1. Colonnesi C, Nikolic M, De Vente W, Bogels SM. Social anxiety symptoms in young children: investigating the interplay of theory of mind and expressions of shyness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2017;45:997-1011.

2. Klamer S, Schwarz L, Kruger O, et al. Association between neuroticism and emotional face processing. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):1-8.

3. Theall-Honey LA, Schmidt LA. Do temperamentally shy children process emotion differently than nonshy children? Behavioral, psychophysiological, and gender differences in reticent preschoolers. Dev Psychbiol. 2006;48(3):187-196.

4. Rickman MD, Davidson RJ. Personality and behavior in parents of temperamentally inhibited and uninhibited children. Dev Psychol. 1994;30(3):346-354.

5. Scaini S, Caputi M, Ogilari A, Oppo A. The relationship among attributional style, mentalization, and five anxiety phenotypes in school-age children. Journal of Research in Childhood Education. 2019;34(4):1-15.

6. Manning P, Ray G. Shyness, self-confidence, and social interaction. Soc Psychol Q. 1993;56(3):178-192.

7. Coplan RJ, Baldwin D, Wood KR. Shy but getting by: protective factors in the links between childhood shyness and socio-emotional functioning. In: Schmidt LA, Poole KL (eds). Adaptive Shyness. Geneva: Springer Nature; 2020: 63-87.

8. Srivastava S, John OP, Gosling SD, Potter J. Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: set like plaster or persistent change? J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(5):1041-1053.

9. Ciocanel O, Power K, Eriken A, Gillings K. Effectiveness of positive youth development interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2017;46(3):483-504.

10. Haltigan JD, Roisman GI, Groh AM, et al. Antecedents of attachment states of mind in normative-risk and high-risk caregiving: cross-race and cross-sex generalizability in two longitudinal studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2019;60(12): 1309-1322.

11. Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Thompson K, Selwyn C, Finnegan H, Misra T. Maladaptive schemas mediate poor parental attachment and suicidality in college students. Death Stud. 2017;41(6):337-344.

12. Van Eldik WM, de Haan AD, Parry LQ, et al. The interparental relationship: meta-analytic associations with children's maladjustment and responses to interparental conflict. Psychological Bulletin. 2020;146(7):553-595.

13. Bruch MA, Heimberg RG. Differences in perceptions of parental and personal characteristics between generalized and non-generalized social phobics. J Anxiety Disord. 1994;8(2):155-168.

14. Shuang B, Haak EA, Gilbert LR, Sheikh ML, Keller PS. Father attachment, father emotion expression and children's attachment to fathers: the role of marital conflict. J Fam Psychol. 2018;32(4):456-465.

15. Thompson RA. Early attachment and later development: reframing the questions. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR (eds). Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2018: 330-348.

16. Rice KG, Cunningham TJ, Young MB, Mitchell B. Attachment to parents, social competence, and emotional well-being: a comparison of black and white late adolescents. J Couns Psychol. 1997;44(1):89-101.

17. Simply Psychology. Mary Ainsworth: The Strange Situation. Available at https://www.simplypsychology.org/mary-ainsworth.html. Last accessed January 1, 2024.

18. Sette S, Hipson WE, Zava F, Baumgartner E, Coplan RJ. Linking shyness with social and school adjustment in early childhood: the moderating role of inhibitory control. Early Education and Development. 2018;29(5):675-690.

19. Simpson JA, Collins WA, Tran S, Haydon KC. Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in romantic relationships: a developmental perspective. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007;92(2):355-367.

20. Erikson EH. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York, NY: WW Norton and Company; 1963.

21. Taber-Thomas SM. Children's Reports of Deficient Parenting and the Prediction of Concurrent and Disruptive Behavior Problems. PhD Dissertation. Des Moines, IA: University of Iowa; 2013.

22. Bleys D, Soenes B, Claes S, Villegen N, Luyten P. Parental psychological control, adolescent self-criticism, and adolescent depressive symptoms: a latent change modeling approach in Belgian adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2018;74(10):1833-1853.

23. American Psychological Association. Painful Shyness in Children and Adults. Available at https://www.apa.org/topics/painful-shyness. Last accessed January 1, 2024.

24. Shell MD, Absher TN. Effects of shyness and friendship on socioemotional adjustment during the college transition. Personal Relationships. 2019;26(3):386-405.

25. Crowe LM, Beauchamp MH, Catroppa C, Anderson V. Social function assessment tools for children and adolescents: a systematic review from 1988 to 2010. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(5):767-785.

26. Demir-Dagdas T, Isik-Ercan Z, Intepe-Tingir S, Cava-Tadik Y. Parental divorce and children from diverse backgrounds: multidisciplinary perspectives on mental health, parent-child relationships, and educational experiences. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage. 2017;59(6):469-485.

27. Russell D. The Causal Dimension Scale: a measure of how individuals perceive causes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1982;429(6):1137-1145.

28. McAuley E, Duncan TE, Russell D. Measuring causal attributions: the Revised Causal Dimension Scale (CDSII). Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1992;18(5):566-573.

29. Teglasi H, Hoffman MA. Causal attributions of shy subjects. J Res Pers. 1982;16(3):376-385.

30. Harwood EM, Kocovski NL. Self-compassion induction reduces anticipatory anxiety among socially anxious students. Mindfulness. 2017;8(6):1544-1551.

31. Selfhout M, Burk W, Branje S, Denissen J, van Aken M, Meeus W. Emerging late adolescent friendship networks and big five personality traits: a social network approach. Journal of Personality. 2010;78(2):509-538.

32. Beer JS. Implicit self-theories of shyness. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83(4):1009-1024.

33. Chorot P, Valiente RM, Magaz AM, Santed MA, Sandin B. Perceived parental child rearing and attachment as predictors of anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms in children: the mediational role of attachment. Psychiatry Research. 2017;253:287-295.

34. Tacket JL, Lahey BB. Neuroticism. In: Widiger TA (ed). Oxford Library of Psychology: The Oxford Handbook of the Five Factor Model. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2017: 39-56.

35. Yang X, Zhou M, Lama S, et al. Intrinsic brain activity responsible for sex differences in shyness and social anxiety. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2017;11:43.

36. Eisenberg N, Fabes RA, Murphy BC. Relations of shyness and low sociality to regulation and emotionality. J Per Soc Psychol. 1995;8(3):505-517.

37. Brook CA, Willoughby T. The social ties that bind: social anxiety and academic achievement across the university years. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2015;44(5):1139-1152.

38. American Psychological Association. Cynical Shyness Can Precipitate Violence in Males, Say Researchers, and May Be a Factor in School Shootings. Available at https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2007/08/shyness. Last accessed January 1, 2024.

39. Kandler C, Bleidorn W, Riemann R, Spinath FM, Thiel W, Angleitner A. Sources of cumulative continuity in personality: a longitudinal multiple-rater twin study. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010;98(6):995-1008.

40. Kwiatkowska MM, Rogoza R. A measurement invariance investigation of the differences in shyness between adolescents and adults. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017;116:331-335.

41. Satici B. Testing a model of subjective well-being: the roles of optimism, psychological vulnerability, and shyness. Health Psychology Open. 2019;6(2):1-8.

42. Katz S, Somers CL. Individual and environmental predictors of college adjustment: prevention and intervention. Current Psychology. 2017;36(1):56-65.

43. Burstein M, Ameli-Grillon L, Merikangas KR. Shyness versus social phobia in US youth. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):917-925.

44. Henderson L, Zimbardo P. Shyness. In: Kahn AP, Fawcett J (eds). The Encyclopedia of Mental Health. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2015.

45. Schmidt LA, Poole KL. On the bifurcation of temperamental shyness: development, adaptation, and neoteny, 2019. New Ideas in Psychology. 2019;53:13-21.

46. Bouchard S, Dumoulin S, Robillard G, et al. Virtual reality compared with in vivo exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: a three-arm randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;210(4):276-283.

47. Aiden LE, Buhr K, Robichaud M, Trew JL, Lelli PM. Treatment of social approach processes in adults with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2018;86(6):505.

1. Bazyk S, Arbesman M. Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Mental Health Promotion, Prevention, and Intervention for Children and Youth. Bethesda, MD: American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.; 2013. Summary retrieved from Guideline Central at https://www.guidelinecentral.com/guideline/308528/. Last accessed January 18, 2024.