1. American Pain Foundation. Breakthrough cancer pain: mending the break in the continuum of care. J Pain and Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2011;25(3):252-264.
2. Qaseem A, Snow V, Shekelle P, et al. Evidence-based interventions to improve the palliative care of pain, dyspnea, and depression at the end of life: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(2):141-146.
3. Davison SN, Jhangri GS. Impact of pain and symptom burden on the health-related quality of life of hemodialysis patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;39(3):477-485.
4. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Palliative Care. Version 1.2024. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/palliative.pdf. Last accessed October 16, 2024.
5. Blinderman CD, Homel P, Billings JA, Portenoy RK, Tennstedt SL. Symptom distress and quality of life in patients with advanced congestive heart failure. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008;35(6):594-603.
6. Blinderman CD, Homel P, Billings JA, Tennstedt S, Portenoy RK. Symptom distress and quality of life in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;38(1):115-123.
7. Esther Kim J-E, Dodd MJ, Aouizerat BE, Jahan T, Miaskowski C. A review of the prevalence and impact of multiple symptoms in oncology patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;37(4):715-736.
8. Dalal S, Bruera E. Assessment and management of pain in the terminally ill. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2011;38:195-223.
9. Gao W, Gulliford M, Higginson IJ. Prescription patterns of analgesics in the last 3 months of life: a retrospective analysis of 10,202 lung cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2011;104(11):1704-1710.
10. Godfrey C, Harrison MB, Medves J, Tranmer JE. The symptom of pain with heart failure: a systematic review. J Card Fail. 2006;12(4):307-313.
11. Breuer B, Fleishman SB, Cruciani RA, Portenoy RK. Medical oncologists' attitudes and practice in cancer pain management: a national survey. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(36):4769-4775.
12. Abrahm JL. A Physician's Guide to Pain and Symptom Management in Cancer Patients. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2014.
14. Zerzan J, Lee CA, Haverhals LM, Nowels CT. Exploring physician decisions about end-of-life opiate prescribing: a qualitative study.J Palliat Med. 2011;14(5):567-572.
15. Fineberg IC, Wenger NS, Brown-Saltzman K. Unrestricted opiate administration for pain and suffering at the end of life: knowledge and attitudes as barriers to care. J Palliat Med. 2006;9(4):873-883.
16. Mezei L, Murinson BB, Johns Hopkins Pain Curriculum Development Team. Pain education in North American medical schools.J Pain. 2011;12(12):1199-1208.
17. Steinhauser K, Clipp EC, McNeilly M, et al. In search of a good death: observations of patients, families, and providers. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:825-832.
18. Morrison RS, Wallenstein S, Natale DK, Senzel RS, Huang LL. "We don't carry that:" failure of pharmacies in predominantly nonwhite neighborhoods to stock opioid analgesics. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(14):1023-1026.
19. Solano J, Gomes B, Higginson IJ. A comparison of symptom prevalence in far advanced cancer, AIDS, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal disease. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;31:58-69.
20. Goudas LC, Bloch R, Gialeli-Goudas M, Lau J, Carr DB. The epidemiology of cancer pain. Cancer Invest. 2005;23:182-190.
21. Desbiens NA, Mueller-Rizner N. How well do surrogates assess the pain of seriously ill patients? Crit Care Med. 2000;28(5):1347-1352.
22. Portenoy RK, Hagen NA. Breakthrough pain: definition, prevalence and characteristics. Pain. 1990;41:273-281.
23. World Health Organization. Cancer Pain Relief and Palliative Care. Technical Report Series 804. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1990.
24. Hockenberry M, Wilson D. Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing. 9th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2013.
25. Fishman B, Pasteranak S, Wallenstien SL, Houde RW, Holland JC, Foley KM. The Memorial Pain Assessment Card: a valid instrument for the evaluation of cancer pain. Cancer. 1987;60:1151-1158.
26. Adler ED, Goldfinger JZ, Park ME, Meier DE. Palliative care in the treatment of advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2009;120:2597-2606.
27. Lorenz KA, Lynn J, Dy SM, et al. Evidence for improving palliative care at the end of life: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(2):147-159.
28. Douglas C, Murtagh FE, Chambers EJ, Howse M, Ellershaw J. Symptom management for the adult patient dying with advanced chronic kidney disease: a review of the literature and development of evidence-based guidelines by a United Kingdom Expert Consensus Group. Palliat Med. 2009;23(2):103-110.
29. Ford DW, Koch KA, Ray DE, Selecky PA. Palliative and end-of-life care in lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(5 Suppl):e498S-e512S.
30. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guidelines Version 2.2024 Adult Cancer Pain. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/pain.pdf. Last accessed October 14, 2024.
31. World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines for the Pharmacological and Radiotherapeutic Management of Cancer Pain in Adults and Adolescents. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
32. Office of Diversion Control. Drug Disposal Information. Available at https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_disposal/drug-disposal.html. Last accessed October 16, 2024.
33. Berger AM, O'Neill JF (eds). Principles & Practice of Palliative Care & Supportive Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2022.
34. Doyle D, Woodruff R. The IAHPC Manual of Palliative Care. 3rd ed. Houston, TX: International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care Press; 2013.
35. Pergolizzi JV Jr, Mercadante S, Echaburu AV, et al. The role of transdermal buprenorphine in the treatment of cancer pain: an expert panel consensus. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(6):1517-1528.
36. Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care. Scottish Palliative Care Guidelines. Available at https://www.palliativecareguidelines.scot.nhs.uk. Last accessed October 16, 2024.
37. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm. Last accessed October 16, 2024.
39. Argoff CE, Silvershein DI. A comparison of long- and short-acting opioids for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain: tailoring therapy to meet patient needs. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(7):602-612.
40. Lauretti GR, Oliveira GM, Pereira NL. Comparison of sustained-release morphine with sustained-release oxycodone in advanced cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:2027-2030.
41. LexiDrug. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed October 16, 2024.
43. Shaiova L, Berger A, Blinderman CD, et al. Consensus guideline on parenteral methadone use in pain and palliative care. Palliat Support Care. 2008;6(2):165-176.
44. Nicholson AB, Watson GR, Derry S, Wiffen PJ. Methadone for cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(2):CD003971.
45. Dart RC, Woody GE, Kleber HD. Prescribing methadone as an analgesic [letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:620.
46. Drugs.com FDA Approves Nucynta ER (Tapentadol) Extended-Release Oral Tablets for the Management of Neuropathic Pain Associated with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Available at https://www.drugs.com/newdrugs/fda-approves-nucynta-er-tapentadol-extended-release-oral-management-neuropathic-pain-associated-3461.html. Last accessed October 16, 2024.
47. Vadivelu N, Timchenko A, Huang Y, Sinatra R. Tapentadol extended-release for treatment of chronic pain: a review. J Pain Res. 2011;4:211-218.
48. Schikowski A, Krings D, Schwenke K. Tapentadol prolonged release for severe chronic cancer-related pain: effectiveness, tolerability, and influence on quality of life of the patients. J Pain Res. 2014;8:1-8.
49. Blick SK, Wagstaff AJ. Fentanyl buccal tablet: in breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with cancer. Drugs. 2006;66(18):2387-2395.
52. Fallon MT, Laird BJA. A systematic review of combination step III opioid therapy in cancer pain: an EPCRC opioid guideline project. Palliat Med. 2011;25(5):597-603.
53. Saarto T, Wiffen PJ. Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005454.
54. Dolinsky C, Metz JM. Palliative radiation therapy in oncology. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2006;24:113-128.
55. Fine PG. Palliative radiation therapy in end-of-life care: evidence-based utilization. Am J Hospice Palliat Med. 2002;19(3):166-170.
56. Lutz S, Spence C, Chow E, et al. Survey on use of palliative radiotherapy in hospice care. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3581-3586.
57. McCloskey S, Tao ML, Rose CM, Fink A, Amadeo AM. National survey of perspectives of palliative radiation therapy: role, barriers, and needs. Cancer J. 2007;13(2):130-137.
58. Jarosek SL, Virnig BA, Feldman R. Palliative radiotherapy in Medicare-certified freestanding hospices. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;37(5):780-787.
59. Berrang T, Samant R. Palliative radiotherapy knowledge among community family physicians and nurses. J Cancer Educ. 2008;23(3):156-160.
60. Tilden VP, Drach LL, Tolle SW. Complementary and alternative therapy use at end-of-life in community settings. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10(5):811-817.
61. Demmer C. A survey of complementary therapy services provided by hospices. J Palliat Med. 2004;7(4):510-516.
62. Kozak LE, Kayes L, McCarty R, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by Washington State hospices. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2008;25(6):463-468.
63. Dain AS, Bradley EH, Hurzeler R, Aldridge MD. Massage, Music, and Art Therapy in Hospice: Results of a National Survey. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015;49(6):1035-1041.
64. Olotu BS, Brown CM, Lawson KA, Barner JC. Complementary and alternative medicine utilization in Texas hospices: prevalence, importance, and challenges. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2014;31(3):254-259.
65. Polubinski JP, West L. Implementation of a massage therapy program in the home hospice setting. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005;30:104-106.
66. Choi TY, Lee MS, Kim TH, Zaslawski C, Ernst E. Acupuncture for the treatment of cancer pain: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20(6):1147-1158.
67. Raub JA. Psychophysiologic effects of hatha yoga on musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary function: a literature review. J Altern Complement Med. 2002;8:797-812.
68. Cepeda MS, Carr DB, Lau J, Alvarez H. WITHDRAWN: Music for pain relief. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD004843.
69. Reynolds MW, Nabors L, Quinlan A. The effectiveness of art therapy: does it work? J Am Art Ther Assoc. 2000;17:207-213.
70. Schmidt C. Experts worry about chilling effect of federal regulations on treating pain. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(8):554-555.
71. American Medical Association. Ethics: Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment: Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 5.3. Available at https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/ethics-opinions/withholding-or-withdrawing-life-sustaining-treatment. Last accessed October 16, 2024.
72. American Medical Association. Ethics: Caring for Patients at the End of Life. Available at https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/caring-patients-end-life. Last accessed October 16, 2024.
73. Bagdasarian N. A prescription for mental distress: the principles of psychosomatic medicine with the physical manifestation requirement in NIED cases. Am J Law Med. 2000;26:401-438.
74. Congress.Gov. S.3397 – Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act of 2010. Available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/senate-bill/3397. Last accessed October 16, 2024.
1. McCusker M, Jolkvosky M, Ruff R, et al. Palliative Care for Adults. 6th ed. Bloomington, MN: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement; 2020. Available at https://www.icsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/PalliativeCare_6th-Ed_2020_v2.pdf. Last accessed October 19, 2024.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.