1. Borgdorff P. Arguments against the role of cortical spreading depression in migraine.Neurol Res. 2018;40(3):173-181.
2. Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Vos T. GBD 2015: migraine is the third cause of disability in under 50s. J Headache and Pain. 2016;17(1):104.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Disparities. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus15.pdf. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
5. Stovner LJ, Hagen K, Jensen R, et al. The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(3):193-210.
6. National Center for Health Statistics. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2021 Emergency Department Summary Tables. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhamcs/web_tables/2021-nhamcs-ed-web-tables-508.pdf. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
7. IHS Classification ICHD-3. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition. Available at https://ichd-3.org. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
9. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1-211.
10. Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Steiner TJ, Silberstein SD, Olesen J. Classification of primary headaches. Neurology. 2004;63(3):427-435.
11. Crosby SJ. Headache. In: Zeind CS, Carvalho MG (eds). Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2018: 1233-1245.
12. Schwedt TJ. Thunderclap headaches: a focus on etiology and diagnostic evaluation. Headache. 2013;53(3):563-569.
13. Edlow JA, Panagos PD, Godwin SA, Thomas TL, Decker WW. Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52(4):407-436.
14. Savitz SI, Levitan EB, Wears R., Edlow JA. Pooled analysis of patients with thunderclap headache evaluated by CT and LP: is angiography necessary in patients with negative evaluations? J Neurol Sci. 2009;276(1-2):123-125.
15. Halker RB, Vargas BB. Primary exertional headache: updates in the literature. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013;17(6):1-4.
16. Burch R, Rizzoli P, Loder E. The prevalence and impact of migraine and severe headache in the United States: updated age, sex, and socioeconomic-specific estimates from government health surveys. Headache. 2021;61:60-68.
17. Hershey A. Current approaches to the diagnosis and management of paediatric migraine. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(2):120-204.
18. Winner P. Epidemiology of pediatric headache. In: Hershey AD, Powers SW, Winner P, Kabouche M (eds). Pediatric Headaches in Clinical Practice. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2009: 31-39.
19. Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Lu SR, Liao YC, Chen SP, Yang CY. Headache disability among adolescents: a student population-based study. Headache. 2010;50(2):210-218.
20. Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Diamond S, Diamond ML, Reed M. Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: data from the American Migraine Study II. Headache. 2001;41(7):646-657.
21. Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Diamond M, et al. Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and need for preventive therapy. Neurology. 2007;68(5):343-349.
22. Global Health Data Exchange. Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) Data Resources. Available at https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2021. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
23. World Health Organization. Lifting the Burden: Atlas of Headache Disorders and Resources in the World, 2011. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564212. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
24. Natoli JL, Manack A, Dean B, et al. Global prevalence of chronic migraine: a systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(5):599-609.
25. Scher AI, Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Lipton RB. Factors associated with the onset and remission of chronic daily headache in a population-based study. Pain. 2003;106(1-2):81-89.
26. Buse DC, Manack AN, Fanning KM, et al. Chronic migraine prevalence, disability, and sociodemographic factors: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study. Headache. 2012;52(10):1456-1470.
27. Manack A, Buse DC, Serrano D, Turkel CC, Lipton RB. Rates, predictors, and consequences of remission from chronic migraine to episodic migraine. Neurology. 2011;76(8):711-718.
28. Headache Classification Committee, Olesen J, Bousser MG, et al. New appendix criteria open for a broader concept of chronic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(6):742-746.
29. Diener HC, Dodick DW, Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Olesen J, Silberstein SD. Chronic migraine: classification, characteristics and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8(3):162-171.
32. De Hoon JNJM. Migraine and Antimigraine Drugs: Focus on Cardiovascular Aspects [Dissertation]. Maastricht: University of Maastricht; 2000.
33. Chapman LF, Ramos AO, Goodell H, Silverman G, Wolff HG. A humoral agent implicated in vascular headache of the migraine type. Arch Neurol. 1960;3:223-229.
34. Bernstein C, Burstein R. Sensitization of the trigeminovascular pathway: perspective and implications to migraine pathophysiology. J Clin Neurol. 2012;8(2):89-99.
35. Sicuteri F, Renzi D, Geppetti P. Substance P and enkephalins: a creditable tandem in the pathophysiology of cluster headache and migraine. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1986;198(Pt B):145-152.
36. Akerman S, Holland PR, Goadsby PJ. Diencephalic and brainstem mechanisms in migraine. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12(10):570-584.
37. Messlinger K, Fischer MJM, Lennerz JK. Neuropeptide effects in the trigeminal system: pathophysiology and clinical relevance in migraine. Keio J Med. 2011;60(3):82-89.
39. Olesen J, Ashina M. Emerging migraine treatments and drug targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011;32(6):352-359.
40. Charles A, Brennan KC. Cortical spreading depression: new insights and persistent questions. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(10):1115-1124.
41. Eikermann-Haerter K, Ayata C. Cortical spreading depression and migraine. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2010;10(3):167-173.
43. Bolay H, Reuter U, Dunn AK, Huang Z, Boas DA, Moskowitz MA. Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model. Nat Med. 2002;8(2):136-142.
44. Kowa H, Takigawa H, Nakashima K. Cortical spreading depression and pain: a missing link in the pathophysiology of migraine? Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2014;54(12):1006-1008.
45. Bowyer SM, Aurora KS, Moran JE, Tepley N, Welch KM. Magnetoencephalographic fields from patients with spontaneous and induced migraine aura. Ann Neurol. 2001;50(5):582-587.
46. D'Esposito M, Deouell LY, Gazzaley A. Alterations in the BOLD fMRI signal with ageing and disease: a challenge for neuroimaging. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(11):863-872.
47. Woods RP, Iacobini M, Mazziotta JC. Brief report: bilateral spreading cerebral hypoperfusion during spontaneous migraine headache. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(25):1689-1692.
48. Lauritzen M, Dreier JP, Fabricius M, Hartings JA, Graf R, Strong AJ. Clinical relevance of cortical spreading depression in neurological disorders: migraine, malignant stroke, subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31(1):17-35.
49. Goadsby PJ, Charbit AR, Anreou AP, Akerman S, Holland PR. Neurobiology of migraine. Neuroscience. 2009;161(2):327-341.
50. Goadsby PJ, Raskin NH. Headache. In: Jameson J, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Longo D, Loscalzo J (eds). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. McGrawHill; New York, NY: 2018.
51. Holland PR. Modulation of trigeminaovascular processing: novel insights into primary headache disorders. Cephalalgia. 2009:29(Suppl 3):1-6.
52. Alonso AA, Nixdorf DR. Case studies of four different headache types presenting as tooth pain. J Endod. 2006;32(11):1110-1113.
53. Cady RK, Schreiber CP. Sinus problems as a cause of headache refractoriness and migraine chronification. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009;13(4):319-325.
54. Eross E, Dodick D, Eross M. The sinus, allergy and migraine study (SAMS). Headache. 2007;47(2);213-224.
55. Obermann M, Mueller D, Yoon M-S, Pageler L, Diener HC, Katsarava Z. Migraine with isolated facial pain: a diagnostic challenge. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(11):1278-1282.
56. Hegarty AM, Zakrzewska JM. Differential diagnosis for orofacial pain, including sinusitis, TMD, and trigeminal neuralgia. Dent Update. 2011;38(6):396-408.
57. Lança AJ. Functional and neurochemical organization of the central nervous system. In: Kalant H, Grant DM, Mitchell J (eds). Principles of Medical Pharmacology. 7th ed. Toronto: Elsevier; 2007: 187-210.
58. Haydon PG, Carmignoto G. Astrocyte control of synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling. Physiol Rev. 2006;86(3):1009-1031.
59. Sarrouilhe D, Dejean C, Mesnil M. Involvement of gap junction channels in the pathophysiology of migraine with aura. Front Physiol. 2014;5:78.
60. Silberstein SD. Tonabersat, a novel gap-junction modulator for the prevention of migraine. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(Suppl 2):28-35.
61. Goadsby PJ, Ferrari MD, Csanyi A, Olesen J, Mills JG; Tonabersat TON-01-05 Study Group. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study of the cortical spreading depression inhibiting agent tonabersat in migraine prophylaxis. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(7):742-750.
62. Catterall WA, Dib-Hajj S, Meisler MH, Pietrobon D. Inherited neuronal ion channelopathies: new windows on complex neurological diseases. J Neurosci. 2008;28(46):11768-11777.
63. Rogawski MA. Common patholophysiologic mechanisms in migraine and epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(6):709-714.
64. Waxman SG. Channel, neuronal and clinical function in sodium channelopathies: from genotype to phenotype. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10(4):405-409.
65. Mantegazza M, Curia G, Biagini G, Ragsdale DS, Avoli M. Voltage-gated sodium channels as therapeutic targets in epilepsy and other neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(4):413-424.
66. Hamel E. Serotonin and migraine: biology and clinical implications. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(11):1295-1300.
67. Schwedt TJ. Serotonin and migraine: the latest developments. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(11):1301-1307.
68. Barra S, Lanero S, Materazzi C, Vitagliano G, Ames PR, Gaeta G. Sumatriptan therapy for headache and myocardial infarction. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11(16):2727-2737.
69. Gupta S, Nahas SJ, Peterlin BL. Chemical mediators of migraine: preclinical and clinical observations. Headache. 2011;51(6):1029-1045.
70. Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD. Current understanding and treatment of headache disorders: five new things. Neurology. 2011;76(7 Suppl 2):S31-S36.
71. Schürks M. Genetics of migraine in the age of genome-wide association studies. J Headache Pain. 2012;13(1):1-9.
72. Sicuteri F. Dopamine, the second putative protagonist in headache. Headache. 1977;17(3):129-131.
73. Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Dopamine and migraine: biology and clinical implications. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(11):1308-1314.
74. Minor DS, Harrell TK. Headache disorders. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey LM (eds). Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2017: 927-942.
76. Villalon CM, Olesen J. The role of CGTP in the pathophysiology of migraine and efficacy of CGRP receptor antagonists as acute migraine drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2009;124(3):309-323.
77. Sprenger T, Goadsby PJ. Migraine pathogenesis and state of pharmacological treatment options. BMC Medicine. 2009;7:71.
78. Farinelli I, De Filippis S, Coloprisco G, Missori S, Martelletti P. Future drugs for migraine. Intern Emerg Med. 2009;4(5):367-373.
79. Ho TW, Ferrari MD, Dodick DW, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of MK-0974 (telcagepant), a new oral antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, compared with zolmitriptan for acute migraine: a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-treatment trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9656):2115-2123.
80. Lexicomp Online. Available at http://online.lexi.com. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
81. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Novel Preventive Treatment for Migraine. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-novel-preventive-treatment-migraine. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
82. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Highlights of Prescribing Information: Ajovy (Fremanezumab-vfrm). Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761089s000lbl.pdf. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
83. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Highlights of Prescribing Information: Emgality (Galcanezumab-gnlm). Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761063s000lbl.pdf. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
84. Biscaldi L. FDA Approves Expanded Indication for Atogepant for prevention of Chronic Migraine. Available at https://www.drugtopics.com/view/fda-approves-expanded-indication-for-atogepant-for-prevention-of-chronic-migraine. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
85. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Highlights of Prescribing Information: Qulipta. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/215206Orig1s000lbl.pdf. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
86. American Headache Society. NURTEC ODT (Rimegepant) Receives Additional Approval for Preventive Treatment for Adult Patients with Episodic Migraine. Available at https://americanheadachesociety.org/news/nurtec-odt-rimegepant-receives-additional-approval-for-preventive-treatment-for-adult-patients-with-episodic-migraine/. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
88. Pradhan AA, Bertels Z, Akerman S. Targeted nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for migraine. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(2):391-401.
89. Sacco S, Ricci S, Degan D, Carolei A. Migraine in women: the role of hormones and their impact on vascular diseases. J Headache Pain. 2012;13(3):177-189.
90. Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, et al. U.S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR. 2016;65(RR-3):1-104.
91. Calhoun AH, Batur P. Combined hormonal contraceptives and migraine: an update on the evidence. Clev Clin J Med. 2017;84(8):631-638.
92. Bousser MG, Conard J, Kittner S, et al. Recommendations on the risk of ischaemic stroke associated with use of combined oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy in women with migraine: the International Headache Society Task Force on combined oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Cephalalgia. 2000;20(3):155-156.
93. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins. ACOG practice bulletin no. 73: use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(6):1453-1472.
94. Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults [RETIRED]: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346-1353.
95. de Vries B, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AM. Molecular genetics of migraine. Hum Genet. 2009;126(1):115-132.
96. Barrett CF, van den Maagdenberg AM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Familial hemiplegic migraine. Adv Genet. 2008;63:57-83.
99. Mulder EJ, Van Baal C, Gaist D, et al. Genetic and enviormental influences on migraine: a twin study across six countries. Twin Res. 2003;6(5):422-431.
100. Svennsson DA, Larsson B, Walsenlind E, Pedersen NL. Shared rearing enviroment in migraine: results from twins reared apart and twins reared together. Headache. 2003;43(3):235-244.
101. Bigal M, Rapoport A, Sheftell F, Tepper D, Tepper S. Memantine in the preventive treatment of refractory migraine. Headache. 2008;48(9):1337-1342.
102. Charles A, Flippen C, Romero-Reyes M, Brennan KC. Memantine for prevention of migraine: a retrospective study of 60 cases.J Headache Pain. 2007;8(4):248-250.
103. Todt U, Netzer C, Toliat M, et al. New genetic evidence for involvement of the dopamine system in migraine with aura. Hum Genet. 2009;125(3):265-279.
104. Kelley NE, Tepper DE. Rescue therapy for acute migraine. Part 2: neuroleptics, antihistamines, and others. Headache. 2012;52(2):292-306.
105. Saguil A, Lax JW. Acute migraine treatment in emergency settings. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(9):742-744.
106. Gilmore B, Michael M. Treatment of acute migraine headache. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(3):271-280.
107. Laine C, Goldmann D, Wilson JF. In the clinic: migraine. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(5):ITC11-1-ITC11-16.
108. Cady RK, Farmer K. Migraine. In: Jay GW (ed). Clinician's Guide to Chronic Headache and Facial Pain. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA; 2010: 1-15.
109. Schürks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, Buring JE, Lipton RB, Kurth T. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3914.
110. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Cook NR, Logroscino G, Diener HC, Buring JE. Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA. 2006;296(3):283-291.
111. Selby G, Lance JW. Observations on 500 cases of migraine and allied vascular headache. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):23-32.
112. Crawford P, Simmons M, Hoock J. What dietary modifications are indicated for migraines? J Fam Pract. 2006;55(1):62-63.
114. Cutrer FM, Bajwa ZH, Sabahat A. Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of migraine in adults. UptoDate. 2012;17(3):1-23.
115. Sprenger T, Borsook D. Migraine changes the brain: neuroimaging makes its mark. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25(3):252-262.
118. Granziera C, DaSilva AF, Snyder J, Tuch DS, Hadjikhani N. Anatomical alterations of the visual motion processing network in migraine with and without aura. PLoS Med. 2006;3(10):e402.
119. May A, Matharu M. New insights into migraine: application of functional and structural imaging. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007;20(3):306-309.
120. Moschiano F, D'Amico D, Di Stefano M, Rocca N, Bussone G. The role of the clinician in interpreting conventional neuroimaging findings in migraine patients. Neurol Sci. 2007;28(Suppl 2):S114-S117.
121. Lakhan SE, Avramut M. Structural and functional neuroimaging in migraine: insight from three decades of research. Headache. 2013;53(1):46-66.
123. Sudlow C. US guidelines on neuroimaging in patients with non-acute headache: a commentary. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72(Suppl II):ii16-ii18.
124. Detsky ME, McDonald DR, Baerlocher MO, Tomlinson GA, McCrory DC, Booth CM. Does this patient with headache have a migraine or need neuroimaging? JAMA. 2006;296(10):1274-1283.
125. Dahlöf C, Maassen Van Den Brink A. Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methysergide and sumatriptan: basic science in relation to migraine treatment. Headache. 2012;52(4):707-714.
126. Lipton RB, Diamond S, Reed M, Diamond ML, Stewart WF. Migraine diagnosis and treatment: results from the American Migraine Study II. Headache. 2001;41(7):638-645.
127. Cooke LJ, Becker WJ. Migraine prevalence, treatment and impact: the Canadian Women Migraine Study. Can J Neurol Sci. 2010;37(5):580-587.
128. Bigal ME, Ferrari M, Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ. Migraine in the triptan era: lessons from epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical science. Headache. 2009;49(Suppl 1):S21-S33.
129. Bigal ME. Migraine, lipid profile, and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(3):342-343.
130. Bond DS, Roth J, Nash JM, Wing RR. Migraine and obesity: epidemiology, possible mechanisms and the potential role of weight loss treatment. Obes Rev. 2011;12(5):362-371.
131. Gruber H-J, Bernecker C, Pailer S, et al. Lipid profile in normal weight migraineurs: evidence for cardiovascular risk. Eur J Neurol. 2010:17(3):419-425.
132. Jensen R, Stovner LJ. Epidemiology and comorbidity of headache. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(4):354-361.
133. Sacco S, Cerone D, Carolei A. Comorbid neuropathologies in migraine: an update on cerebrovascular and cardiovascular aspects.J Headache Pain. 2008;9(4):237-248.
134. Silva IR, Freitas GR. Migraine patients should be cautiously followed for risk factors leading to cardiovascular disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2013;71(2):119-124.
135. Bushnell C, McCullough LD, Awad IA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45(5):1545-1588.
136. Linde M, Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Hagen K. Time trends in the prevalence of headache disorders: the Nord-Trondelag Health Studies (HUNT 2 and HUNT 3). Cephalalgia. 2011;31(5):585-596.
137. Matharu MS, Cohen AS, McGonigle DJ, Ward N, Frackowiak RS, Goadsby PJ. Posterior hypthalamic and brainstem activation in hemicrania continua. Headache. 2004;44(8):747-761.
138. Wallasch TM, Angeli A, Kropp P. Outcomes of a headache-specific cross-sectional multidisciplinary treatment program. Headache. 2012;52(7):1094-1105.
139. Edmeads J, Láinez JM, Brandes JL, Schoenen J, Freitag F. Potential of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire as a public health initiative and in clinical practice. Neurology. 2001;56(6 Suppl 1):S29-S34.
140. Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Dowson AJ, Sawyer J. Development and testing of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire to assess headache-related disability. Neurology. 2001;56(6 Suppl 1):S20-S28.
142. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves First Treatment for Episodic Cluster Headache that Reduces the Frequency of Attacks. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-episodic-cluster-headache-reduces-frequency-attacks. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
144. Robbins MS, Starling AJ, Pringsheim TM, Becker WJ, Schwedt TJ. Treatment of cluster headache: the American Headache Society evidence-based guidelines. Headache. 2016;56(7):1093-1106.
145. Ferrante E, Tassorelli C, Rossi P, Lisotto C, Nappi G. Focus on the management of thunderclap headache: from nosography to treatment. J Headache Pain. 2011;12(2):251-258.
146. Moukhachen O, Grgurich P. Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. In: Zeind CS, Carvalho MG (eds). Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2018: 1301-1318.
147. Porter RS (ed). Neurologic disorders. In: Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 20th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: MerckSharp & Dohme; 2018.
148. Forsyth PA, Posner JB. Headaches in patients with brain tumors: a study of 111 patients. Neurology. 1993;43(9):1678-1683.
149. Israel HA, Scrivani SJ. The interdisciplinary approach to oral, facial and head pain. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131(7):919-926.
150. Okeson JP, de Leeuw R. Differential diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders and other orofacial pain disorders. Dent Clin North Am. 2011;55(1):105-120.
151. Romero-Reyes M, Uyanik JM. Orofacial pain management: current perspectives. J Pain Res. 2014;7:99-115.
152. Lipton JA, Ship JA, Larach-Robinson D. Estimated prevalence and distribution of reported orofacial pain in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc. 1993;124(10):115-121.
153. Graff-Radford SB. Facial pain, cervical pain, and headache. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2012;18(4):869-882.
154. Klausner, JJ. Epidemiology of chronic facial pain: diagnostic usefulness in patient care. J Am Dent Assoc. 1994;125(12):1604-1611.
155. Mitrirattanakul S, Merrill RL. Headache impact in patients with orofacial pain. JADA. 2006;137(9):1267-1274.
156. Lupoli TA, Lockey RF, Temporomandibular dysfunction: an often overlooked cause of chronic headaches. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;99(4):314-318.
157. Germain L. Differential diagnosis of toothache pain. Part 1: odontogenic etiologies. Dent Today. 2012;31(7):92-97.
158. Nguyen DH, Martin JT. Common dental infections in the primary care setting. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(6):797-802.
159. American Association of Endodontists. Use and Abuse of Antibiotics. Available at https://www.aae.org/specialty/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/ecfewinter12final.pdf. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
160. Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Travell & Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1999.
161. Koratkar H, Parashar V, Koratkar S. A review of neuropathic pain conditions affecting teeth. Gen Dent. 2010;58(5):436-441.
162. Marbach JJ, Raphael KG. Phantom tooth pain: a new look at an old dilemma. Pain Med. 2000;1(1):68-77.
163. Germain L. Differential diagnosis of toothache pain. Part 2: nonodontogenic etiologies. Dent Today. 2012;31(8):84-89.
164. Clark GT. Persistent orodental pain, atypical odontalgia, and phantom tooth pain: when are they neuropathic disorders? J Calif Dent Assoc. 2006;34(8):599-609.
165. Hersh EV, Balasubramaniam R, Pinto A. Pharmacologic management of temporomandibular disorders. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2008;20(2):197-210.
166. Smith PF, Epstein JB. Orofacial pain. In: Davies AN, Epstein JB (eds). Oral Complications of Cancer and Its Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010: 241-251.
168. Scully C. Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine: The Basis of Diagnosis and Treatment. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2013: 125-135.
169. Williams JW, Simel DL. Does this patient have sinusitis? Diagnosing sinusitis by history and physical examination. JAMA. 1993;270:1242-1246.
171. Kamani T, Jones NS. 12 minute consultation: evidence based management of a patient with facial pain. Clin Otolaryngol. 2012;37(3):207-212.
172. Patel ZM, Kennedy DW, Setzen M, Poetker DM, DelGaudio JM. "Sinus headache:" rhinogenic headache or migraine? An evidence-based guide to diagnosis and treatment. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3(3):221-230.
173. Bamford CC, Mays M, Tepper SJ. Unusual headaches in the elderly. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011;15(4):295-301.
174. Langford CA, Fauci AS. The vasculitis syndromes. In: Jameson J, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Longo D, Loscalzo J (eds). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill: 2018.
175. Reiter S, Winocur E, Goldsmith C, Emodi-Perlman A, Gorsky M. Giant cell arteritis misdiagnosed as temporomandibular disorder: a case report and review of the literature. J Orofac Pain. 2009;23(4):360-365.
176. Zborowska B, Ell J, McGhee-Collett M, Scolyer R, McCluskey PJ. Progressive visual loss in a patient with presumed temporal arteritis despite treatment: how to make the diagnosis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2004;32(3):335-336.
177. Durso SC. Oral manifestations of disease. In: Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (eds). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2018.
179. McMillan R, Forssell H, Buchanan JA, Glenny AM, Weldon JC, Zakrzewska JM. Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;11:CD002779.
180. American Migraine Foundation. Sleep, Insomnia and Migraine. Available at https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/?articles-cat=migraine-triggers. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
181. Aukerman G, Knutson D, Mise WF. Management of the acute migraine headache. Am Fam Physician. 2002;66(11):2123-2130.
184. Pringsheim T, Davenport W, Mackie G, et al. Canadian Headache Society guideline for migraine prophylaxis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(2 Suppl 2):S1-S59.
185. Shaik MM, Tan HL, Kamal MA, Gan SH1. Do folate, vitamins B6 and B12 play a role in the pathogenesis of migraine? The role of pharmacoepigenomics. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2014;13(5):828-835.
186. Morey SS. Headache Consortium releases guidelines for use of CT or MRI in migraine work-up. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62(7):1699-1701.
187. Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD, Schwedt TJ. The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the American Headache Society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2015;55(1):3-20.
188. Chopra R, Robert T, Watson DB. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological prevention of episodic migraine and chronic daily headache. W V Med J. 2012;108(3):88-91.
189. Varkey E, Cider A, Carlsson J, Linde M. Exercise as migraine prophylaxis: a randomized study using relaxation and topiramate as controls. Cephalalgia. 2011;31(14):1428-1438.
190. Kelley NE, Tepper DE. Rescue therapy for acute migraine. Part 1: triptans, dihydroergotamine, and magnesium. Headache. 2012;52(1):114-128.
191. Kelley NE, Tepper DE. Rescue therapy for acute migraine. Part 3: opioids, NSAIDs, steroids, and post-discharge medications. Headache. 2012;52(3):467-482.
192. Valade D. Early treatment of acute migraine: new evidence of benefits. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(Suppl 3):15-21.
193. Robertson CE, Black DF, Swanson JW. Management of migraine headache in the emergency department. Semin Neurol. 2010;30(2):201-212.
194. DeMaagd G. The pharmacological management of migraine. Part 1: overview and abortive therapy. PT. 2008:33(7):404-416.
195. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Diagnosis and Treatment of Headache. Available at https://www.icsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Headache.pdf. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
196. Rabbie R, Derry S, Moore RA. Ibuprofen with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4:CD008039.
197. Orr SL, Aubé M, Becker WJ, et al. Canadian Headache Society systemic review and recommendations on the treatment of migraine pain in emergency settings. Cephalagia. 2015;35(3):271-284.
198. Taggart E, Doran S, Kokotillo A, Campbell S, Villa-Roel C, Rowe BH. Ketorolac in the treatment of acute migraine: a systematic review. Headache. 2013;53(2):277-287.
200. Sumamo Schellenberg E, Dryden DM, Pasichnyk D, et al. Acute Migraine Treatment in Emergency Settings. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2012.
201. Friedman BW, Cabral L, Adewunmi V, et al. Diphenhydramine as adjuvant therapy for acute migraine: an ED-based randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;67(1):32-39.
202. Honkaniemi J, Liimatainen S, Rainesalo S, Sulavuori S. Haloperidol in the acute treatment of migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache. 2006;46(5):781-787.
203. Kostic MA, Gutierrez FJ, Rieg TS, Moore TS, Gendron RT. A prospective, randomized trial of intravenous prochlorperazine vs. subcutaneous sumatriptan in acute migraine therapy in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56(1):1-6.
204. Spielmann K, Kayser A, Beck E, Meister R, Schaefer C. Pregnancy outcome after anti-migraine triptan use: a prospective observational cohort study. Cephalalgia. 2017;38(6):1081-1092.
205. Shahien R, Saleh SA, Bowirrat A. Intravenous sodium valproate aborts migraine headaches rapidly. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;123(4):257-265.
206. Maizels M, Geiger AM. Intranasal lidocaine for migraine: a randomized trial and open-label follow-up. Headache. 1999;39(8):543-551.
207. Klapper JA, Stanton JS. The emergency treatment of acute migraine headache: a comparison of intravenous dihydroergotamine, dexamethasone and placebo. Cephalalgia. 1991;11(Suppl 11):159-160.
208. Mauskop A, Altura BM. Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraines. Clin Neurosci. 1998;5(1):24-27.
209. Mauskop A, Altura BT, Cracco RQ, Altura BM. Intravenous magnesium sulphate rapidly alleviates headaches of various types. Headache. 1996;36(3):154-160.
210. Katzung BG. Histamine, serotonin and the ergot alkaloids. In: Katzung BG (ed). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 14th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2018: 277-299.
211. Diener HC, Bussone G, de Liano H. Placebo-controlled comparison of effervescent acetylsalicylic acid, sumatriptan, and ibuprofen in the treatment of migraine attacks. Cephalalgia. 2004;24(11):947-954.
212. Ferrari MD, Roon KI, Lipton RB, Goasby PJ. Oral triptans (serotonin 5-HT (1B/1D) agonists) in acute migraine treatment: a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Lancet. 2001;358(9294):1668-1675.
213. Ephross SA, Sinclair SM. Final results from the 16-year Sumatriptan, Naratriptan, and Treximet Pregnancy Registry. Headache. 2014;54(7):1158-1172.
214. Kuca B, Silberstein SD, Wietecha L, et al. Lasmiditan is an effective acute treatment for migraine: a phase 3 randomized study. Neurology. 2018;91(24):e2222-e2232.
216. Loder EW, Rizzoli P. Tolerance and loss of beneficial effect during migraine prophylaxis: clinical considerations. Headache. 2011;51(8):1336-1345.
217. DeMaagd G. The pharmacological management of migraine. Part 2: preventive therapy. PT. 2008:33(8):480-487.
219. AHS Consensus Statement. The American Headache Society Position Statement on Integrating New Migraine Treatments into Clinical Practice. Available at https://headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/head.13456. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
222. Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, Hallstrom Y, et al. A controlled trial of erenumab for episodic migraine. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2123-2132.
223. Khan S, Olesen A, Ashina M. CGRP, a target for preventive therapy in migraine and cluster headache: systematic review of clinical data. Cephalalgia. 2017.
224. Schuster NM, Rapoport AM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeted therapies for migraine and cluster headache: a review. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2017;40(4):169-174.
225. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves New Treatment for Adults with Migraine. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-adults-migraine. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
226. Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1337-1345.
228. Loder E, Burch R, Rizzoli P. The 2012 AHS/AAN guidelines for prevention of episodic migraine: a summary and comparison with other recent clinical practice guidelines. Headache. 2012;52(6):930-945.
229. Mulleners WM, McCrory DC, Linde M. Antiepileptics in migraine prophylaxis: an updated Cochrane review. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(1):51-62.
230. Perloff MD, Berlin RK, Gillette M, Petersile MJ, Kurowski D. Gabapentin in headache disorders: what is the evidence? Pain Medicine. 2016;17(1):162-171.
231. American Headache Society. Headache Toolbox: Menstrual Migraine. Available at https://americanheadachesociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Menstrual-Migraine-Feb-2014.pdf. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
232. Rizzoli P, Loder EW. Tolerance and loss of beneficial effects of prophylactic migraine drugs: a systematic review of causes and mechanisms. Headache. 2011;51(8):1323-1335.
233. Cao Y, Zheng OJ. Tonabersat for migraine prophylaxis: a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2014;17(1):1-8.
234. Sarrouilhe D, Dejean C, Mesnil M. Involvement of gap junction channels in the pathophysiology of migraine with aura. Front Physiol. 2014;5:78.
235. Martelletti P, Jensen RH, Antal A, et al. Neuromodulation of chronic headaches: position statement from the European Headache Federation. J Headache Pain. 2013;14(1):86.
236. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Treating Migraines: Ways to Fight the Pain with Medication. Available at https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/treating-migraines-ways-fight-pain-medication. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
237. Abu-Arafeh I, Razak S, Silvaraman B, Graham C. Prevalence of headache and migraine in children and adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52:1088-1097.
238. Orr SL, Potter BK, Ma J, Colman I. Migraine and mental health in a population-based sample of adolescents. Canad J Neurol Sci. 2016;44:44-50.
239. Orr SL, Kabbouche MA, O'Brien HL, et al. Paediatric migraine: evidence-based management and future directions. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14:515-527.
240. American Academy of Neurology/American Headache Society. Practice Guideline Update: Acute Treatment of Migraine in Children and Adolescents, August 2019. Available at https://www.aan.com/Guidelines/Home/GuidelineDetail/966. Last accessed June 20, 2024.
1. Douglas AC, Wippold FJ II, Broderick DF, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Headache. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; 2022. Available at https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69482/Narrative. Last accessed June 24, 2024.
2. Beithon J, Gallenberg M, Johnson K, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Headache. Bloomington, MN: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement; 2013. Available at https://www.icsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/HeadacheRR.pdf. Last accessed June 24, 2024.2023;4:1247313.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.