1. Alonso AF, Barros-Del Rio MA. Resilience as a form of contestation in Langston Hughes' early poetry/La resiliencia como forma de contestación en la poesía temprana de Langston Hughes. Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies. 2019;60:91-106.
2. Comas-Díaz L. Racial trauma recovery: a race-informed therapeutic approach to racial wounds. In: Alvarez AN, Liang CTH, Neville HA (eds). Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic Psychology Book Series: The Cost of Racism for People of Color: Contextualizing Experiences of Discrimination. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2016:249-272.
3. Ranjbar N, Erb M, Mohammad O, Moreno FA. Trauma-informed care and cultural humility in the mental health care of people from minoritized communities. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2020;18(1):8-15.
4. Evans AM, Hemmings C, Burkhalter C, Lacy V. Responding to race-related trauma: counseling and research recommendations to promote post-traumatic growth when counseling African American males. J Counselor Preparation Supervision. 2016;8(1).
6. Chaney C. You can never kill me: racism and resilience in hip hop. J Popular Music Educ. 2018;2(1-2):81-100.
7. A History of Racial Injustice. 19 Senators and 82 Representatives Sign Southern Manifesto Opposing Integration of Schools. Available at https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/mar/12. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
8. Legal Defense Fund. The Case That Changes America: Brown V. Board of Education. The Southern Manifesto and "Massive Resistance" to Brown. Available at https://www.naacpldf.org/brown-vs-board/southern-manifesto-massive-resistance-brown. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
9. Center for American Progress. Racial Disparities in Home Appreciation. Available at https://www.americanprogress.org/article/racial-disparities-home-appreciation. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
10. U.S. Census Bureau. QuickFacts: United States. Available at https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
11. Starks S. Working with African American/Black Patients. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/diversity/education/best-practice-highlights/working-with-african-american-patients. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
12. Karenga M. Trump's mind, mouth and fecal matters: racism's red meat and raw sewage. J Pan Afr Stud. 2018;11(4).
13. The Sentencing Project. Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System. Available at https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/report-to-the-united-nations-on-racial-disparities-in-the-u-s-criminal-justice-system/. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
14. Brandon DT, Isaac LA, LaVeist TA. The legacy of Tuskegee and trust in medical care: is Tuskegee responsible for race differences in mistrust of medical care? J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(7):951-956.
15. Davis RG, Ressler KJ, Schwartz AC, et al. Treatment barriers for low-income, urban African Americans with undiagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21:218-222.
16. American Psychiatric Association. Stress and Trauma Toolkit for Treating Historically Marginalized Populations in a Changing Political and Social Environment. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/diversity/education/stress-and-trauma. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/about.html. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fast Facts: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
20. Maguire-Jack K, Lanier P, Lombardi B. Investigating racial differences in clusters of adverse childhood experiences. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2020;90(1):106-114.
21. Fagan AA, Novak A. Adverse childhood experiences and adolescent delinquency in a high-risk sample. Youth Violence Juvenile Justice. 2018;16(4):395-417.
22. Rosinski A, Weiss RA, Clatch L. Childhood adverse events and adult physical and mental health: a national study. Psi Chi. 2018;23(1):40-50.
23. Resler M. Systems of Trauma: Racial Trauma. Available at http://www.fact.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Racial-Trauma-Issue-Brief.pdf. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
24. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
25. Laboratory for Culture and Mental Health Disparities. Racial Trauma Research: Clinical Assessment of Racial Trauma. Available athttps://www.mentalhealthdisparities.org/trauma-research.php. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
26. Sanders Thompson VL, Talley M, Caito N, Kreuter M. African American men's perceptions of factors influencing health-information seeking. Am J Mens Health. 2009;3(1):6-15.
27. Reynolds D. Prostate cancer screening in African American men: barriers and methods for improvement. Am J Mens Health. 2008;2(2):172-177.
28. Elder KT, Wiltshire JC, McRoy L, Campbell D, Gary LC, Safford M. Men and differences by racial/ethnic group in self-advocacy during the medical encounter. J Mens Health. 2010;7(2):135-144.
29. Courtenay WH. Key determinants of the health and well-being of men and boys. Int J Mens Health. 2003;2(1):1-30.
30. Sadovsky R, Levine L. Men's healthcare needs improvements: a recommendation for a midlife men's health assessment visit. J Mens Health Gender. 2005;2(3):375-381.
31. Franklin AJ, Boyd-Franklin N. Invisibility syndrome: a clinical model of the effects of racism on African-American males. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2000;70(1):33-41.
32. Assari S, Moazen-Zadeh E, Howard Caldwell C, Zimmerman MA. Racial discrimination during adolescence predicts mental health deterioration in adulthood: gender differences among Blacks. Front Public Health. 2017;5:104.
33. Work GB, Cropper R, Dalenberg C. Talking About Race in Trauma Psychotherapy. Available at https://societyforpsychotherapy.org/talking-about-race-in-trauma-psychotherapy. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
34. Bonanno GA, Westphal M, Mancini AD. Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2011;7:511-535.
35. Hobfoll SE, Palmieri P, Johnson RJ, Canetti-Nisim D, Hall BJ. Trajectories of resilience, resistance, and distress during ongoing terrorism: the case of Jews and Arabs in Israel. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77(1):138-148.
36. Taher R, Allan T. Posttraumatic growth in displaced Syrians in the UK: a mixed-methods approach. J Loss Trauma. 2020;25(4):1-15.
37. Kezelman C, Stavropoulos P. The Last Frontier: Practice Guidelines for Treatment of Complex Trauma and Trauma Informed Care and Service Delivery. Kirribilli: Adults Surviving Child Abuse; 2012.
38. Jennings A. Models for Developing Trauma-Informed Behavioral Health Systems and Trauma-Specific Services. Available at http://www.theannainstitute.org/MDT.pdf. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
39. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. The ISTSS Expert Consensus Treatment Guidelines for Complex PTSD in Adults. Available at http://www.istss.org/ISTSS_Main/media/Documents/ComplexPTSD.pdf. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
41. Lander NR, Nahon D. The Integrity Model: an existential approach in working with men, culture, and identity. Cult Soc Masculinities. 2015;7(2):73-86.
42. Gros DF, Flanagan JC, Korte KJ, Mills AC, Brady KT, Back SE. Relations between social support, PTSD symptoms, and substance use in veterans. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30(7):764-770.
43. Mattis JS, Jagers RJ. A relational framework for the study of religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African Americans. J Community Psychol. 2001;29(5):519-539.
44. Cosby R. Older African American adults: understanding the role of the Black church's support in the community. J Religion Spirituality Soc Work. 2020;39(4):353-371.
45. Newlin K, Knafl K, Melkus GD. African-American spirituality: a concept analysis. Adv Nurs Sci. 2002;25(2):57-70.
46. Ano GG, Vasconcelles EB. Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2005;61(4): 461-480.
47. The Joint Commission. Spiritual Beliefs and Preferences: Evaluating a Patient's Spiritual Needs. Available at https://www.jointcommission.org/standards/standard-faqs/critical-access-hospital/provision-of-care-treatment-and-services-pc/000001669. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
48. Warria A, Chikadzi V. Guidelines for social work spiritual counselling in human trafficking cases. J Soc Dev Africa. 2019;34(2):39-66.
49. Greenbaum VJ. Child sex trafficking in the United States: challenges for the healthcare provider. Plos Med. 2017;14(11):e1002439.
50. Lebron D, Morrison L, Ferris D, et al. Facts Matter! Black Lives Matter! The Trauma of Racism. Available at https://www.issuelab.org/resources/23698/23698.pdf. Last accessed May 17, 2024.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.