1. Griffiths D, Mullock A. Cosmetic surgery: regulatory challenges in a global beauty market. Health Care Anal. 2018;26(3):220-234.
2. Arsiwala SZ. Trends for facial injectable therapies in medical aesthetics. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2018;11(2):45-46.
3. Gonzalez-Ulloa M, Flores ES. Senility of the face: basic study to understand its causes and effects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1965;36:239-246.
4. Coleman SR, Grover R. The anatomy of the aging face: volume loss and changes in 3-dimensional topography. Aesthet Surg J. 2006;26(1S):S4-S9.
5. Paskhover B, Durand D, Kamen E, Gordon NA. Patterns of change in facial skeletal aging. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2017;19(5):413-417.
6. Sundaram H, Signorini M, Liew S, et al. Global aesthetics consensus: botulinum toxin type A: evidence-based review, emerging concepts, and consensus recommendations for aesthetic use, including updates on complications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(3):518e-529e.
7. Waldorf HA. The Benjamin Button effect: recognizable rejuvenation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(6 Suppl):s74-s76.
8. Salti G, Rauso R. Facial rejuvenation with fillers: the dual plane technique. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2015;8(3):127-133.
9. Sundaram H. Going with the flow: an overview of soft tissue filler rheology and its potential clinical applications (2 of 3). Practical Dermatol. 2011;6:23-28.
10. Carruthers J, Burgess C, Day D, et al. Consensus recommendations for combined aesthetic interventions in the face using botulinum toxin, fillers, and energy-based devices. Dermatol Surg. 2016;42(5):586-597.
11. de Maio M, DeBoulle K, Braz A, Rohrich RJ, Alliance for the Future of Aesthetics Consensus Committee. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the midface. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(4):540e-550e.
12. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2020 ASPA Plastic Surgery Statistics Release. Available at https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2020/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2020.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
13. American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. ASDS Survey on Dermatologic Procedures. Available at https://www.asds.net/medical-professionals/practice-resources/survey-on-dermatologic-procedures. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
14. Saade DS, Maymone MBC, Secemsky EA, et al. Patterns of over-the-counter lightening agent use among patients with hyperpigmentation disorders: a United States-based cohort study. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(7):26-30.
15. Rohrich RJ, Cho M-J. When is teenage plastic surgery versus cosmetic surgery okay? Reality versus hype: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;142(3):293e-302e.
16. Rayess HM, Svider PF, Hanba C, et al. A cross-sectional analysis of adverse events and litigation for injectable fillers. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2018;20(3):207-214.
17. Hunter JG. Discussion: the role of bacterial biofilm in adverse soft-tissue filler reactions: a combined laboratory and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(3):622-623.
18. Dover JS, Monheit G, Greener M, Pickett A. Botulinum toxin in aesthetic medicine: myths and realities. Dermatol Surg. 2018;44(2):249-260.
19. Heydenrych I, Kapoor KM, De Boulle K, et al. A 10-point plan for avoiding hyaluronic acid dermal filler-related complications during facial aesthetic procedures and algorithms for management. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:603-611.
20. Khunger N. Risk assessment and prevention of complications in aesthetic surgery. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2014;7(3):141-142.
21. Phillips KS, Wang Y. U.S. Food and Drug Administration authors publish articles on dermal filler materials, injections, methods, and skin preparation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(4):632e-633e.
22. King M, Bassett S, Davies E, King S. Management of delayed onset nodules. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016;9(11):E1-E5.
23. Deva AK, Saththianathan M, Johani K, et al. Reply: the role of bacterial biofilm in adverse soft-tissue filler reactions: a combined laboratory and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(3):613-621.
24. Sandoval SE, Cox JA, Koshy JC, Hatef DA, Hollier LH. Facial fat compartments: a guide to filler placement. Semin Plast Surg. 2009;23(4):283-287.
25. Farkas JP, Pessa JE, Hubbard B, Rohrich RJ. The science and theory behind facial aging. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2013;1(1):e8-e15.
26. Kumar N, Swift A, Rahman E. Development of "core syllabus" for facial anatomy teaching to aesthetic physicians: a Delphi consensus. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2018;6(3):e1687.
27. Palermo EC, Anzai A, Jacomo AL. Three-dimensional approach of cosmetic patient: aging gracefully. In: Issa M, Tamura B (ed). Botulinum Toxins, Fillers and Related Substances: Clinical Approaches and Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology. Vol 4. Cham: Springer; 2019: 199-220.
28. Tan SL, Brandt MG, Yeung JC, Doyle PC, Moore CC. The aesthetic unit principle of facial aging. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2015;17(1):33-38.
29. Wilson AJ, Taglienti AJ, Chang CS, Low DW, Percec I. Current applications of facial volumization with fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(5): 872e-889e.
30. Arsiwala SZ. Simplifying injectables for volumetric rejuvenation of face. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2018;11(2):51-59.
31. Mendelson B, Wong CH. Changes in the facial skeleton with aging: implications and clinical applications in facial rejuvenation. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2012;36(4):753-760.
32. Batniji RK. Malar and Submalar Implants. Available at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/843020-overview. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
33. Carruthers J. Botulinum Toxin for Cosmetic Indications: Treatment of Specific Sites. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/botulinum-toxin-for-cosmetic-indications-treatment-of-specific-sites. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
34. Carruthers A, Humphrey S. Injectable Soft Tissue Fillers: Overview of Clinical Use. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/injectable-soft-tissue-fillers-overview-of-clinical-use. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
35. Amirlak B. Skin Anatomy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1294744-overview. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
36. Peckham M. The Histology Guide: Skin. Available at http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/skin/index.php. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
37. Cunliffe T. Primary Care Dermatology Society: Dermatology Dictionary. Available at https://www.pcds.org.uk/dermatology-dictionary. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
38. Davies JMS, Cillard J, Friguet B, et al. The oxygen paradox, the French paradox, and age-related diseases. GeroScience. 2017;39(5-6):499-550.
39. Kruglikov I, Trujillo O, Quick K, et al. The facial adipose tissue: a revision. Facial Plast Surg. 2016;32(6):671-682.
40. Wollina U, Goldman A, Tchernev G. Fillers and facial fat pads. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017;5(4):403-408.
41. Wan D, Amirlak B, Rohrich R, Davis K. The clinical importance of the fat compartments in midfacial aging. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2013;1(9):e92.
42. Wong CH, Mendelson B. Newer understanding of specific anatomic targets in the aging face as applied to injectables: aging changes in the craniofacial skeleton and facial ligaments. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):44S-48S.
43. Whitney ZB, Jain M, Zito PM. Anatomy, Skin, Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System (SMAS) Fascia. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519014/. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
44. Orengo I. Facial Anatomy in Cutaneous Surgery. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1127307-overview. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
45. Cohen JL, Scuderi N. Safety and patient satisfaction of abobotulinumtoxinA for aesthetic use: a systematic review. Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(Suppl_1):S32-S44.
46. Patel BCK. Forehead Anatomy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/834862-overview. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
47. Beer JI, Sieber DA, III Scheuer JA, Greco TM. Three-dimensional facial anatomy: structure and function as it relates to injectable neuromodulators and soft tissue fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(12 Suppl):e1175.
48. Jahan-Parwar B. Facial Bone Anatomy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/835401-overview. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
49. Haddad A, Kadunc BV, Guarnier C, Noviello JS. Current concepts in the use of poly-L-lactic acid for facial rejuvenation: literature review and practical aspects. Surg Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;9(1):60-71.
50. Avelar LET, Cardoso MA, Bordoni LS, Avelar LdeM, Avelar JVdeM. Aging and sexual differences of the human skull. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017;5(4):e1297.
51. Gerth DJ. Structural and volumetric changes in the aging face. Facial Plast Surg. 2015;31(1):3-9.
52. Wollina U, Wetzker R, Abdel-Naser MB, Kruglikov IL. Role of adipose tissue in facial aging. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:2069-20776.
53. Sherman RN. Global volumetric assessment and three-dimensional enhancement of the face with injectable poly-L-lactic Acid. J Clin Aesthetic Dermatol. 2010;3(8):27-33.
54. Prager W, Agsten K, Kerscher M. Patient-reported outcomes following split-face injection of 2 volumizing fillers in the upper cheeks. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017;5(10):e1412.
55. Shetty R. Outer circle versus inner circle: special considerations while rejuvenating an Indian face using fillers. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2015;8(3):169-172.
57. Buckingham ED, Glasgold R, Kontis T, et al. Volume rejuvenation of the lower third, perioral, and jawline. Facial Plast Surg. 2015;31(1):70-79.
58. Sundaram H, Liew S, Signorini M, et al. Global Aesthetics Consensus: hyaluronic acid fillers and botulinum toxin type A: recommendations for combined treatment and optimizing outcomes in diverse patient populations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(5):1410-1423.
59. Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Overview of Botulinum Toxin for Cosmetic Indications. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-botulinum-toxin-for-cosmetic-indications. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
60. Monheit GD, Pickett A. AbobotulinumtoxinA: a 25-year history. Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(Suppl 1):S4-S11.
61. American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2018 Cosmetic (Aesthetic) Surgery National Data Bank Statistics. Available at https://cdn.theaestheticsociety.org/media/statistics/2018-TheAestheticSocietyStatistics.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
62. Samizadeh S, De Boulle K. Botulinum neurotoxin formulations: overcoming the confusion. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:273-287.
63. Liu A, Carruthers A, Cohen JL, et al. Recommendations and current practices for the reconstitution and storage of botulinum toxin type A. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(3):373-378.
64. Sapra P, DeMay S, Sapra S, Khanna J, Mraud K. A single-blind, split-face, randomized, pilot study comparing the effects of intradermal and intramuscular injection of two commercially available botulinum toxin A formulas to reduce signs of facial aging. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017;10(2):34-44.
65. Lupo MP. Tox outside the box: off-label aesthetic uses of botulinum toxin. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(9):1151-1157.
66. Wu WTL, Liew S, Chan HH, et al. Consensus on current injectable treatment strategies in the Asian face. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016;40(2):202-214.
67. Anido J, Arenas D, Arruabarrena C, et al. Tailored botulinum toxin type A injections in aesthetic medicine: consensus panel recommendations for treating the forehead based on individual facial anatomy and muscle tone. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:413-421.
68. Carruthers J, Humphrey S. Injectable Soft Tissue Fillers: Temporary Agents. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/injectable-soft-tissue-fillers-temporary-agents. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
69. Tamiolakis P, Piperi E, Christopoulos P, Sklavounou-Andrikopoulou A. Oral foreign body granuloma to soft tissue fillers: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Clin Exp Dent. 2018;10(2):e177-e184.
70. Vedamurthy M. Beware what you inject: complications of injectables—dermal fillers. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2018;11(2):60-66.
71. De Boulle K, Heydenrych I. Patient factors influencing dermal filler complications: prevention, assessment, and treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:205-214.
72. Nestor MS, Bass AM, Gold MH. Soft tissue augmentation in the US. In: Goldberg DJ (ed.). Aesthetic Dermatology: Dermal Fillers. Vol. 4. Basal: Karger; 2018:119-127.
73. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA-Approved Dermal Fillers. Available at https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/aesthetic-cosmetic-devices/fda-approved-dermal-fillers. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
74. Carruthers J, Humphrey S. Injectable Soft Tissue Fillers: Permanent Agents. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/injectable-soft-tissue-fillers-permanent-agents. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
75. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval: Revanesse Ultra-P160042. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=P160042. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
76. Gold MH, Baumann LS, III Clark CP, Schlessinger J. A multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, split-face study of the safety and efficacy of a novel hyaluronic acid gel for the correction of nasolabial folds. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(1):66-73.
77. Herrmann JL, Hoffmann RK, Ward CE, Schulman JM, Grekin RC. Biochemistry, physiology, and tissue interactions of contemporary biodegradable injectable dermal fillers. Dermatol Surg. 2018;44(Suppl 1):S19-S31.
78. Pierre S, Liew S, Bernardin A. Basics of dermal filler rheology. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(Suppl 1):S120-S126.
79. Downie JB, Patel A, Heningburg J. Global updates on the future directions of neurotoxins and fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(12 Suppl):e1177.
80. Mashiko T, Mori H, Kato H, et al. Semi-permanent volumization by an absorbable filler: onlay injection technique to the bone. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2013;1(1):e4-14.
81. Fagien S, Cassuto D. Reconstituted injectable hyaluronic acid: expanded applications in facial aesthetics and additional thoughts on the mechanism of action in cosmetic medicine. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(1):208-217.
82. Meland M, Groppi C, Lorenc ZP. Rheological properties of calcium hydroxylapatite with integral lidocaine. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(9):1107-1110.
83. Funt D, Pavicic T. Dermal fillers in aesthetics: an overview of adverse events and treatment approaches. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013;6:295-316.
84. Tan M, Kontis TC. Midface volumization with injectable fillers. Facial Plast Surg Clin N Am. 2015;23(2):233-242.
85. Lemperle G, Sadick NS, Knapp TR, Lemperle SM. ArteFill permanent injectable for soft tissue augmentation: II. Indications and applications. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010;34(3):273-286.
86. Cohen SR, Berner CF, Busso M, et al. ArteFill: a long-lasting injectable wrinkle filler material—summary of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration trials and a progress report on 4- to 5-year outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(3 Suppl):64S-76S.
87. Fallacara A, Manfredini S, Durini E, Vertuani S. Hyaluronic acid fillers in soft tissue regeneration. Facial Plast Surg. 2017;33(1):87-96.
88. Edsman KLM, Ohrlund A. Cohesion of hyaluronic acid fillers: correlation between cohesion and other physicochemical properties. Dermatol Surg. 2018;44(4):557-562.
89. Sundaram H. Cosmetics challenge: going with the flow: an overview and clinical discussion of the rheology of soft tissue fillers, part 1 of 2. Practical Dermatol. 2010;11.
90. Sundaram H. The new face of fillers: why evidence and experience both count. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(9):964.
91. Vleggaar D, Fitzgerald R, Lorenc ZP. The need for consensus recommendations on the use of injectable poly-L-lactic acid for facial and nonfacial volumization. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(4 Suppl):s28.
92. Sickles CK, Nassereddin A, Gross GP. Poly-L-Lactic Acid. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507871. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
93. Vleggaar D, Fitzgerald R, Lorenc ZP, et al. Consensus recommendations on the use of injectable poly-L-lactic acid for facial and nonfacial volumization. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(4 Suppl):s44-s51.
94. Werschler WP, Calkin JM, Laub DA, Mauricio T, Narurkar VA, Rich P. Aesthetic dermatologic treatments: consensus from the experts. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2015;8(10 Suppl):S2-S7.
95. Smith KC. Reversible vs. nonreversible fillers in facial aesthetics: concerns and considerations. Dermatol Online J. 2008;14(8):3.
97. Shamban AT. Noninvasive submental fat compartment treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(12 Suppl):e1155.
98. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Kybella: FDA Prescribing Information, Side Effects and Uses. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/206333s001lbl.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
99. Patel S, Kridel R. Current trends in management of submental liposis: a pooled analysis and survey. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2018;20(3):202-206.
100. Ayer J, Ahmed A, Duncan-Parry E, et al. A photonumeric scale for the assessment of atrophic facial photodamage. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(5):1190-1195.
101. Flynn TC, Carruthers A, Carruthers J, et al. Validated assessment scales for the upper face. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(2 Spec No.):309-319.
102. Carruthers J, Flynn TC, Geister TL, et al. Validated assessment scales for the mid face. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(2):320-332.
103. Narins RS, Carruthers J, Flynn TC, et al. Validated assessment scales for the lower face. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38(2 Spec No.):333-342.
104. Vashi NA, de Castro Maymone MB, Kundu RV. Aging differences in ethnic skin. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016;9(1):31-38.
105. Liew S, Wu WTL, Chan HH, et al. Consensus on changing trends, attitudes, and concepts of Asian beauty. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016;40(2):193-201.
106. Rhee SC, Lee SH. Attractive composite faces of different races. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010;34(6):800-801.
107. Fitzpatrick TB. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124(6):869-871.
108. Chien AL, Kang S. Photoaging. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/photoaging. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
109. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype. Available at https://www.arpansa.gov.au/sites/default/files/legacy/pubs/RadiationProtection/FitzpatrickSkinType.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
110. Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR, et al. International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races.J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16(4):615-646.
111. Oranges CM, Gohritz A, Haug M, Yves H, Schaefer DJ. Universal and ethnic-specific considerations on facial rejuvenation: where do you inject your fillers? Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(80):e842.
112. Keaney TC, Alster TS. Botulinum toxin in men: review of relevant anatomy and clinical trial data. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(10):1434-1443.
115. Frucht CS, Ortiz AE. Nonsurgical cosmetic procedures for men: trends and technique considerations. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016;9(12):33-43.
116. Wong V. Treating the Male Patient With Dermal Fillers. Available at https://www.thepmfajournal.com/media/2694/pmfaon16-male-wong.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
117. de Maio M. Ethnic and gender considerations in the use of facial injectables: male patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):40S-43S.
118. Bonati LM, Fabi SG. Treating the young aesthetic patient: evidence-based recommendations. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(6):s81-s83.
119. Kuwazuru O, Miyamoto K, Yoshikawa N, Imayama S. Skin wrinkling morphology changes suddenly in the early 30s. Skin Res Technol. 2012;18(4):495-503.
120. Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Monheit GD, Davis PG, Tardie G. Multicenter, randomized, parallel-group study of the safety and effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA and hyaluronic acid dermal fillers (24-mg/mL smooth, cohesive gel) alone and in combination for lower facial rejuvenation. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36 (Suppl 4):2121-2134.
121. Sadick N. Facial volumetric structural rejuvenation: a natural approach to restoring youthfulness and preventing aging. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(9):1015.
122. Carruthers JD, Fagien S, Rohrich RJ, et al. Blindness caused by cosmetic filler injection: a review of cause and therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134(6):1197-1201.
123. Hinderer UT. Malar implants for the improvement of the facial appearance. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1975;56(2):157-165.
124. Jones D, Murphy DK. Volumizing Hyaluronic acid filler for midface volume deficit: 2-year results from a pivotal single-blind randomized controlled study. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(11):1602-1612.
125. de Maio M, Wu WTL, Goodman GJ, Monheit G, Alliance for the Future of Aesthetics Consensus Committee. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the lower face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(3):393e-404e.
126. Ramanadham SR, Rohrich RJ. Newer understanding of specific anatomic targets in the aging face as applied to injectables: superficial and deep facial fat compartments--an evolving target for site-specific facial augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):49S-55S.
127. de Maio M, Swift A, Signorini M, Fagien S, Aesthetic Leaders in Facial Aesthetics Consensus Committee. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the upper face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(2):265e-276e.
128. Trévidic P, Criollo-Lamilla G. Platysma bands: is a change needed in the surgical paradigm? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139:41-47.
129. Chen K, Huang J, Gong W, Iribarren P, Dunlop NM, Wang JM. Toll-like receptors in inflammation, infection and cancer. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007;7(10):1271-1285.
130. Chiang YZ, Pierone G, Al-Niaimi F. Dermal Fillers: pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of complications. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(3):405-413.
132. Higgins S, Wysong A. Cosmetic surgery and body dysmorphic disorder: an update. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2018;4(1):43-48.
133. Yazdandoost RY, Hayatbini N, Asgharnejad Farid AA, Gharaee B, Latifi NA. The body image dissatisfaction and psychological symptoms among invasive and minimally invasive aesthetic surgery patients. World J Plast Surg. 2016;5(2):148-153.
134. Bouman TK, Mulkens S, van der Lei B. Cosmetic professionals' awareness of body dysmorphic disorder. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(2):336-342.
135. Sweis IE, Spitz J, Jr Barry DR, Cohen M. A review of body dysmorphic disorder in aesthetic surgery patients and the legal implications. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017;41(4):949-954.
136. Rongioletti F, Atzori L, Ferreli C, et al. Granulomatous reactions after injections of multiple aesthetic micro-implants in temporal combinations: a complication of filler addiction. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(6):1188-1192.
137. Lin CH, Chiang CP, Wu BY, Gao HW. Filler migration to the forehead due to multiple filler injections in a patient addicted to cosmetic fillers. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2017;19(2):124-126.
138. Urdiales-Galvez F, Delgado NE, Figueiredo V, et al. Preventing the complications associated with the use of dermal fillers in facial aesthetic procedures: an expert group consensus report. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017;41(3):667-677.
139. Castle DJ, Phillips KA, Jr Dufresne RG. Body dysmorphic disorder and cosmetic dermatology: more than skin deep. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004;3(2):99-103.
140. General Medical Council. Guidance for Doctors who Offer Cosmetic Interventions. 2016. Available at https://www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/documents/Guidance_for_doctors_who_offer_cosmetic_interventions_210316.pdf_65254111.pdf. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
141. Klassen AF, Cano SJ, Alderman A, et al. Self-report scales to measure expectations and appearance-related psychosocial distress in patients seeking cosmetic treatments. Aesthet Surg J. 2016;36(9):1068-1078.
142. Ubbink DT, Santema TB, Lapid O. Shared decision-making in cosmetic medicine and aesthetic surgery. Aesthet Surg J. 2016;36(1):NP14-NP19.
143. Urdiales-Gálvez F, Delgado NE, Figueiredo V, et al. Treatment of soft tissue filler complications: expert consensus recommendations. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2018;42(2):498-510.
144. Walker K, Basehore BM, Goyal A, Bansal P, Zito PM. Hyaluronic Acid. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482440. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
145. King M. This month's guideline: management of necrosis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(7):E53-E57.
146. Allen S. Anatomic Danger Zones for Facial Injection of Soft Tissue Fillers. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anatomic-danger-zones-for-facial-injection-of-soft-tissue-fillers. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
147. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Dermal Fillers (Soft Tissue Fillers). Available at https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/aesthetic-cosmetic-devices/dermal-fillers-soft-tissue-fillers. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
148. DeLorenzi C. Complications of injectable fillers, part 1. Aesthetics Surg J. 2013;33(4):561-575.
149. DeLorenzi C. Complications of injectable fillers, part 2: vascular complications. Aesthet Surg J. 2014;34(4):584-600.
150. Abduljabbar MH, Basendwh MA. Complications of hyaluronic acid fillers and their managements. J Dermatol Dermatologic Surg. 2016;20(2):100-106.
151. Saththianathan M, Johani K, Taylor A, et al. The role of bacterial biofilm in adverse soft-tissue filler reactions: a combined laboratory and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(3):613-621.
152. Almeida A, Banegas R, Martinez C, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyaluronic acid adverse events: Latin American expert panel consensus recommendations. Surg Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;9(3):204-213.
153. Rodriguez JM, Xie YL, Winthrop KL, et al. Mycobacterium chelonae facial infections following injection of dermal filler. Aesthet Surg J. 2013;33(2):265-269.
154. Balczun J. Dermal Fillers: All the Things that Can Go Wrong. Available at http://www.prime-journal.com/dermal-fillers-all-the-things-that-can-go-wrong. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
155. Prado G, Rodríguez-Feliz J. Ocular pain and impending blindness during facial cosmetic injections: is your office prepared? Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017;41(1):199-203.
156. Goodman GJ, Roberts S, Callan P. Experience and management of intravascular injection with facial fillers: results of a multinational survey of experienced injectors. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016;40(4):549-555.
157. Beleznay K, Carruthers JDA, Humphrey S, Jones D. Avoiding and treating blindness from fillers: a review of the world literature. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(10):1097-1117.
158. King M, Convery C, Davies E. This month's guideline: the use of hyaluronidase in aesthetic practice (v2.4). J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(6):E61-E68.
159. Signorini M, Liew S, Sundaram H, et al. Global Aesthetics Consensus: avoidance and management of complications from hyaluronic acid fillers: evidence- and opinion-based review and consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(6):961e-971e.
160. Beer K, Downie J, Beer J. A treatment protocol for vascular occlusion from particulate soft tissue augmentation. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5(5):44-47.
161. Sclafani AP, Fagien S. 2009. Treatment of injectable soft tissue filler complications. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(Suppl 2):1672-1680.
162. Alhede M, Bjarnsholt T. Are biofilms responsible for the adverse effects experienced following soft-tissue fillers? Future Microbiol. 2014;9(8):931-933.
163. Bhojani-Lynch T. Late-onset inflammatory response to hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017;5(12):e1532.
164. Netsvyetayeva I, Marusza W, Olszanski R, et al. Skin bacterial flora as a potential risk factor predisposing to late bacterial infection after cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel augmentation. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:213-222.
165. Wang Y, Leng V, Patel V, Phillips KS. Injections through skin colonized with Staphylococcus aureus biofilm introduce contamination despite standard antimicrobial preparation procedures. Sci Rep. 2017;7:45070.
166. Dumitraşcu DI, Georgescu AV. The management of biofilm formation after hyaluronic acid gel filler injections: a review. Clujul Med. 2013;86(3):192-195.
167. Bjarnsholt T, Tolker-Nielsen T, Givskov M, Janssen M, Christensen LH. Detection of bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization in culture-negative soft tissue filler lesions. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(Suppl 2):1620-1624.
168. Grippaudo FR, Pacilio M, Di Girolamo M, Dierckx RA, Signore A. Radiolabelled white blood cell scintigraphy in the work-up of dermal filler complications. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40(3):418-425.
169. Del Rosso JQ, Gallo GL, Thiboutot D, et al. Status Report from the Scientific Panel on Antibiotic Use in Dermatology of the American Acne and Rosacea Society: Part 2: perspectives on antibiotic use and the microbiome and review of microbiologic effects of selected specific therapeutic agents commonly used by dermatologists. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2016;9(5):11-17.
170. Wang Y, Tan X, Xi C, Phillips KS. Removal of Staphylococcus aureus from skin using a combination antibiofilm approach. NP J Biofilms and Microbiomes. 2018;4:16.
171. Azeredo J, Azevedo NF, Briandet R, et al. Critical review on biofilm methods. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2016;43:313-351.
172. Pecharki D, Petersen FC, Scheie AA. Role of hyaluronidase in Streptococcus intermedius biofilm. Microbiology. 2008;154(Pt 3):932-938.
173. Wang Y, Jayan G, Patwardhan D, Philips KS. Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm medical devices: public health and regulatory science challenges. In: Zhang Z, Wagner VE (eds.). Antimicrobial Coatings and Modifications on Medical Devices. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017: 37-65.
174. Bhattacharya M, Wozniak DJ, Stoodley P, Hall-Stoodley L. Prevention and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(12):1499-1516.
175. Robinson C. Care in the Community: How Biofilms Improve Bacterial Survival. Available at https://www.technologynetworks.com/immunology/articles/care-in-the-community-how-biofilms-improve-bacterial-survival-311685. Last accessed February 14, 2024.
176. Wagner RD, Fakhro A, Cox JA, et al. Etiology, prevention, and management of infectious complications of dermal fillers. Semin Plast Surg. 2016;30(2):83-86.
177. Kavanagh KT, Abusalem S, Calderon LE. View point: gaps in the current guidelines for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:112.
1. Goodman GJ, Liew S, Callan P, Hart S. Facial aesthetic injections in clinical practice: pretreatment and posttreatment consensus recommendations to minimise adverse outcomes. Australas J Dermatol. 2020;61(3):217-225. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ajd.13273. Last accessed March 19, 2024.
2. King M. This month's guideline: management of necrosis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(7):E53-E57. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6057733. Last accessed March 19, 2024.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.