020;98(4 Suppl):S1-S115.

19. Wu I, Parikh CR. Screening for kidney diseases: older measures versus novel biomarkers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(6):1895-1901.

20. Arora P. Chronic Kidney Disease. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-overview. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

21. Tuladhar SM, Püntmann VO, Soni M, Punjabi PP, Bogle RG. Rapid detection of acute kidney injury by plasma and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009;53(3):261-266.

22. Breidthardt T, Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, et al. A combined cardiorenal assessment for the prediction of acute kidney injury in lower respiratory tract infections. Am J Med. 2012;125(2):168-175.

23. Hall IE, Coca SG, Perazella MA, et al. Risk of poor outcomes with novel and traditional biomarkers at clinical AKI diagnosis.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(12):2740-2749.

24. Spahillari A, Parikh CR, Sint K, Koyner JL, Patel UD et al. Serum cystatin C- versus creatinine-based definitions of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(6):922-929.

25. Lattanzio MR, Kopyt NP. Acute kidney injury: new concepts in definition, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. J Am Osteopathic Assoc. 2009;109(1):13-19.

26. UK Kidney Association. CKD Stages G1 or G2. Available at https://ukkidney.org/health-professionals/information-resources/uk-eckd-guide/ckd-stages-g1-or-g2. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

27. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA News Release. FDA Approves Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-treatment-chronic-kidney-disease. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

28. LexiComp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

29. Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1436-1446.

30. UK Kidney Association. CKD Stage G3. Available at https://ukkidney.org/health-professionals/information-resources/uk-eckd-guide/ckd-stage-g3. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

31. London GM. Left ventricular alterations and end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(1):S29-S36.

32. McAlister FA, Zhang J, Tonelli M, et al. The safety of combining angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors with angiotensin-receptor blockers in elderly patients: a population-based longitudinal analysis. CMAT. 2011;183(6):655-662.

33. Ruteki GW. ACE inhibitor and ARB combination therapy: rational and fashionable, but does it work? Consultant. 2011;51(5):303d-304d.

34. Retraction—Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9697):1226.

35. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545-2559.

36. Boussageon R, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, et al. Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4169.

37. Bernadet-Monrozies P, Rostaing L, Kamar N, Durand D. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the progression of chronic renal failure. Presse Med. 2002;31(36):1714-1720.

38. Mogensen CE. Preventing end-stage renal disease. Diabetic Med. 1998;15(4):S51-S56.

39. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. BMJ. 1998;317(7160):713-720.

40. Stein EA. Managing dyslipidemia in the high risk patient. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(5A):50C-57C.

41. American Dietetic Association. Manual of Clinical Dietetics. 6th ed. Chicago, IL: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; 2000.

42. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-986.

43. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(6):461-470.

44. Buffet L, Ricchetti C. Chronic Kidney Disease and Hypertension. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/766696. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

45. Sharma P, Blackburn RC, Parke CL, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(10):CD007751.

46. van Vark LC, Bertrand M, Akkerhuis KM, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce mortality in hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors involving 158,998 patients.Eur Heart J. 2012;33(16):2088-2097.

47. Misra S, Stevermer JJ. ACE inhibitors and ARBs: one or the other—not both—for high-risk patients. J Fam Pract. 2009;58(1):24-27.

48. Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, et al. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9638):547-553.

49. Tobe SW, Clase CM, Gao P, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both in people at high renal risk: results from the ONTARGET and TRANSCEND studies. Circulation. 2011;123(10):1098-1107.

50. Mallat SG. Dual renin-angiotensin system inhibition for prevention of renal and cardiovascular events: do the latest trials challenge existing evidence? Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013;12:108.

51. Trimarchi H. Role of aliskiren in blood pressure control and renoprotection. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2011;4:41-48.

52. Segall L, Covic A, Goldsmith DJ. Direct renin inhibitors: the dawn of a new era, or just a variation on a theme? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(9):2435-2439.

53. Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Avis S. Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2017;14(5):400-406.

54. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288:2981-2997.

55. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(Suppl 1):S1-S290.

56. Musini VM, Rezapour P, Wright JM, Bassett K, Jauca CD. Blood pressure lowering efficacy of loop diuretics for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD003825.

57. Uwaifo GI, Sarlis NJ. Primary Aldosteronism. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127080-overview. October 28, 2021.

58. Mayo Clinic. Test ID: METAF: Metanephrines, Fractionated, 24 Hour, Urine. Available at https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/83006. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

59. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease: 2007 update of hemoglobin target. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(3):471-530.

60. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Surgeon General's Office; 2010.

61. Zha Y, Qian Q. Protein nutrition and malnutrition in CKD and ESRD. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):E208.

62. Moorthi RN, Vorland CJ, Hill Gallant KM. Diet and diabetic kidney disease: plant versus animal protein. Curr Diab Rep. 2017;17(3):15.

63. Sirich TL, Dietary protein and fiber in end stage renal disease. Semin Dial. 2015;28(1):75-80.

64. Mehrotra R. Changing patterns of peritoneal dialysis utilization in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2007;27(2):51-52.

65. Williams S, Malatesta K, Norris K. Vitamin D and chronic kidney disease. Ethn Dis. 2009;19(4 Suppl 5):S5-S8, S11.

66. Souberbielle JC, Body JJ, Lappe JM, et al. Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9(11):709-715.

67. Manson JE, Brannon PM, Rosen CJ, Taylor CL. Vitamin D deficiency – is there really a pandemic? N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1817-1820.

68. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911-1930.

69. Guillaume J, Souberbielle JC, Chazot C. Vitamin D in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):328.

70. KDIGO CKD-MBD Update Work Group. KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2017;7(1):1-59.

71. Klahr S. The modification of diet in renal disease study. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(13):864-866.

72. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Feldman HI, et al. Evaluation of the modification of diet in renal disease study equation in a large diverse population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(10):2749-2757.

73. Vaziri ND, Pahl MV, Crum A, Norris K. Effect of uremia on structure and function of immune system. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22(1): 149-156.

74. Sellars M, Clayton JM, Morton RL, et al. An interview study of patient and caregiver perspectives on advance care planning in ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(2):216-224.

75. Nagler EV, Webster AC, Vanholder R, Zoccali C. Antidepressants for depression in stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease: a systematic review of pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety with recommendations by European Renal Best Practice (ERBP). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(10):3736-3745.

76. Kimmel PL, Patel SS, Peterson RA. Depression in African-American patients with kidney disease. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002;94(8 suppl):92S-103S.

77. Hedayati SS, Minhajuddin AT, Afshar M, Toto RD, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ. Association between major depressive episodes in patients with chronic kidney disease and initiation of dialysis, hospitalization, or death. JAMA. 2010;303(19):1946-1953.

78. Feng L, Bee Yap K, Pin Ng T. Depressive symptoms in older adults with chronic kidney disease: mortality, quality of life outcomes, and correlates. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(6):570-579.

79. Wilson B, Spittal J, Heidenheim P, et al. Screening for depression in chronic hemodialysis patients: comparison of the Beck Depression Inventory, primary nurse, and nephrology team. Hemodial Int. 2006;10(1):35-41.

80. Weiner DE. Causes and consequences of chronic kidney disease: implications for managed health care. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007;13(3 Suppl):S1-S9.

81. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: New Warnings for Using Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Patients with Kidney Dysfunction. Available at https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm223966.htm. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

82. Chertow GM, Correa-Rotter R, Block GA, et al. Baseline characteristics of subjects enrolled in the Evaluation of Cinacalcet HCl Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events (EVOLVE) trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(7):2872-2879.

83. Wheeler DC, London GM, Parfrey PS, et al. Effects of cinacalcet on atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic cardiovascular events in patients receiving hemodialysis: the Evaluation of Cinacalcet HCI Therapy to Lower CardioVascular Events (EVOLVE) trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e001363.

84. Lee A, Song X, Khan I, et al. Association of cinacalcet adherence and costs in patients on dialysis. J Med Econ. 2011;14(6): 798-804.

85. Szczech LA, Barnhart HX, Inrig JK, et al. Secondary analysis of the CHOIR trial epoetin-alpha dose and achieved hemoglobin outcomes. Kidney Int. 2008;74(6):791-798.

86. Drüeke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, et al. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia.N Engl J Med. 2006;355(20):2071-2084.

87. Akizawa T, Gejyo F, Nish S, et al. Positive outcomes of high hemoglobin target in patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis: a randomized controlled study. Ther Apher Dial. 2011;15(5):431-440.

88. UK Kidney Association. CKD Stages G4 and G5. Available at https://ukkidney.org/health-professionals/information-resources/uk-eckd-guide/ckd-stages-g4-and-g5. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

89. Teng M, Wolf M, Lowrie E, Ofsthun N, Lazarus JM, Thadhani R. Survival of patients undergoing hemodialysis with paricalcitol or calcitriol therapy. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(5):446-456.

90. Nigwekar SU, Bhan I, Thadhani R. Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(1):139-156.

91. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Modified Dosing Recommendations to Improve the Safe Use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs) in Chronic Kidney Disease. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-modified-dosing-recommendations-improve-safe-use-erythropoiesis. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

92. Goh ZS, Griva K. Anxiety and depression in patients with end-stage renal disease: impact and management challenges – a narrative review. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2018;11:93-102.

93. Advanced Renal Education Program. Brief History of Hemodialysis. Available at https://advancedrenaleducation.com/wparep/article/history-of-hemodialysis/. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

94. Jain AK, Blake P, Cordy P, Garg AX. Global trends in rates of peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(3):533-544.

95. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48(Suppl 1):S176-S247.

96. Lok CE, Huber TS, Lee T, et al; KDOQI Vascular Access Guideline Work Group. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for vascular access: 2019 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;75(4)(Suppl 2):S1-S164.

97. Beathard G. A practitioner's resource guide to hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas. ESRD Network of Texas. 2003;(Suppl).

98. Lomonte C, Basile C. Preoperative assessment and planning of hemodialysis vascular access. Clin Kidney J. 2015;8(3):278-281.

99. Santoro D, Benedetto F, Mondello P, et al. Vascular access for hemodialysis: current perspectives. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2014;7:284-294.

100. Drew DA, Lok CE. Strategies for planning the optimal dialysis access for an individual patient. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23(3):314-320.

101. Tordoir JH, Bode AS, van Loon MM. Preferred strategy for hemodialysis in access creation in elderly patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49(6):738-743.

102. Mansilla AV, Toombs BD, Vaughn WK, Zeledon JI. Patency and life-spans of failing hemodialysis grafts in patients undergoing repeated percutaneous de-clotting. Tex Heart Inst J. 2001;28(4):249-253.

103. Zaleski G. Declotting, maintenance, and avoiding procedural complications of native arteriovenous fistulae. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2004;21(2):83-93.

104. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Center for Clinical Standards and Quality. CMS ESRD Measured Manual for the 2018 Performance Period/2020 Payment Year v3.0. Available at https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/ESRDQIP/Downloads/ESRD-Manual-v30.pdf. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

105. Hagen SM, Lafranca JA, Ijzemans JN, Dor FJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the influence of peritoneal dialysis catheter type on complication rate and catheter survival. Kidney Int. 2014;85(4):920-932.

106. Lye WC, Kour NW, van der Straaten JC, Leong SO, Lee EJ. A prospective randomized comparison of the Swan neck, coiled, and straight Tenckhoff catheters in patients on CAPD. Perit Dial Int. 1996;16(Suppl 1):S333-S335.

107. Xie J, Kiryluk K, Ren H, et al. Coiled versus straight peritoneal dialysis catheters: a randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58(6):946-955.

108. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Kidney Disease Statistics for the United States. Available at https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/kidney-disease. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

109. Stock PG, Barin B, Murphy B, et al. Outcomes of kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(21):2004-2014.

110. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Policies: Allocation of Kidneys. Available at https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/eavh5bf3/optn_policies.pdf. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

111. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. New Kidney, Pancreas Allocation Policies in Effect. Available at https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/news/new-kidney-pancreas-allocation-policies-in-effect. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

112. Tapiawala SN, Tinckam KJ, Cardella CJ, et al. Delayed graft function and the risk for death with a functioning graft. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(1):153-161.

113. Noto H, Heller HJ. Vitamin D deficiency as an ignored cause of hypocalcemia in acute illness: report of 2 cases and review of literature. Open Endocrinol J. 2009;3(1):1-4.

114. Brown J, Thompson C. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury: the at-risk patient and protective measures. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2010;12(5):440-445.

115. Basu A. Contrast-Induced Nephropathy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/246751-overview. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

116. Herrada B, Agarwal J, Abcar AC. How can we reduce the incidence of contrast-induced acute renal failure? Perm J. 2005;9(3): 58-60.

117. Majumdar SR, Kjellstrand CM, Tymchak WJ, Hervas-Malo M, Taylor DA, Teo KK. Forced euvolemic diuresis with mannitol and furosemide for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with CKD undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(4):602-609.

118. Alonso A, Lau J. Jaber BL, Weintraub A, Samak MJ. Prevention of radiocontrast nephropathy with N-acetylcysteine in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(1):1-9.

119. Merten GL, Burgess WP, Gray LV, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(19):2328-2334.

120. Biernacka-Fiałkowska B, Szuksztul M, Suślik W, et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a prospective, single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The INPROC trial. Postepy Kardiol Interwencyjnej. 2018;14(1):59-66.

121. From AM, Bartholmai BJ, Williams AW, et al. Sodium bicarbonate is associated with an increased incidence of contrast nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study of 7977 patients at Mayo Clinic. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(1):10-18.

122. Xu Y, Zheng X, Liang B, Gao J, Gu Z. Vitamins for prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and trial sequential analysis. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2018;18(5):373-386.

123. Liu X, Hang Y, Shen L, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with prostaglandin E1 in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures: a meta-analysis of 24 randomized controlled trials. Clin Nephrol. 2018;90(5):313-324.

124. Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Almén T, et al. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium-based contrast media: updated ESUR Contrast Medium Safety Committee guidelines. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(2):307-318.

125. Thomsen HS. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a serious late adverse reaction to gadodiamide. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(12):2619-2621.

126. Cowper S. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Treatment and Management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1097889-treatment. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

127. Lancelot E, Raynaud JS, Desché P. Current and future MR contrast agents: seeking a better chemical stability and relaxivity for optimal safety and efficacy. Invest Radiol. 2020;55(9):578-588.

128. Xue X, Bo R, Qu H, et al. A nephrotoxicity-free, iron-based contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging of tumors. Biomaterials. 2020;257:120234.

129. Lunyera J, Mohottige D, Alexopoulos AS, et al. Risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after exposure to newer gadolinium agents: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(2):110-119.

130. Lersy F, Boulouis G, Clement O, et al. Consensus guidelines of the French Society of Neuroradiology (SFNR) on the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) and related MRI protocols in neuroradiology. J Neuroradiol. 2020;47(6):441-449.

131. Choi AI, Rodriguez RA. Renal manifestations of HIV. HIV InSite. 2011.

132. Salifu MO. HIV-Associated Nephropathy and Other HIV-Related Renal Disorders. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/246031-overview. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

133. Choi A, Rodriguez A, Bacchetti P, et al. Racial differences in end-stage renal disease rates in HIV infection versus diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(11):2968-2974.

134. Bigé N, Lanternier F, Viard JP, et al. Presentation of HIV-associated nephropathy and outcome in HAART-treated patients.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(3):1114-1121.

135. Wei A, Burns GC, Williams BA. Long-term renal survival in HIV-associated nephropathy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Kidney Int. 2003;64(4):1462-1471.

136. Piaskowski P. Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In: Friedman C, Newsom W (eds). IFIC Basic Concepts of Infection Control. 3rd ed. Portadown: International Federation of Infection Control; 2016: 1-10.

137. Locke JE, Montgomery RA, Warren DS, et al. Renal transplant in HIV-positive patients: long-term outcomes and risk factors for graft loss. Arch Surg. 2009;144(1):83-86.

138. Rogal SS, Yan P, Rimland D, et al. Incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease after hepatitis C seroconversion: results from ERCHIVES. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(3):930-936.

139. Fabrizi F, Verdesca S, Messa P, Martin P. Hepatitis C virus infection increases the risk of developing chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(12):3801-3813.

140. Lee JJ, Lin MY, Chang JS, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection increases risk of developing end-stage renal disease using competing risk analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e100790.

141. Fabrizi F, Dixit V, Messa P. Impact of hepatitis C on survival in dialysis patients: a link with cardiovascular mortality? J Viral Hepat. 2012;19(9):601-607.

142. Edgerton CC. Cryoglobulinemia. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329255-overview. Last accessed October 29, 2021.

143. Kathuria P. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/240056-overview. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

144. Liu CH, Kao JH. Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/740025_1. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

145. Abdulhadi-Ali MM, Alsaudi D, Agha A, et al. Full-dose peginterferon alfa-2a and low-dose ribavirin treatment of genotypes 1 and 4 chronic hepatitis C patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(11):1004.

146. Peck-Radosavljevic M, Boletis J, Besisik F, et al. Low-dose peginterferon alfa-2a is safe and produces a sustained virologic response in patients with chronic hepatitis C and end-stage renal disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(3):242-248.

147. Krane NK. Kidney Disease and Pregnancy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/246123-overview. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

148. Williams G. Renal disease in pregnancy. J Clin Pathol. 1976;10:77-90.

149. Katz AI, Davison JM, Hayslett JP, Singson E, Lindheimer MD. Pregnancy in women with kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1980;18(2):192-206.

150. Cunningham FG, Cox SM, Harstad TW, Mason RA, Pritchard JA. Chronic renal disease and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163(2):453-459.

151. Holley JL, Reddy SS. Pregnancy in dialysis patients: a review of outcomes, complications, and management. Semin Dial. 2003;16(5):384-388.

152. Armenti VT, Radomski JS, Moritz MJ, Gaughan WJ, Hecker WP, Lavelanet A. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl. 2006;57-70.

153. Holt RIG. Association between antipsychotic medication use and diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(10):96.

154. Dayabandara M, Hanwella R, Ratnatunga S, Seneviratne S, Suraweera C, de Silva VA. Antipsychotic-associated weight gain: management strategies and impact on treatment adherence. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:2231-2241.

155. Sayger TV, Bowersox MP, Steinberg EB. Family therapy and the treatment of chronic illness in a multidisciplinary world. Fam J. 1996;4(1):12-21.

156. Pierce L, Lutz BJ. Family caregiving. In: Lubkin IM, Larsen PD (eds). Chronic Illness: Impact and Interventions. 8th ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2013.

157. Livneh H, Antonak RF. Psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability: a primer for counselors. J Counseling Dev. 2005;83(1):12-20.

158. Boss P, Couden BA. Ambiguous loss from chronic physical illness: clinical interventions with individuals, couples, and families.J Clin Psychol. 2002;58(11):1351-1360.

159. Berry JO, Hardman ML. Families and the adult years. In: Berry JO (ed). Lifespan Perspectives on the Family and Disability. 2nd ed. Austin, TX: PRO-ED, Inc.; 2008.

160. Biegel DE, Sales E, Schulz R. The outcomes of interventions for caregivers. In: Biegel DE, Sales E, Schulz R (eds). Family Caregiving in Chronic Illness. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.; 1990: 214-296.

161. Lee KC, Winickoff JP, Kim MK, et al. Resident physicians' use of professional and nonprofessional interpreters: a national survey. JAMA. 2006;296(9):1050-1053.

162. U.S. Census Bureau. Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2019.Available at https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?d=ACS%205-Year%20Estimates%20Data%20Profiles&tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP02. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

163. Karliner L, Napoles-Springer AM, Schillinger D, Bibbins-Domingo K, Pérez-Stable EJ. Identification of limited English proficient patients in clinical care. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(10):1555-1560.

164. Flores G. The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: a systematic review. Med Care Res Rev. 2005;62(3):255-299.

165. Karliner L, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review of the literature. Health Serv Res. 2007;42(2):727-754.

166. Ngo-Metzger Q, Massagli MP, Clarridge BR, et al. Linguistic and cultural barriers to care: perspectives of Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(1):44-52.

167. Norris WM, Wenrich MD, Nielsen EL, Treece PD, Jackson JC, Curtis JR. Communication about end-of-life care between language-discordant patients and clinicians: insights from medical interpreters. J Palliat Med. 2005;8(5):1016-1024.

168. Lee E. Cross-cultural communication: therapeutic use of interpreters. In: Lee E (ed). Working With Asian Americans: A Guide For Clinicians. 1st ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2000.

169. Lynch EW. Developing cross-cultural competence. In: Lynch EW, Hanson MJ (eds). A Guide for Working With Children and Their Families: Developing Cross-Cultural Competence. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing Company; 2004.

170. Raval H, Smith J. Therapists' experiences of working with language interpreters. Int J Ment Health. 2003;32(2):6-31.

171. Curtis JR. Palliative and end-of-life care for patients with severe COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(3):796-803.

172. Renal Physicians Association. Shared Decision-Making in the Appropriate Initiation and Withdrawal from Dialysis. Clinical Practice Guideline. 2nd ed. Rockville, MD: Renal Physicians Association; 2010.

173. Larson AM, Curtis JR. Integrating palliative care for liver transplant candidates: "too well for transplant, too sick for life." JAMA. 2006;295(108):2168-2176.

174. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement: Guidelines: Palliative Care for Adults, 6th Edition. Available at https://www.icsi.org/guideline/palliative-care/. Last accessed October 28, 2021.

175. Clayton JM, Hancock KM, Butow PN, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for communicating prognosis and end-of-life issues with adults in the advanced stages of a life-limiting illness, and their caregivers. Med J Aust. 2007;188(12 Suppl):S77, S79, S83-S108.

176. Buckman R. Communication skills in palliative care: a practical guide. Neurol Clin. 2001;19(4):989-1004.

177. Finlay E, Casarett D. Making difficult decisions easier: using prognosis to facilitate transitions to hospice. Ca Cancer J Clin. 2009;59:250-263.

178. Stapleton R, Curtis JR. End-of-life considerations in older patients who have lung disease. Clin Chest Med. 2007;28(4):801-811.

179. Silveira MJ, Kim SY, Langa KM. Advance directives and outcomes of surrogate decision making before death. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(13):1211-1218.

180. Goodlin SJ. Palliative care in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(5):386-396.

181. Lanken PN, Terry PB, Delisser HM, et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical policy statement: palliative care for patients with respiratory diseases and critical illnesses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(8):912-927.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.