1. Raintree. Tropical Plant Database: Curare. Available at http://www.rain-tree.com/curare.htm. Last accessed March 1, 2023.
9. Beecher HK, Todd DP. A study of deaths associated with anesthesia and surgery. Ann Surg. 1954;140(1):2-34.
10. Hall JE. Excitation of skeletal muscle: neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling. In: Hall JE, Guyton AC (eds). Guyton and Hall's Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc.; 2016: 89-95.
11. Brull SJ. Physiology of neuromuscular transmission. In: Murray MJ, Rose SH, Wedel DJ, et al. (eds). Faust's Anesthesiology Review. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015: 98-100.
12. Rossman AC. The physiology of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and its importance in the administration of anesthesia. AANA J. 2011;79(5):443-440.
14. Martyn JA. Neuromuscular physiology and pharmacology. In: Miller RD (ed). Miller's Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2015: 423-443.
15. Calvey TN, Williams NE. Drugs that act on the neuromuscular junction. In: Calvey TN, Williams NE (eds). Principles and Practice of Pharmacology for Anesthetists. 5th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; 2008: 171-194.
16. Haas RE, Darsey DA, Powell D. Neuromuscular blocking agents, reversal agents, and their monitoring. In: Nurse Anesthesia. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2018: 162-195.
17. Lien C, Eikermann M. Neuromuscular blockers and reversal drugs. In: Hemmings HC, Egan TD (eds.) Physiology and Pharmacology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: 325-348.
18. Chambers SL, Ferry TG. Patients requiring mechanical ventilation. In: Hurd WW, Jernigan JG (eds). Aeromedical Evacuation: Management of Acute and Stabilized Patients. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2003: 256-264.
19. Tobias JD, Lynch A, McDuffie A, Garrett JS. Pancuronium infusion for neuromuscular block in children in the pediatric intensive care unit. Anesth Analg. 1995;81(1):13-16.
20. Kobayashi O, Nagashima H, Duncalf D, et al. Direct evidence that pancuronium and gallamine enhance the release of norepinephrine from the atrial sympathetic nerve by inhibiting prejunctional muscarinic receptors. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1987;18(1):55-61.
21. Dalton DW, Tyers MB. A comparison of the muscarinic antagonist actions of pancuronium and alcuronium. J Auton Pharmacol. 1982;2(4):261-266.
22. Brinkmann M, Güenniker M, Freund U, Schieffer M, Peters J. Histamine plasma concentration and cardiovascular effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants: comparison of atracurium, vecuronium, pancuronium and pipecuronium in coronary surgical patients at risk. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 1998;33(6):362-366.
23. Rahimzadeh P, Safari S, Faiz SHR, Alavian SM. Anesthesia for patients with liver disease. Hepat Mon. 2014;14(7):1-7.
24. Haas RE, Masters JE. Comparative recovery from three nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers in a patient before and after chronic anticonvulsant therapy: a case report. AANA Journal. 1997;65(5):475-478.
25. Cope TM, Hunter JM. Selecting neuromuscular-blocking drugs for elderly patients. Drugs Aging. 2003;20(2):125-140.
26. Craig RG, Hunter JM. Neuromuscular blocking drugs and their antagonists in patients with organ disease. Anaesthesia. 2009;64(suppl 1):55-65.
28. Oliveri L, Plourdes G. Prolonged (more than ten hours) neuromuscular blockade after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52(1):88-93.
29. Nagaraja AS, Nagesha KA. A clinical study of intraocular pressure changes with vecuronium bromide and pancuronium bromide. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2014;3(15):3887-3894.
30. Cote C. Pediatric anesthesia. In: Miller RD (ed). Miller's Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: 2757-2798.
31. Rupp SM, Castagnoli KP, Fisher DM, Miller RD. Pancuronium and vecuronium pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in younger and elderly adults. Anesthesiology. 1987;67(1):45-49.
32. Barnett SR. Eldrely patients. In: Pardo M Jr, Miller RD (eds). Basics of Anesthesia. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011: 568-579.
33. Ingrande J, Hendrikus JML. Anesthetic pharmacology and the morbidly obese patient. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2013;3,(1):10-17.
34. Casati A, Putzu M. Anesthesia in the obese patient: pharmacokinetic considerations. J Clin Anesth. 2005;17(2):134-145.
35. Wilcox SR, Bittner EA, Elmer J, et al. Neuromuscular blocking agent administration for emergent tracheal intubation is associated with decreased prevalence of procedure-related complications. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(6):1808-1813.
36. Naguib M. Sugammadex: another milestone in clinical neuromuscular pharmacology. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(3):575-581.
37. Naguib M, Lien C, Meistelman C. Pharmacology of neuromuscular blocking drugs. In: Miller RD (ed). Miller's Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: 958-994.
38. El-Baradie S. Neuromuscular efficacy and histamine-release hemodynamic changes produced by rocuronium versus atracurium: a comparitive study. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2004;16(2):1007-1013.
39. Amin AM, Mohammad MY, Ibrahim MF. Comparative study of neuromuscular blocking and hemodynamic effects of rocuronium and cisatracurium under sevoflurane or total intravenous anesthesia. Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2009;20(1):39-51.
40. Rothenberg DM, O'Connor CJ, Tuman KJ. Anesthesia and the hepatobiliary system. In: Miller RD (ed). Miller's Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: 2244-2261.
41. Servin FS, Lavaut E, Kleef U, Desmonts JM. Repeated doses of rocuronium bromide administered to cirrhotic and control patients receiving isoflurane: a clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Anesthesiology. 1996;84(5):1092-1100.
42. van Miert MM, Eastwood NB, Boyd AH, Parker CJ, Hunter JM. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;44(2):139-144.
43. Robertson EN, DriessenJJ, Booij LH. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium in patients with and without renal failure. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005;22(1):4-10.
44. Bock M, Haselmann L, Böettiger BW, Motsch J. Priming with rocuronium accelerates neuromuscular block in children: a prospective randomized study. Can J Anesth. 2007;54(7):538-543.
45. Meakin GH. Role of muscle relaxants in pediatric anesthesia. Cur Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20(3):227-231.
46. Woloszczuk-Gebicka B, Wyska E, Grabowski T. Sevoflurane increases fade of neuromuscular response to TOF stimulation following rocuronium administration in children: a PK/PD analysis. Paediatr Anesth. 2007;17(7):637-646.
47. Baykara N, Solak M, Toker K. Predicting recovery from deep neuromuscular block by rocuronium in the elderly. J Clin Anesth. 2003;15(5):328-333.
48. Sieber F, Pauldine R. Geriatric anesthesia. In: Miller RD (ed). Miller's Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: 2407-2422.
49. Ingrande J, Lemmons HJ. Dose adjustments of anaesthetics in the morbidly obese. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105(Suppl 1):i16-i23.
50. Eckmann D. Anesthesia for bariatric surgery. In: Miller RD (ed). Miller's Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: 2200-2216.
51. Pellis T, Leykin Y, Albano G, et al. Perioperative management and monitoring of a super-obese patient. Obes Surg. 2004;14(10):1423-1428.
52. Sherren PB, Tricklebank S, Glover G. Development of a standard operating procedure and checklist for rapid sequence induction in the critically ill. Scand J Trauma, Resusc Emerg Med. 2014;14(21):1-10.
53. Keles GT, Yentür, Cavuş Z, Zakarya M. Assessment of neuromuscular and haemodynamic effects of cisatracurium and vecuronium under sevoflurane-remifentanil anaesthesia in elderly patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2004;21(11):877-881.
54. Basu R, Sinha I. Comparison of intra operative muscle relaxation and neuromuscular recovery from continuous infusion of vecuronium and atracurium in ASA grade I & II patients undergoing midline and paramedian laparotomies. Al Ameen J Med Sci. 2015;8(1):55-63.
55. Shah H, Bhavsar M, Upadhyaya R, Rathod H. Rocuronium vs vecuronium: a comparison of intubating condition, hemodynamic parameters and post-operative outcome in patients of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research. 2013;04(12):857-864.
56. Aronson JK. Neuromuscular blocking drugs and relaxants. In: Aronson JK (ed). Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs Used in Anesthesia. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2009: 179-264.
57. Della Rocca G, Pompei L, Coccia MG, et al. Atracurium, cisatracurium, vecuronium and rocuronium in patients with renal failure. Minerva Anesthesiol. 2003;69(7-8):605-615.
58. Kainuma M, Miyake T, Kanno T. Extremely prolonged vecuronium clearance in a brain death case. Anesthesiology. 2001;95(4):1023-1024.
59. Holt NF. Renal disease. In: Hines RL, Marschall KE (eds). Stoelting's Anesthesia and Co-Existing Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2012: 334-356.
60. Playfor S, Jenkins I, Boyles C, et al. Consensus guidelines for sustained neuromuscular blockade in critically ill children. Pediatr Anesth. 2007;17(9):881-887.
61. Rivera R, Antognini JF. Perioperative drug therapy in elderly patients. Anesthesiology. 2009;110(5):1176-1181.
62. Takaya T, Takeyama K, Miura M, Takiguchi M. The influence of body fat on the onset of vecuronium induced neuromuscular blockade. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2001;26(3):107-111.
63. Birks J. Conducting a safe rapid sequence induction in pre-hospital care. Trauma. 2016;18(2):1-5.
64. Miller Rd, Rupp SM, Fisher DM, Cronnelly R, Fahey MR, Sonh YJ. Clinical pharmacology of vecuronium and atracurium. Anesthesiology. 1984;61(4):444-453.
65. Raghavendra T. Neuromuscular blocking drugs: discovery and development. J R Soc Med. 2002;95(7):363-367.
66. Karnalkar A. Neuromuscular blockade of injectable atracurium and injectable vecuronium. Journal of Evidence-Based Medical Care. 2015;2(59):8976-8980.
67. Naguib M, Samarkandi AH, Bakhamees HS, Magboul MA, el-Bakry AK. Histamine release hemodynamic changes produced by rocuronium, vecuronium, mivacurium, atracurium and tubocurarine. Br J Anesth. 1995;75(5):588-592.
68. Singh A, Rao WRP, Ramakanth P. Volume of distribution of atracurium in different cohorts: a comparative study. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine and Health Care. 2015;2(38):6001-6009.
69. Kies SJ, Pabelick CM, Hurley HA, White RD, Ackerman MJ. Anesthesia for patients with congenital long QT syndrome. Anesthesiology. 2005;102(1):204-210.
70. Ward S, Neill EA. Pharmacokinetics of atracurium in acute hepatic failure (with acute renal failure). Br J Anaesth. 1983;55(12):1169-1172.
71. Gyasi HK, Naguib M. Atracurium and severe hepatic disease: a case report. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1985;32(2):161-164.
72. Philip S, George S, Sunil G. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy complicating a twin pregnancy. Indian J Anaesth. 2014;58(1):73-75.
73. Bajwa SJS, Bajwa SK, Ghuman G. Pregnancy with co-morbidities: anesthetic aspects during operative intervention. Anesth Essays Res. 2013;7(3):294-301.
74. Warr J, Thiboutot Z, Rose L, Mehta S, Burry LD. Current therapeutic uses, pharmacology, and clinical considerations of neuromuscular blocking agents for critically ill adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(9):1116-1126.
75. SarinKapoor H, Kaur R, Kaur H. Anaesthesia for renal transplant surgery. Acta Anesthesiol Scand. 2007;51(10):1354-1367.
76. van Kralingen S, van de Garde EM, Knibbe C, et al. Comparative evaluation of atracurium dosed on ideal body weight vs. total body weight in morbidly obese patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(1):34-40.
77. Konstadt SN, Reich DL, Stanley DE, et al. A two-center comparison of the cardiovascular effects of cisatracurium (Nimbex) and vecuronium in patients with coronary artery disease. Anesth Analg. 1995;81(5):1010-1014.
78. Searle NR, Thomson I, DuPont C, et al. A two-center study evaluating the hemodynamic and pharmacodynamic effects of cisatracurium and vecuronium in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1999;13(1):20-25.
79. Doenicke AW, Czeslick E, Moss J, Hoernecke R. Onset time, endotracheal intubating conditions, and plasma histamine after cisatracurium and vecuronium administration. Anesth Analg. 1998;87(2):434-438.
80. Amin AM, Mohammad MY, Ibriham MF. Comparative study of neuromuscular blocking and hemodynamic effects of rocuronium and cisatracurium under sevoflurane of total intravenous anesthesia. Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2009;20(1):39-51.
81. Lagneau F, D'honneur G, Plaud B, et al. A comparison of two depths of prolonged neuromuscular blockade induced by cisatracurium in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28(12):1735-1741.
82. Eagar MA. The patient with cirrhosis who presents for non-hepatic surgery. Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2011;17(1):120-123.
83. Ali MA, Ebied RS, Atallah MA, et al. Cisatracurium dose-response relationship in patients with chronic liver disease. Egyptian Journal of Anesthesia. 2014;30(2):197-202.
84. Lentschener C, Ozier Y. Anaesthesia for elective liver resection. Eur J Anesthesiol. 2002;19(11):780-788.
85. Fisher DM. Neuromuscular blocking agents in pediatric anaesthesia. Br J Anesth. 1999;83(1):58-64.
86. ShangGuan W, Lian Q, Li J, Gao F. Clinical pharmacology of cisatracurium during nitrous oxide-propofol anesthesia in children.J Clin Anesth. 2008;20(6):411-414.
87. Meakin GH, Meretoja OA, Perkins RJ, et al. Tracheal intubating conditions and pharmacodynamics following cisatracurium in infants and children undergoing halothane and thiopental-fentanyl anesthesia. Pediatr Anesth. 2007;17(2):113-120.
88. Leykin Y, Pellis T, Lucca M, Lomangina G, Marzano B, Gullo A. The effects of cisatracurium on morbidly obese women. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(4):1090-1094.
89. Gaszyński T, Gaszyński W, Strzelcyk J. General anaesthesia with remifentanil and cisatracurium for a superobese patient. Eur J Anesthesiol. 2003;20(1):77-78.
90. Claudius C, Garvey LH, Viby-Morgenson J. The undesirable effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Anaesthesia. 2009;64(Suppl 1):10-21.
91. Keegan MT. Prolongation of succinylcholine effect. In: Murray MJ, Rose SH, Wedel DJ, et al. (eds). Faust's Anesthesiology Review. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: 180-182.
92. Wong SF, Chung F. Succinylcholine associated postoperative myalgias. Anaesthesia. 2000;55(2):144-152.
93. Melnick B, Chalasani J, Uy NT, Phitayakorn P, Mallett SV, Rudy TE. Decreasing post-succinylcholine myalgias in outpatients. Can J Anaesth. 1987;34(3Pt1):238-241.
94. Blanié, Ract C, LeBlanc PE, et al. The limits of succinylcholine for critically ill patients. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(4):873-879.
95. Piotrowski AJ, Fendler WM. Hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest following succinycholine administration in a 16-year-old boy with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia and sepsis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2007;8(2):183-185.
96. Roman CS, Rosin A. Succinylcholine-induced masseter muscle rigidity associated with rapid sequence intubation. Am J Emerg Med. 2007;25(1):102-104.
97. Bauer SJ, Orio K, Adams BD. Succinylcholine induced masseter spasm during rapid sequence intubation may require a surgical airway: a case report. Emerg Med J. 2005;22(6):456-458.
99. Hunter JM. Muscle function and neuromuscular blockade. In: Aitkenhead AR, Moppett IK, Thompson JP (eds). Smith and Aitkenhead's Textbook of Anaesthesia. 6th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2013: 87-104.
100. Hall JE. Renal regulation of potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium; integration of renal mechanisms for control of blood volume and extracellular fluid volume. In: Hall JE, Guyton AC (eds). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: 389-407.
101. Thapa S, Brull SJ. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure: an old question revisited. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(1):237-241.
102. Stolworthy C, Haas RE. Malignant hyperthermia: a potentially fatal complication of anesthesia. Semin Perioper Nurs. 1998;7(1):58-66.
103. Visiou M, Young MC, Wieland K, Brandom BW. Anesthetic drugs and onset of malignant hyperthermia. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(2):388-396.
104. Hayes J, Veyckemans F, Bissonette B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an old anesthesia problem revisited. Pediatr Anesth. 2008;18(2):100-106.
105. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Succinylcholine Package Insert. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira; 2010.
106. Brownstein D, Shugerman R, Cummings P, Rivera F, Copass M. Prehospital endotracheal intubation of children by paramedics.Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28(1):34-39.
107. Rose JB, Theroux MC, Katz MS. The potency of succinylcholine in obese adolescents. Anesth Analg. 2000;90(3):576-578.
108. Mayglothling J, Duane TM, Gibbs M, et al. Emergency tracheal intubation immediately following traumatic injury: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(5 Suppl 4):S333-S340.
109. Sherren PB, Tricklebank S, Glover G. Development of a standard operating procedure and checklist for rapid sequence induction in the critically ill. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014;22:41.
110. Rodney G, Raju PK, Ball DR. Not just monitoring; a strategy for managing neuromuscular blockade. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(10):1105-1118.
111. Kervin MW. Residual neuromuscular blockade in the immediate postoperative period. J Perianesth Nurs. 2002;17(3):152-158.
112. Murphy GS, Brull SJ. Residual neuromuscular block: lessons unlearned. Part I: definitions, incidence, and adverse physiologic effects of residual neuromuscular block. Anesth Analg. 2010;111(1):120-128.
113. Brull SJ, Murphy GS. Residual neuromuscular block: lessons unlearned. Part II: methods to reduce the risk of residual weakness. Anesth Analg. 2010;111(1):129-140.
114. Dabaene B, Beaussier M, Meistleman C, Donati F, Lienhart A. Monitoring the onset of neuromuscular block at the orbicularis oculi can predict good intubating conditions during atracurium-induced neuromuscular block. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(2):360-363.
116. Murphy GS, de Boer HD, Eriksson LI, Miller RD. Reversal (antagonism) of neuromuscular blockade. In: Miller RD, Eriksson LI, Fleisher LA, Wiener-Kronish JP, Cohen NH, Young WL (eds). Miller's Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: 995-1027.
117. Ghai B, Makkar JK, Wig J. Neuromuscular monitoring: a review. J Anaesth Clin Pharmacol. 2006;22(4):347-356.
118. Kopman AF, Zhaku B, Lai KS. The "intubating dose" of succinylcholine. Anesthesiology. 2003;99(5):1050-1054.
120. Farooq K, Hunter JM. Neuromuscular blocking agents and reversal agents. Anesth Intensive Care Med. 2011;12(6):266-270.
122. Kirkegaard-Nielsen H, Helbo-Hansen HS, Lindholm P, Severinsen IK, Pedersen HS, Jensen EW. Optimum time for neostigmine reversal of atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Can J Anaesth. 1996;43(9):932-938.
123. Donati F, Lahoud J, McReady D, Bevan DR. Neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and edrophonium as antagonists of deep pancuronium blockade. Can J Anesth. 1987;34(6):589-593.
124. Kovac AL. Sugammadex: the first selective binding reversal agent for neuromuscular block. J Clin Anesth. 2009;21(6):444-453.
125. Nag K, Singh DR, Shetti AN, Kumar H, Sivashanmugam T, Parthasarathy S. Sugammadex: a revolutionary drug in neuromuscular pharmacology. Anesth Essays Res. 2013;7(3):302-306.
126. Lobaz S, Clymer M, Sammut M. Safety and efficacy of sugammadex for neuromuscular blockade reversal. Clin Med Insights Ther. 2014;6:1-14.
127. Vijayakumar E, Bosscher H, Renzi FP, Baker S, Heard SO. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents in the emergency department to facilitate tracheal intubation in the trauma patient: help or hindrance? J Crit Care. 1998;13(1):1-6.
128. Li J, Murphy-Lavoie H, Bugas C, Martinez J, Preston C. Complications of emergency intubation with and without paralysis. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17(2):141-144.
129. Ma OJ, Atchley RB, Hatley T, Green M, Young J, Brady W. Intubation success rates improve for air medical program after implementing the use of neuromuscular blockers. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16(2):125-127.
130. Brownstein D, Shugerman R, Cummings P, Rivera F, Copass M. Prehospital endotracheal intubation of children by paramedics.Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28(1):34-39.
131. Davis DP, Dunford JV, Poste JC, et al. The impact of hypoxia and hyperventilation on outcome after paramedic rapid sequence intubation of severely head-injured patients. J Trauma. 2004;57(1):1-8.
132. Bernard SA, Nguyen V, Cameron P, et al. Prehospital rapid sequence intubation improves functional outcome for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Ann Surg. 2010;22(6):959-965.
133. Mallon WK, Keim SM, Shoenberger JM, Walls RM. Rocuronium vs. succinylcholine in the emergency department: a critical appraisal. J Emerg Med. 2009;37(2):183-188.
134. Perouansky M, Pearce RA, Hemmings HC Jr. Inhaled anesthetics. In: Miller RD, Eriksson LI, Fleisher LA, Wiener-Kronish JP, Cohen NH, Young WL (eds). Miller's Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders: 2015; 614-637.
135. Hall J. Regulation of respiration. In: Hall JE, Guyton AC (eds). Guyton and Hall's Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc.; 2016; 539-549.
136. Yegneswaran B, Murugan R. Neuromuscular blockers and ARDS: thou shalt not breathe, move, or die! Crit Care. 2011;15(5):311.
137. Shehabi Y, Riker RR, Bokesch PM, et al. Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechnically ventilated intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(12):2311-2318.
138. Pandit L, Agrawal A. Neuromuscular disorders in critical illness. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006;108(7):621-627.
139. Schefold JC, Bierbrauer J, Weber-Carstens S. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) and muscle wasting in critically ill patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1(2):147-157.
140. Latronico N, Bolton CF. Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: a major cause of muscle weakness and paralysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(10):931-941.
141. Linos K, Foot C, Ziegenfuss M, Freeman WD, Tan KM. Critical illness weakness: common questions. Curr Anaesth Crit Care. 2007;18(5-6):252-260.
142. Kim TK, Obara S, Johnson KB. Basic principles of pharmacology. In: Miller RD (ed). Miller's Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2015: 590-613.
143. Ortiz-Gómez JR, Carrascosa F, Pérez-Cajaraville JJ, Percaz-Baldos JA, Añez C. Comparative study of intubating conditions at the first minute with suxamethonium, rocuronium and different priming. Eur J Anesthesiol. 2005;22(4):263-268.
144. Ebert TJ. Autonomic nervous system pharmacology. In: Hemmings HC, Egan TD (eds). Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2013: 282-299.
145. Roman J. FDA Panel Recommends Approval of Merck Drug Sugammadex To Reverse Effect of Muscle Relaxant. Available at https://www.techtimes.com/articles/104217/20151109/fda-panel-recommends-approval-of-merck-drug-sugammadex-to-reverse-effect-of-muscle-relaxant.htm. Last accessed March 1, 2023.
146. Naguib M. Sugammadex: another milestone in clinical neuromuscular pharmacology. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(3):575-581.
147. Dake. Neuromuscular Junction (Closer View). Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Synapse_diag4.png. Last accessed March 1, 2023.
148. Blaus B. Skeletal Muscle Fiber. Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0801_SkeletalMuscle.png. Last accessed March 1, 2023.
1. Murray MJ, DeBlock H, Erstad B, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for sustained neuromuscular blockade in the adult critically ill patient. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(11):2079-2103. Available at https://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/Fulltext/2016/11000/Clinical_Practice_Guidelines_for_Sustained.16.aspx. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.