Works Cited

1. Federation of State Medical Boards. Guidelines for the Chronic Use of Opioid Analgesics. Washington, DC: The Federation of State Medical Boards; 2017.

2. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.

3. PR Newswire. U.S. Public and Doctors' Misperceptions Revealed in National Survey Demonstrate Urgent Need for Increased Opioid Dependence Awareness. Available at https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-public-and-doctors-misperceptions-revealed-in-national-survey-demonstrate-urgent-need-for-increased-opioid-dependence-awareness-210981471.html. Last accessed August 21, 2024.

4. Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain—United States, 2022. MMWR. 2022;71(3):1-95.

5. Bhamb B, Brown D, Hariharan J, et al. Survey of select practice behaviors by primary care physicians on the use of opioids for chronic pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(9):1859-1865.

6. Mezei L, Murinson BB. Pain education in North American medical schools. J Pain. 2011;12:1199-208.

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare Administrators: Applying the 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/healthcare-professionals/prescribing/guideline/healthcare-administrators.html. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

8. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Benzodiazepines and Opioids. Available at https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids/benzodiazepines-opioids. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

9. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Opioid Analgesic Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS). Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/opioid-analgesic-risk-evaluation-and-mitigation-strategy-rems. Last accessed August 22, 2024, 2024.

10. American Society of Addiction Medicine. Definition of Addiction. Available at https://www.asam.org/resources/definition-of-addiction. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

11. Reuben DB, Alvanzo AAH, Ashikaga T, et al. National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: the role of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(4):295-300.

12. Giordano J, Schatman ME, Höver G. Ethical insights to rapprochement in pain care: bringing stakeholders together in the best interest(s) of the patient. Pain Physician. 2009;12:E265-E275.

13. Atkinson TJ, Schatman ME, Fudin J. The damage done by the war on opioids: the pendulum has swung too far. J Pain Res. 2014;7:265-268.

14. Webster LR. Pain and suicide: the other side of the opioid story. Pain Med. 2014;15(3):345-346.

15. Ziegler SJ. Patient abandonment in the name of opioid safety. Pain Med. 2013;14(3):323-324.

16. Schatman ME, Webster LR. The health insurance industry: perpetuating the opioid crisis through policies of cost-containment and profitability. J Pain Res. 2015;8:153-158.

17. Fudin J, Pratt Cleary J, Schatman ME. The MEDD myth: the impact of pseudoscience on pain research and prescribing-guideline development. J Pain Res. 2016;9:153-156.

18. National Forensic Laboratory Information System. Special Report: Opiates and Related Drugs Reported in NFLIS-Drug 2019 Annual Report. Available at https://www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/nflisdata/docs/NFLIS-DRUG_2019_Annual_Report.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

19. Rudd RA, Aleshire N, Zibbell JE, Gladden RM. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. MMWR. 2016;64(50):1378-1382.

20. Carter D. CDC advisory warns of possible nationwide increase in fentanyl deaths. Am J Nurs. 2016;116(2):15.

21. Hedegaard H, Chen LH, Warner M. Drug-poisoning deaths involving heroin: United States, 2000–2013. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;190:1-8.

22. Gladden RM, Martinez P, Seth P. Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths— 27 states, 2013–2014. MMWR. 2016;65(33):837-843.

23. Drug Enforcement Administration. 2020 National Drug Threat Assessment. Available at https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/DIR-008-21%202020%20National%20Drug%20Threat%20Assessment_WEB.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

24. Florida House of Representatives. CS/CS/HB 783 Emergency Opioid Antagonists. Available at https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2023/783/Analyses/h0783z1.HRS.PDF. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

25. Kenen K, Mack K, Paulozzi L. Trends in prescriptions for oxycodone and other commonly used opioids in the United States, 2000–2010. Open Medicine. 2012;6(2)e41.

26. Jamison RN, Scanlan E, Matthews ML, Jurcik DC, Ross EL. Attitudes of primary care practitioners in managing chronic pain patients prescribed opioids for pain: a prospective longitudinal controlled trial. Pain Med. 2016;17(1):99-113.

27. Feder KA, Mojtabai R, Stuart EA, Musci R, Letourneau EJ. Florida's opioid crackdown and mortality from drug overdose, motor vehicle crashes, and suicide: a Bayesian interrupted time-series analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(9):885-893.

28. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Guidance Portal. Drug Diversion: What is a Prescriber's Role in Preventing the Diversion of Prescription Drugs? Available at https://www.hhs.gov/guidance/sites/default/files/hhs-guidance-documents/DrugDiversionFS022316.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

29. Bolen J. Discharging Patients Who Abuse Controlled Substances. Available at https://www.painmedicinenews.com/Policy-Management/Article/04-06/Discharging-Patients-Who-Abuse-Controlled-Substances/4340. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

30. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drug Overdose Deaths: Facts and Figures. Available at https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

31. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Benzodiazepines and Opioids. Available at https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/opioids/benzodiazepines-opioids. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

32. Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Dhalla IA, Paterson JM, Juurlink DN. Opioid dose and drug-related mortality in patients with nonmalignant pain. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(7):686-691.

33. American Medical Association. Code of Ethics: Opinion 1.1.5 Terminating a Patient-Physician Relationship. Available at https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/ethics-opinions/terminating-patient-physician-relationship. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

34. Bachhuber MA, Hennessy S, Cunningham CO, Starrels JL. Increasing benzodiazepine prescriptions and overdose mortality in the United States, 1996–2013. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(4):686-688.

35. FL Health Charts. Overdose. Available at https://www.flhealthcharts.gov/ChartsDashboards/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=SubstanceUse.Overdose. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

36. Rudd RA, Aleshire N, Zibbell JE, Gladden RM. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. MMWR. 2016;64(50):1378-1382.

37. Johnson H, Paulozzi L, Porucznik C, Mack K, Herter B. Decline in drug overdose deaths after state policy changes—Florida, 2010–2012. MMWR. 2014;63(26):569-574.

38. Florida Governor Rick Scott. 17-146 Executive Order directing a Public Health Emergency Re: Opioid Epidemic. Available at https://www.flgov.com/wp-content/uploads/orders/2017/EO_17-146.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

39. Peterson AB, Gladden RM, Delcher C, et al. Increases in fentanyl-related overdose deaths – Florida and Ohio, 2013–2015. MMWR. 2016;65(33):844-849.

40. Popovich N. A Deadly Crisis: Mapping the Spread of America's Drug Overdose Epidemic. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/society/ng-interactive/2016/may/25/opioid-epidemic-overdose-deaths-map. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

41. Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Drugs Identified in Deceased Persons by Florida Medical Examiners: 2023 Final Report. Available at https://www.fdle.state.fl.us/MEC/Publications-and-Forms/Documents/Drugs-in-Deceased-Persons/2023-Interim-Drug-Report-FINAL. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

42. Jones CM, Paulozzi LJ, Mack KA. Alcohol involvement in opioid pain reliever and benzodiazepine drug abuse-related emergency department visits and drug-related deaths—United States, 2010. MMWR. 2014;63(40):881-885.

43. Scott J. Florida's New Law on Controlled Substance Prescribing. Available at https://www.flmedical.org/Florida/Florida_Public/Docs/FMA-Opioid-HB21.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

44. Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—United States, 2016. MMWR. 2016;65(1):1-49.

45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Advises Against Misapplication of the Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. Available at https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/s0424-advises-misapplication-guideline-prescribing-opioids.html. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

46. U.S. Department of Justice Diversion Control Division. Recognizing the Drug Abuser. Available at https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/GDP/(DEA-DC-3)%20Recognizing%20the%20Drug%20Abuser.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

47. Holliday S, Hayes C, Dunlop A. Opioid use in chronic non-cancer pain. Part 2: prescribing issues and alternatives. Australian Fam Physician. 2013;42:104-111.

48. Passik SD. Issues in long-term opioid therapy: unmet needs, risks, and solutions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:593-601.

49. Meier B. Increase in Urine Testing Raises Ethical Questions. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/business/increase-in-urine-testing-raises-ethical-questions.html?_r=0. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

50. Sekhon R, Aminjavahery N, Davis CN Jr, et al. Compliance with opioid treatment guidelines for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) in primary care at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). Pain Med. 2013;14(10):1548-1556.

51. Wallwork RS, Chipidza FE, Stern TA. Obstacles to the prescription and use of opioids. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2016;18(1):10.

52. Management of Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain Working Group. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense; 2017.

53. Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. J Pain. 2009;10(2):113-130.

54. The Florida Senate. CS/CS/HB 21: Controlled Substances. Available at https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2018/21. Last accessed August 21, 2024.

55. Argoff CE, Silvershein DI. A comparison of long- and short-acting opioids for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain: tailoring therapy to meet patient needs. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(7):602-612.

56. McCarberg BH, Barkin RL. Long-acting opioids for chronic pain: pharmacotherapeutic opportunities to enhance compliance, quality of life, and analgesia. Am J Ther. 2001;8(3):181-186.

57. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Adult Cancer Pain. Version 2.2024. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/pain.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

58. Sundwall DN, Utah Department of Health. Utah Clinical Guidelines on Prescribing Opioids for Treatment of Pain. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah Department of Health; 2009.

59. Sloan P. Update on extended-release opioids in pain management. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2014;11(2):155-158.

60. Federation of State Medical Boards. Model Policy for the Use of Opioid Analgesics in the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Washington, DC: Federation of State Medical Boards; 2013.

61. Cheatle MD, Barker C. Improving opioid prescription practices and reducing patient risk in the primary care setting. J Pain Res. 2014;7:301-311.

62. Nadeau SE. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain. To prescribe or not to prescribe: what is the question? Neurology. 2015;85(7):646-651.

63. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Medication Guides: Distribution Requirements and Inclusion in Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/79776/download. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

64. Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines for responsible opioid prescribing in chronic non-cancer pain: part 2—guidance. Pain Physician. 2012;15(3 Suppl):S67-S116.

65. Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Med. 2005;6(6):432-442.

66. Opioid Risk Tool. Available at https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/opioidrisktool.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

67. Butler SF, Budman SH, Fernandez KC, Fanciullo GJ, Jamison RN. Cross-validation of a Screener to Predict Opioid Misuse in Chronic Pain Patients (SOAPP-R). J Addict Med. 2009;3(2):66-73.

68. Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain – Revised (SOAPP-R). Available at https://ddph-materials.s3.amazonaws.com/HelpIsHere/SOAPP-Tool.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

69. Cheattle MD. Risk Assessment: Safe Opioid Prescribing Tools. Available at https://www.medcentral.com/pain/chronic/risk-assessment-safe-opioid-prescribing-tools. Last accessed August 21, 2024.

70. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004.

71. Fine PG, Finnegan T, Portenoy RK. Protect your patients, protect your practice: practical risk assessment in the structuring of opioid therapy in chronic pain. J Fam Pract. 2010;59(9 Suppl 2):S1-S16.

72. Katz NP. Opioid Prescribing Toolkit: A Workbook for Clinicians. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010.

73. Dalal S, Bruera E. Assessment and management of pain in the terminally ill. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2011;38:195-223.

74. Berger AM, Shuster JL, Von Roenn JH (eds). Principles & Practice of Palliative Care & Supportive Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.

75. American Chronic Pain Association. ACPA – Stanford Resource Guide to Pain Management: 2024 Edition. Available at https://www.acpanow.com/acpa-stanford-guide.html. Last accessed August 21, 2024.

76. Strickland JM, Huskey A, Brushwood DB. Pharmacist-physician collaboration in pain management practice. J Opioid Manag. 2007;3:295-301.

77. Tanzi MG. Screening pain prescriptions for safe use with VIGIL. Safeuse. 2015;21(9):68.

78. Crespi-Lofton J. VIGIL: answer the question "Is it legitimate?" Pharmacy Today. 2006;12(1):1.

79. Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Whitcomb L, et al. A new tool to assess and document pain outcomes in chronic pain patients receiving opioid therapy. Clin Ther. 2004;26:552-561.

80. Pain Assessment and Documentation Tool. Available at https://www.capc.org/documents/download/38/. Last accessed August 21, 2024.

81. Atluri SL, Akbik H, Sudarshan G. Prevention of opioid abuse in chronic non-cancer pain: an algorithmic, evidence-based approach. Pain Physician. 2012;15:ES177-ES189.

82. Baxter J. Minimizing the Misuse of Prescription Opioids in Patients with Chronic Nonmalignant Pain. Available at https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/minimizingmisuse_part1.pdf. Last accessed August 21, 2024.

83. Patient Counseling Document. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/rems/ERLA_opioids_2016-04-26_Patient_Counseling_Document.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

84. American College of Preventive Medicine. Use, Abuse, Misuse and Disposal of Prescription Pain Medication Clinical Reference. Available at https://cdn.ymaws.com/acpm.site-ym.com/resource/resmgr/timetools-files/painmedsclinicalreference.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

85. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Proper Disposal of Prescription Drugs. Available at https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/ondcp/prescrip_disposal.pdf. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

86. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Safe Opioid Disposal: Remove the Risk Outreach Toolkit. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/ensuring-safe-use-medicine/safe-opioid-disposal-remove-risk-outreach-toolkit. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

87. Wheeler E, Davidson PJ, Jones TS, Irwin KS. Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone—United States, 2010. MMWR. 2012;61(6):101-105.

88. Florida Legislature. 381.887 Emergency Treatment for Suspected Opioid Overdose. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0300-0399/0381/Sections/0381.887.html. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

89. Gutstein HB, Akil H. Opioid analgesics. In: Brunton L, Parker K, Lazo J, Buxton I, Blumenthal D (eds). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011: 547-590.

90. van den Brink W, Haasen C. Evidence-based treatment of opioid-dependent patients. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51(10):635-646.

91. Cassels C. FDA Okays Handheld Autoinjector for Opioid Overdose. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/823039. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

92. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA News Release [Archive]. FDA Moves Quickly to Approve Easy-To-Use Nasal Spray to Treat Opioid Overdose. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20180125101447/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm473505.htm. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

93. LexiDrug. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

94. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Risk for overdose from methadone used for pain relief—United States, 1999–2010. MMWR. 2012;61(26):493-497.

95. Hannon K. The Prescription Drug Crisis in New York State: A Comprehensive Approach. Available at https://www.scribd.com/doc/82474334/Prescription-Drug-Abuse-Crisis-in-NYS-Comprehensive-Approach-New. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

96. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Drug Scheduling. Available at https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

97. Florida Legislature. Chapter 893: Drug Abuse Prevention and Control. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0800-0899/0893/0893.html. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

98. Reifler LM, Droz D, Bailey JE, et al. Do prescription monitoring programs impact state trends in opioid abuse/misuse? Pain Med. 2012;13:434-442.

99. Florida Legislature. 893.055 Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0800-0899/0893/Sections/0893.055.html. Last accessed August 22, 2024.

100. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Releases: Detailed Tables. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/release/2021-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releases#detailed-tables. Last accessed August 21, 2024.

Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations Citations

1. Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. CDC Clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain—United States, 2022. MMWR. 2022;71(3):1-95. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm. Last accessed August 23, 2024.


Copyright © 2024 NetCE, PO Box 997571, Sacramento, CA 95899-7571
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.