1. Xu J, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Arias E. Deaths: final data for 2019.Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2021;70(8):1-86.
2. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Suicide Statistics. Available athttps://afsp.org/suicide-statistics. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
3. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Risk of Suicide. Available athttps://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Common-with-Mental-Illness/Risk-of-Suicide. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
4. Cerel J, Maple M, van de Venne J, et al. Exposure to suicide in the community: prevalence and correlates in one U.S. state.Public Health Rep. 2016;131(1):100-107.
5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, and National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention.2012 National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2012.
6. Centers for Disease control and Prevention. Depression Evaluation Measures. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/depression/evaluation-measures/index.html. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
7. Randall JR, Walld R, Finlayson G, Sareen J, Martens PJ, Bolton JM. Acute risk of suicide and suicide attempts associated with recent diagnosis of mental disorders: a population-based, propensity score-matched analysis.Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59(10): 531-538.
8. World Health Organization. Suicide. Available athttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
10. Xu JQ, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: final data for 2007.Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2010;58(19):1-135.
11. Hedegaard H, Curtin SC, Warner M. Increase in suicide mortality in the United States, 1999–2018.NCHS Data Brief. 2020;362:1-7.
13. American Association of Suicidology. Facts and Statistics. Available athttps://suicidology.org/facts-and-statistics. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
14. Cerel J, Brown MM, Maple M, et al. How many people are exposed to suicide? Not six.Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2019;49:529-534.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts About Suicide. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/suicide/facts/index.html. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
16. American College Health Association.American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary Fall 2011. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association; 2012.
17. Francois D, Madva EN, Goodman H. How to document SUICIDE risk.Current Psychiatry. 2014;13(10):33-34.
19. Clark DC, Horton-Deutsch SL. Assessment in absentia: the value of the psychological autopsy method for studying antecedents of suicide and predicting future suicides. In: Maris RW, Berman AL, Maltsberger JT, Yufit RI (eds).Assessment and Prediction of Suicide. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1992: 144-182.
20. Hawton K, Saunders KE, O'Connor RC. Self-harm and suicide in adolescents.Lancet. 2012;379(9834):2373-2382.
21. Bebbington PE, Minot S, Cooper C, et al. Suicidal ideation, self-harm and attempted suicide: results from the British psychiatric morbidity survey 2000.Eur Psychiatry. 2010;25(7):427-431.
22. Schmidtke A, Schaller S. The role of mass media in suicide prevention. In: Hawton K, van Heeringen K (eds).The International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide. New York, NY: Wiley; 2000: 675-697.
23. Velting DM, Gould MS. Suicide contagion. In: Maris RW, Silverman MM, Canetto SS (eds).Review of Suicidology. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1997: 96-136.
25. National Institute of Mental Health. Crisis and Suicide Prevention Services Struggle with Demand after Celebrity Suicides. Available athttps://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2019/crisis-and-suicide-prevention-services-struggle-with-demand-after-celebrity-suicides.shtml. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
27. Mann JJ, Currier DM. Stress, genetics and epigenetic effects on the neurobiology of suicidal behavior and depression.Eur Psychiatry. 2010;25(5):268-271.
28. Costanza A, D'Orta I, Perroud N, et al. Neurobiology of suicide: do biomarkers exist?Int J Legal Med. 2014;128(1):73-82.
29. Fiori LM, Ernst C, Turecki G. Genetic and neurobiological approaches to understanding suicidal behaviors. In: Nock M (ed).The Oxford Handbook of Suicide and Self-Injury. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014: 155-182.
30. Joiner TE Jr, Brown JS, Wingate LR. The psychology and neurobiology of suicidal behavior.Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:287-314.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten Leading Causes of Death and Injury. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/leadingcauses.html. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
33. Liu CH, Stevens C, Wong SHM, Yasui M, Chen JA. The prevalence and predictors of mental health diagnoses and suicide among U.S. college students: implications for addressing disparities in service use.Depress Anxiety. 2019;36(1):8-17.
34. Wilcox HC, Arria AM, Caldeira KM, et al. Prevalence and predictors of persistent suicide ideation, plans, and attempts during college.J Affect Disord. 2010;127(1-3):287-294.
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WONDER Databases. Available athttps://wonder.cdc.gov. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
36. Halvorsen JA, Stern RS, Dalgard F, Thoresen M, Bjertness E, Lien L. Suicidal ideation, mental health problems, and social impairment are increased in adolescents with acne: a population-based study.J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(2):363-370.
37. National LGBT Health Education Center. Suicide Risk and Prevention for LGBTQ People. Available athttps://www.lgbthealtheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Suicide-Risk-and-Prevention-for-LGBTQ-Patients-Brief.pdf. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
38. National Center for Transgender Equality. The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Available athttps://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
39. Hatzenbuehler ML. The social environment and suicide attempts in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth.Pediatrics. 2011;127(5):896-903.
40. Haas AP, Eliason M, Mays VM, et al. Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: review and recommendations.J Homosex. 2011;58(1):10-51.
41. 41. Gates ML, Turney A, Ferguson E, Walker V, Staples-Horne M. Associations among substance use, mental health disorders, and self-harm in a prison population: examining group risk for suicide attempt.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(3):317.
42. Mustanski B, Liu RT. A longitudinal study of predictors of suicide attempts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth.Arch Sex Behav. 2013;42(3):437-448.
43. Kann L, Olsen EO, McManus T, et al. Sexual identity, sex of sexual contacts, and health-related behaviors among students in grades 9–12—United States and selected sites, 2015.MMWR. 2016;65(9):1-202.
44. Fazel S, Ramesh T, Hawton K. Suicide in prisons: an international study of prevalence and contributory factors.Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(12):946-952.
45. American Psychiatric Association. New Research: Opiates May Be Playing an Increasing Role in Suicides, Even Outside of Overdoses. Available athttps://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/news-releases/new-research-opiates-may-be-playing-an-increasing-role-in-suicides-even-outside-of-overdoses. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
46. National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention.Transforming Health Systems Initiative Work Group. Recommended Standard Care for People with Suicide Risk: Making Health Care Suicide Safe. Washington, DC: Education Development Center, Inc.; 2018.
47. Grant JM, Mottet LA, Tanis J, Harrison J, Herman JL, Keisling M. Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Available athttps://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/NTDS_Report.pdf. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
48. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Available athttps://afsp.org. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
49. Schizophrenia and Psychosis Action Alliance. About Schizophrenia. Available athttps://sczaction.org/about-schizophrenia/. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
50. Fuller-Thomson E, Hollister B. Schizophrenia and suicide attempts: findings from a representative community-based Canadian sample.Schizophr Res Treatment. 2016;2016:3165243.
51. Plemmons G, Hall M, Doupnik S, et al. Hospitalization for suicide ideation or attempt: 2008–2015.Pediatrics. 2018;141(6):1-12.
52. Sundararman R, Panangala SV, Loster SA. CRS Report for Congress: Suicide Prevention Among Veterans. Available athttps://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34471.pdf. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
53. Stanley B, Brown G, Brent DA, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention (CBT-SP): treatment model, feasibility, and acceptability.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(10):1005-1013.
54. Cogan J. US Military Suicide Rates at Record High. Available athttps://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/02/suic-f04.html. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
55. Ghahramanlou-Holloway M, Neely LL, Tucker J. A cognitive-behavioral strategy for preventing suicide.Curr Psychiatr. 2014;13(8):18-25, 28.
56. Sher L. Suicide in war veterans: the role of comorbidity of PTSD and depression.Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9:921-923.
57. McFarland BH, Kaplan MS, Huguet N. Datapoints: self-inflicted deaths among women with U.S. military service: a hidden epidemic?Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(12):1177.
58. Rozanov V, Carli V. Suicide among war veterans.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(7):2504-2519.
59. World Health Organization. Preventing Suicide: A Resource for General Physicians.https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67165. Last accessed March 20, 2023.
60. World Health Organization.Preventing Suicide: A Resource for Primary Health Care Workers. Geneva: World Health Organization Department of Mental Health; 2000.
62. American Psychiatric Association.Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Patients with Suicidal Behaviors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2010.
64. National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. Crisis Center Guidance: Follow-up with Callers and Those Discharged from Emergency Department and Inpatient Settings. Available athttps://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Lifeline-Follow-Up-Guidance1214.pdf. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
65. Office of Applied Studies.The OAS Report: Suicidal Thoughts, Suicide Attempts, Major Depressive Episode and Substance Use Among Adults. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2006.
66. Suicide Prevention Resource Center. Continuity of Care for Suicide Prevention: The Role of Emergency Departments. Available athttps://dev.sprc.org/resources-programs/continuity-care-suicide-prevention-role-emergency-departments. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
67. Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance. Bipolar Disorder Statistics. Available athttps://www.dbsalliance.org/education/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-disorder-statistics. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
68. Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE (eds).Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2002.
69. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2013.
70. Miranda J, Schoenbaum M, Sherbourne C, Duan N, Wells K. Effects of primary care depression treatment on minority patients' clinical status and employment.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(8):827-834.
72. World Health Organization. Preventing Suicide in Jails and Prisons. Available athttps://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43678. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
73. Tremblay CH, Grosskopf S, Yang K. Brainstorm: occupational choice, bipolar illness and creativity.Econ Human Biol. 2010;8(2):233-241.
74. Liu A, Werner K, Roy S, et al. A case study of an emerging visual artist with frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Neurocase. 2009;15(3):235-247.
75. Brown GK, Green KL. A review of evidence-based follow-up care for suicide prevention: where do we go from here?Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3 Suppl 2):S209-S215.
76. Figueroa CG. Virginia Woolf as an example of a mental disorder and artistic creativity [article in Spanish].Rev Med Chil. 2005; 133(11):1381-1388.
77. Annenberg Public Policy Center. Holiday-Suicide Link: The Myth Persists. Available athttps://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/holiday-suicide-link-the-myth-persists. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
78. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Injury Prevention and Control: Data and Statistics. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html. Last accessed March 20, 2023.
79. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Assessment and Management of Patients at Risk for Suicide. Available athttps://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/srb. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
81. Veterans Crisis Line. Available athttps://www.veteranscrisisline.net. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
82. Selby EA, Anestis MD, Bender TW, et al. Overcoming the fear of lethal injury: evaluating suicidal behavior in the military through the lens of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide.Clin Psychol Rev. 2010; 30(3):298-307.
83. Boscarino JA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among U.S. Army veterans 30 years after military service.Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(4):248-256.
84. Association of Suicidology. Know the Warning Signs of Suicide. Available athttps://suicidology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Warning-Signs-Flyer.pdf. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
85. Favazza A. Self-mutilation. In: Jacobs DG (ed).The Harvard Medical School Guide to Suicide Assessment and Intervention. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 1999: 125-145.
86. Evans J, Platts H, Liebenau A. Impulsiveness and deliberate self-harm: a comparison of "first-timers" and "repeaters."Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93(5):378-380.
87. Stanford S, Jones MP. Psychological subtyping finds pathological, impulsive, and "normal" groups among adolescents who self-harm.J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50(7):807-815.
88. Najt P, Fusar-Poli P, Brambilla P. Co-occurring mental and substance abuse disorders: a review on the potential predictors and clinical outcomes.Psychiatry Res. 2011;186(2-3):159-164.
89. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, et al. 2018 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 36th annual report.Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019;57(12):1220-1413.
90. National Institute of Mental Health. Schizophrenia. Available athttps://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
91. Kleespies PM (ed).Emergencies in Mental Health Practice: Evaluation and Management. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2000.
92. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.Screening for Suicide Risk in Primary Care: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Evidence Synthesis, No. 103. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013.
93. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Recommendations on screening for depression in adults.CMAJ. 2013;185(9):775-782.
94. American Academy of Pediatrics. Screening for Suicide Risk in Clinical Practice. Availible at https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/blueprint-for-youth-suicide-prevention/strategies-for-clinical-settings-for-youth-suicide-prevention/screening-for-suicide-risk-in-clinical-practice. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
95. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with suicidal behavior.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(7 suppl):24S-51S.
96. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: U.S Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.JAMA. 2022;328(15):1534-1542.
97. Lewitzka U, Severus E, Bauer R, Ritter P, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M. The suicide prevention effect of lithium: more than 20 years of evidence-a narrative review.Int J Bipolar Disord. 2015;3(1):32.
98. Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. Long-term lithium treatment in the prevention of suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder patients.Epidemiol Psychiatr Soc. 2009;18(3):179-183.
99. Asenjo Lobos C, Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, et al. Clozapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD006633.
100. Kasckow J, Felmet K, Zisook S. Managing suicide risk in patients with schizophrenia.CNS Drugs. 2011;25(2):129-143.
101. Riesselman A, Johnson E, Palmer E. Lithium and clozapine in suicidality: shedding some light to get out of the dark.Ment Health Clin. 2015;5(5):237-243.
102. Cipriani A, Hawton K, Stockton S, Geddes JR. Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ. 2013;346:f3646.
103. Rihmer Z, Gonda X. The effect of pharmacotherapy on suicide rates in bipolar patients.CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18(3):238-242.
104. Underwood MD, Kassir SA, Bakalian MJ, Galfalvy H, Mann JJ, Arango V. Neuron density and serotonin receptor binding in prefrontal cortex in suicide.Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15(4):435-447.
105. Oquendo MA, Russob SA, Underwood MD, et al. Higher postmortem prefrontal 5-HT2A receptor binding correlates with lifetime aggression in suicide.Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(3):235-243.
106. Wasserman D, Wasserman C.Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention: A Global Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009.
107. Suicide Prevention Resource Center, SPAN USA.Charting the Future of Suicide Prevention: A 2010 Progress Review of the National Strategy and Recommendations for the Decade Ahead. Washington, DC: Education Development Center, Inc.; 2010.
108. Brent DA, Johnson BA, Perper J, et al. Personality disorder, personality traits, impulsive violence, and completed suicide in adolescents.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33(8):1080-1086.
109. Hunt J, Eisenberg D. Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students.J Adolesc Health. 2010;46(1):3-10.
110. Pompili M, Lester D, Innamorati M, et al. Preventing suicide in jails and prisons: suggestions from experience with psychiatric inpatients.J Forensic Sci. 2009;54(5):1155-1162.
111. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.The Treatment of Depression in Older Adults: Depression and Older Adults: Key Issues. Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2011.
112. Fischer LR, Wei F, Solberg LI, Rush WA, Heinrich RL. Treatment of elderly and other adult patients for depression in primary care.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(11):1554-1562.
113. Mitchell AJ, Rao S, Vaze A. Do primary care physicians have particular difficulty identifying late-life depression? A meta-analysis stratified by age.Psychother Psychosom. 2010;79(5):285-94.
114. Law J, Laidlaw K, Peck D. Is depression viewed as an inevitable consequence of age? The "understandability phenomenon" in older people.Clinical Gerontologist. 2010;33(3):194-209.
115. Tiesman H, Weissman D, Stone D, Quinlan K, Chosewood LC. Suicide Prevention for Healthcare Workers. Available athttps://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2021/09/17/suicide-prevention-hcw. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
116. Dutheil F, Aubert C, Pereira B, Dambrun M, Moustafa F, Mermillod M, et al. Suicide among physicians and health-care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS ONE. 2019;14(12):e0226361.
117. Kelsey EA, West CP, Cipriano PF, et al. Original research: suicidal ideation and attitudes toward help seeking in U.S. nurses relative to the general working population.Am J Nurs. 2021;121(11):24-36.
118. Stamm BH, Figley CR. Advances in the theory of compassion satisfaction and fatigue and its measurement with the ProQOL 5. Presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Annual Conference. Atlanta, GA; 2009.
119. Davidson JE, Zisook S, Kirby B, DeMichele G, Norcross W. Suicide prevention: a healer education and referral program for nurses.J Nurs Adm. 2018;48(2):85-92.
120. American Nurses Association. Nurse Suicide Prevention/Resilience. Available athttps://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nurse-suicide-prevention. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
121. Bernert RA, Roberts LW. Suicide risk: ethical considerations in the assessment and management of suicide risk.Focus. 2012;10(4):467-472.
122. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Underlying Cause of Death, 2018–2021, Single Race. Available at https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html. Last accessed March 21, 2023.
123. Monteith LL, Holliday R, Dichter ME, Hoffmire CA. Preventing suicide among women veterans: gender-sensitive, trauma-informed conceptualization.Curr Treat Options Psychiatry. 2022;9(3):186-201.
1. Adelson SL, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Committee on Quality Issues. Practice parameter on gay, lesbian, or bisexual sexual orientation, gender nonconformity, and gender discordance in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(9):957-974. Available at https://jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(12)00500-X/fulltext. Last accessed March 24, 2023.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. 3rd ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2010. Available at https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf. Last accessed March 24, 2023.
3. Assessment and Management of Risk for Suicide Working Group. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Assessment and Management of Patients at Risk for Suicide. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense; 2019. Available at https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/srb/. Last accessed March 24, 2023.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.