Works Cited

1. Yu A, Chertow G, Luyckx V, Marsden P, Skorecki K, Maarten T (eds).Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019.

2. Carroll MF, Temte JL. Proteinuria in adults: a diagnostic approach.Am Fam Physician. 2000;62(6):1333-1340.

3. Cohen RA, Brown RS. Clinical practice. Microscopic hematuria.N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2330-2338.

4. Sokolosky MC. Hematuria.Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2001;19:621-632.

5. Jameson JL, Fauci A, Kasper DL, Hauser S, Longo D, Loscalzo J.Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2018.

6. Fiebach NH, Kern DE, Thomas PA, Ziegelstein RC, Barker LR, Zieve PD (eds).Principles of Ambulatory Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007.

7. Charles RF, Powe NR, Jaar BG, Troll MU, Parekh RS, Boulware LE. Clinical testing patterns and cost implications of variation in the evaluation of CKD among U.S. physicians.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(2):227-237.

8. Ahmed Z, Lee J. Asymptomatic urinary abnormalities: hematuria and proteinuria.Med Clin North Am. 1997;81(3):641-652.

9. Thomas B, Gaddy A. Proteinuria. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238158-overview. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

10. Simerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ. Urinalysis: a comprehensive review.Am Fam Phys. 2005;71(6):1153-1162.

11. Castner D, Douglas C. Now on stage: chronic kidney disease.Nursing. 2005;35(12):58-63.

12. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney Disease: Causes. Available at https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease-causes. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

13. United States Renal Data System. 2023 USRDS Annual Data Report. Volume Two: End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Available at https://usrds-adr.niddk.nih.gov/2023. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

14. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Albuminuria: Albumin in the Urine. Available at https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd/tests-diagnosis/albuminuria-albumin-urine. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

15. Wang TJ, Evans JC, Meigs JB, et al. Low-grade albuminuria and the risks of hypertension and blood pressure progression.Circulation. 2005;111(11):1370-1376.

16. Dell'Omo G, Penno G, Giorgi D, DiBello V, Mariani M, Pedrinelli R. Association between high-normal albuminuria and risk factors for cardiovascular and renal disease in essential hypertensive men.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40(1):1-8.

18. Sinnakirouchenan R. Nephrotic Syndrome. Available athttps://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-overview. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

19. Roozbeh J, Banihashemi MA, Ghezlou M, et al. Captopril and combination therapy of captopril and pentoxifylline in reducing proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy.Ren Fail. 2010;32(2):172-178.

20. Robles NR, Romero B, de Vinuesa EG, et al. Treatment of proteinuria with lercanidipine associated with renin-angiotensin axis-blocking drugs.Ren Fail. 2010;32(2):192-197.

21. Merck Manual. Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome. Available athttps://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/glomerular-disorders/overview-of-nephrotic-syndrome. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

22. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults. Available at https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/nephrotic-syndrome-adults. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

23. Murakami S, Igarashi T, Hara S, Shimazaki J. Strategies for asymptomatic microscopic hematuria: a prospective study of 1,034 patients.J Urol. 1990;144(1):99-101.

24. LexiComp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com/. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

25. Masood S, Jayne D, Karim Y. Beyond immunosuppression: challenges in the clinical management of lupus nephritis.Lupus. 2009;18(2):106-115.

26. von Groote TC, Williams G, Au EH, et al. Immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;11(11):CD004293.

27. Shalhoub PJ, Quek ML. Management of Bladder Cancer in the Elderly: Clinical Decision Making and Guideline Recommendations. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/740652. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

28. Mansur A. Minimal-Change Disease Treatment and Management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/243348-treatment. Last accessedMay 8, 2024.

29. Krane NK. Renal Disease and Pregnancy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/246123-overview#aw2aab6b2. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

30. Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M. Pre-eclampsia.Lancet. 2005;365(9461):785-799.

31. Lim KH. Steinberg G. Preeclampsia. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1476919-overview. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

32. Davis R, Jones JS, Barocas DA, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation and follow-up of asymptomatic microhematuria (AMH) in adults: AUA guideline.J Urol. 2012;188(6 Suppl):2473-2481.

33. Pillalamarri N. Shalom D, Sanidad S, Akerman M, Lind L, Winkler H. The prevalence of microscopic hematuria in a cohort of women with pelvic organ prolapse.Int Urogynecol J. 2015;26(1):85-90.

34. Sharp VJ, Barnes KT, Erickson BA. Assessment of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults.Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(11):747-754.

35. Grossfeld GD. Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: summary of the AUA best practice policy recommendations.Am Fam Physician. 2001;63(6):1145-1155.

36. Thaller TR, Wang LP. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults.Am Fam Physician. 1999;60(4):1143-1152.

37. Mandal AK, Jennette JC (eds).Diagnosis and Management of Renal Disease and Hypertension. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1988.

38. National Kidney Foundation. Goodpasture's Syndrome. Available at https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/goodpasture. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

39. National Kidney Foundation. What is Glomerulonephritis? Available at https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/glomerul. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

40. Gulati S. Hematuria. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/981898-overview. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites: Schistosomiasis. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

42. Medline Plus. Urinary Casts. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003586.htm. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

43. Friedlander DF, Resnick MJ, You C, Bassett J, Yarlagadda V, Penson DF, et al. Variation in the intensity of hematuria evaluation: a target for primary care quality improvement.Am J Med. 2014;127(7):633-640.

44. Ark JT, Alvarez JR, Koyama T, et al. Variation in the diagnostic evaluation among persons with hematuria: influence of gender, race, and risk factors for bladder cancer.J Urol. 2017;198(5):1033-1038.

45. Levine DZ.Caring for the Renal Patient. 3rd ed. London, England: Saunders; 1997.

46. Committee Opinion No. 703 Summary: Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria in Women.Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(6):1153-1154. (Reaffirmed 2021).

47. Mathur M. Urography. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1890669-overview. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

48. Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging: Dillman JR, Rigsby CK, Iyer RS, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria hematuria-child.J Am Coll Radiol. 2018;15(5S):S91-S103.

49. Barocas DA, Boorjian SA, Alvarez RD, et al. Microhematuria: AUA/SUFU guideline.J Urol. 2020;204(4):778-786.

50. Madeb R, Golijanin D, Knopf J, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with a negative work-up for asymptomatic microhematuria.Urology. 2010;75(1):20-25.

51. Edwards TJ, et al. Patient-specific risk of undetected malignant disease after investigation for haematuria, based on a 4-year follow-up.BJU Int. 2011;107(2):247-252.

52. Nielsen M, Qaseem A, High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Hematuria as a marker of occult urinary tract cancer: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians.Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(7):488-497.

53. Medline Plus. Acute Nephritic Syndrome. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000495.htm. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

54. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Lupus and Kidney Disease (Lupus Nephritis). Available athttps://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/lupus-nephritis. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

55. Brent LH, Karhadkar A, Bloom E. Lupus Nephritis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330369-overview. Last accessed May 8, 2024.

56. Avasare R, Drexler Y, Caster DJ, Mitrofanova A, Jefferson JA. Management of lupus nephritis: new treatments and updated guidelines.Kidney360. 2023;4(10):1503-1511.

57. Hahn BH, McMahon MA, Wilkinson A, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis.Am Coll Rheumatol. 2012;64(6):797-808.

58. Khamashta MA. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy.Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20(4):685-694.

59. Petri M. The Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center: ten key issues in management.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2007;33(2):227-235.

60. Witter FR. Management of the high-risk lupus pregnant patient.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2007;33(2):253-265.

Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations Citations

1. Nielsen M, Qaseem A, High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Hematuria as a marker of occult urinary tract cancer: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians.Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(7):488-497. Available at https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M15-1496. Last accessed May 20, 2024.


Copyright © 2024 NetCE, PO Box 997571, Sacramento, CA 95899-7571
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.