1. Kohli K. Pediatric Oral Pathology. Available athttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/dental/d7710/client_edit/Oral_Pathology.pdf. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
2. ADA Division of Communications. Tooth eruption: the primary teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005;136(11):1619.
3. Dental Health Foundation. Tooth Eruption. Available athttps://www.dentalhealth.ie/children/toothdevelopment/eruption.html. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
4. Chussid S. Anatomy of Primary Teeth. Available athttp://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/dental/d7710/client_edit/AnatomyofPrimaryTeeth.pdf. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
5. Psaltis G. Ankylosis. Available athttp://www.psaltis.info/ankylosis.html. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
6. Dye BA, Tan S, Smith V, et al. Trends in oral health status: United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Vital Health Stat. 2007;11(248): 1-92.
7. Cariati P, Cabello-Serrano A, Monsalve-Iglesias F, Roman-Ramos M, Garcia-Medina B. Meningitis and subdural empyema as complication of pterygomandibular space abscess upon tooth extraction.J Clin Exp Dent. 2016;8(4):e469-e472.
8. American Dental Association. Statement on Early Childhood Caries. Available athttps://www.ada.org/en/about-the-ada/ada-positions-policies-and-statements/statement-on-early-childhood-caries. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
9. Brown LJ, Kaste L, Selwitz R, Furman L. Dental caries and sealant usage in U.S. children, 1988–selected findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Dental Assoc. 1996;127(3):335-343.
10. Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Forss H, Walsh T, Hiiri A, Nordblad A, Mäkelä M, Worthington HV. Sealants for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD001830.
11. Simonsen RJ. Retention and effectiveness of dental sealant after 15 years. J Am Dent Assoc. 1991;122(10):34-42.
12. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on Pediatric Restorative Dentistry: Latest Revision 2022. Available athttps://www.aapd.org/globalassets/media/policies_guidelines/bp_restorativedent.pdf. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
13. American Academy of Pediatrics. Oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect.Pediatrics. 1999;104(2 Pt 1):348-350.
14. American Dental Association. Dental Amalgam. Available at https://www.ada.org/about/governance/current-policies#dentalamalgam. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
15. Miller A. Norway Becomes First Country to Ban Amalgam Fillings. Available athttps://www.naturalnews.com/022943.html. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
16. Cameron AC, Widmer RP. Handbook of Pediatric Dentistry. 4th ed. Maryland Height, MO: Mosby-Elsevier; 2013.
17. Dummett CO Jr, Kopel HM. Pediatric Endodontics: Chapter 17. Available athttps://www.scribd.com/document/67051251/Pediatric-tics-Chap-17-Ingle. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
18. McDonald RE, Avery DR. Treatment of deep caries, vital pulp exposure and pulpless teeth. In: McDonald RE, Avery DR (eds). Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1995:428-454.
19. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on Pulp Therapy for Primary and Immature Permanent Teeth: Latest Revision 2020. Available athttps://www.aapd.org/globalassets/media/policies_guidelines/bp_pulptherapy.pdf. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
20. Murray PE, Hafer AA, Smith AJ, Cox CF. Bacterial microleakage and pulp inflammation associated with various restorative materials.Dent Mater. 2002;18(6):470-478.
21. Gogen G, Kim JS, Bakland LK. Direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate: an observational study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(3):305-315.
22. Dean JA, Avery DR, McDonald RE. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 10th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby-Elsevier; 2015.
23. American Association of Endodontists. Traumatic Dental Injuries. Available athttps://www.aae.org/patients/dental-symptoms/traumatic-dental-injuries/. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
24. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guidelines on Periodicity of Examination, Preventive Dental Services, Anticipatory Guidance/Counseling, and Oral Treatment for Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Latest Revision 2022. Available athttps://www.aapd.org/globalassets/media/policies_guidelines/bp_periodicity.pdf. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
25. American Dental Hygienists' Association. CDC Releases Guidelines on Fluoride Use to Prevent Tooth Decay. Available athttps:// www.adha.org/resources-docs/7265_CDC_Guidelines_on_Flouride_to_Prevent_Tooth_Decay.pdf. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
26. Featherstone JDB. Prevention and reversal of dental caries: role of low level fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1999; 27:31-40.
27. 27. Hamilton IR. Biochemical effects of fluoride on oral bacteria. J Dent Res. 1990;69(Special Issue):660-667.
28. Tatevossian A. Fluoride in dental plaque and its effects. J Dent Res. 1990;69(Special Issue):645-652.
29. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. Child Maltreatment 2020. Available athttps://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cb/cm2020.pdf. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community Water Fluoridation. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/faqs. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
31. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guidelines on Fluoride Therapy: Latest Revision 2018. Available athttps://www.aapd.org/globalassets/media/policies_guidelines/bp_fluoridetherapy.pdf. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
32. Hooi PS, Chua BH, Lee CS, Lam SK, Chua KB. Hand, foot, and mouth disease: University of Malaya Medical Centre experience. Med J Malaysia. 2002;57(1):88-91.
33. Casamassimo PS, Fields HW Jr, McTigue DJ, Nowak A.Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy Through Adolescence. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2018.
34. Anderson BJ. Paracetamol (acetaminophen): mechanisms of action. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008;18(10):915-921.
35. Hernandez-Cortez E. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics in children. Anestesia en Mexico. 2006;18(1):162-164.
36. Gazarian M, Graudins LV. Safe use of NSAIDs in infants and children. Med Today. 2006;7(11):71-73.
37. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on Use of Antibiotic Therapy for Pediatric Dental Patients: Latest Revision 2022. Available athttps://www.aapd.org/globalassets/media/policies_guidelines/bp_antibiotictherapy.pdf. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
38. Newman MG, van Winkelhoff AJ. Antibiotic and Antimicrobial Use in Dental Practice. 2nd ed. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing; 2001.
39. 39. Camfield AS, McCutchan A. Local Anesthetics in Children. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
41. Offit PA. Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases. Washington, DC: Smithsonian; 2007.
42. Immunization Action Coalition. Chickenpox (Varicella) Vaccine. Available athttps://www.vaccineinformation.org/chickenpox. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
43. Wakefield A, Murch S, Anthony A, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular-hyperplasia, non-specific colitis and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 1998;351(9103):637-641.
44. Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H. Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ. 2011;432:c7452
45. 45. Koch G, Poulsen S. Pediatric Dentistry: A Clinical Approach. 2nd ed. London: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2009.
47. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Zostavax (Herpes Zoster Vaccine) Questions and Answers. Available athttps://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/zostavax-herpes-zoster-vaccine-questions-and-answers. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mumps Outbreaks. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/mumps/outbreaks.html. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
49. Kutrz-Weidinger D. The Dental Team's Responsibility in Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect. Available at https://www.azdhs.gov/prevention/womens-childrens-health/oral-health/-maternal-child-oral-health-reporting-abuse. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
50. Kellog N. Guideline on oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics. 2005;116(6):1565-1568.
52. Carleton RA. Does the mandate make a difference? Reporting decisions in emotional abuse. Child Abuse Rev. 2006;15(1):19-37.
53. Kenny MC. Child abuse reporting: teachers' perceived deterrents. Child Abuse Negl. 2001;25(1):81-92.
54. Flaherty EG, Sege R. Barriers to physician identification and reporting of child abuse. Pediatr Ann. 2005;34(5):349-356.
55. Sciubba JJ. Oral mucosal diseases in the office setting-part I: aphthous stomatitis and herpes simplex infections. Gen Dent. 2007;55(4):347-354.
56. Ship II. Epidemiologic aspects of recurrent aphthous ulcerations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1972;33(3):400-406.
57. Porter SR, Scully C, Pedersen A. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1998;9(3):306-321.
58. Mirowski GW, Rosengard HC, Messadi DV. Aphthous Stomatitis. Available athttps://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1075570-overview. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
59. Morris AM, Katzman DK. The impact of the media on eating disorders in children and adolescents. Paediatr Child Health. 2003;8(5):287-289.
60. West DS. The eating disorders. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D (eds). Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2004: 1336-1338.
61. Little JW, Falace DA, Miller CS, et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 2008.
62. 62. National Institute of Mental Health. Eating Disorders. Available athttps://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders/index.shtml. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
63. Little JW. Eating disorders: dental implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93(2);138-143.
64. Anderson L, Shaw J, McCargar L. Physiological effects of bulimia nervosa on the gastrointestinal tract. Can J Gastroenterol. 1997;11(5):451-459.
65. Nylander M, Friberg L, Lind B. Mercury concentrations in the human brain and kidneys in relation to exposure from dental amalgam fillings. Swed Dent J. 1987;11:179-87.
66. Wendt LK, Koch G, Birkhed D. On the retention and effectiveness of fissure sealant in permanent molars after 15–20 years: a cohort study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001;29(4):302-307.
67. Bernhoft RA. Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature.J Environ Public Health. 2012;2012:460508.
68. Axelrad DA, Bellinger DC, Ryan LM, Woodruff TJ. Dose-response relationship of prenatal mercury exposure and IQ: an integrative analysis of epidemiologic data. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(4):609-615.
69. Slayton RL, Urquhart O, Araujo MWB, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline on nonrestorative treatments for carious lesions: a report from the American Dental Association. JADA. 2018;149(10):P837-P849.
70. Bowden GH. Effects of fluoride on the microbial ecology of dental plaque. J Dent Res. 1990;69 Spec No:653-659, 682-683.
71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FAQs for Fluorosis. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/faqs/dental_fluorosis/index.htm. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
72. Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(3):330-338.
73. 73. Loskill P1, Zeitz C, Grandthyll S, et al. Reduced adhesion of oral bacteria on hydroxyapatite by fluoride treatment. Langmuir. 2013;29(18):5528-5533.
74. Rozier RG, Adair S, Graham F, et al. Evidence-based clinical recommendations on the prescription of dietary fluoride supplements for caries prevention: a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141(12):1480-1489.
75. Soares GM, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Cortelli SC, Duarte PM, Feres M. Mechanisms of action of systemic antibiotics used in periodontal treatment and mechanisms of bacterial resistance to these drugs. J Appl Oral Sci. 2012;20(3):295-309.
76. Zipprich J, Winter K, Hacker J, et al. Measles outbreak—California, December 2014–February 2015. MMWR. 2015;64(6):153-154.
77. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles Cases and Outbreaks. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html. Last accessed January 12, 2023.
78. Horst JA, Ellenikiotis H, Milgrom PL. UCSF protocol for caries arrest using silver diamine fluoride: rationale, indications and consent. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2016;44(1):16-28.
79. World Health Organization. Oral Health. Available athttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
80. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Use of Pit-and-Fissure Sealants. Available athttps://www.aapd.org/research/oral-health-policies--recommendations/pit_and_fissure_sealants. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
81. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Federal Panel on Community Water Fluoridation. U.S. Public Health Service recommendation for fluoride concentration in drinking water for the prevention of dental caries. Public Health Rep. 2015;130(4): 318-331.
82. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. AAPD Confirms Safety and Effectiveness of Amalgam in Response to FDA Report. Available at https://www.aapd.org/about/about-aapd/news-room/latest-news/aapd-confirms-safety-and-effectiveness-of-amalgam-in-response-to-fda-report. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
83. American Dental Association. Silver Diamine Fluoride. Available at https://www.ada.org/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/silver-diamine-fluoride. Last accessed January 9, 2023.
1. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.Dental Interventions to Prevent Caries in Children: A National Clinical Guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; 2014. Available at https://www.scottishdental.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/SIGN138.pdf. Last accessed January 19, 2023.
2. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening and interventions to prevent dental caries in children younger than 5 years: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.JAMA. 2021;326(21):2172-2178. Available at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2786823. Last accessed January 19, 2023.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.