2. Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabo IR, et al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(1):136-160.
3. Beyond Celiac. Celiac Disease: Fast Facts. Available at https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/facts-and-figures. Last accessed November 6, 2022.
4. Tack GJ, Verbeek WH, Schreurs MW, Mulder CJ. The spectrum of celiac disease: epidemiology, clinical aspects and treatment.Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7(4):204-213.
5. Meize-Grochowski R. Celiac disease: a multisystem autoimmune disorder. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2005;28(5):394-402.
7. Gasbarrini G, Miele L, Corazza GR, Gasbarrini A. When was celiac disease born? The Italian case from the archeologic site of Cosa. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44(7):502-503.
8. Silberberg B. The Autism and ADHD Diet: A Step-by-Step Guide to Hope and Healing by Living Gluten Free and Casein Free (GFCF) and Other Interventions. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, Inc.; 2009.
12. Mahadov S, Green PH. Celiac disease: a challenge for all physicians. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;7(8):554-556.
13. Celiac Disease Foundation. Celiac Disease and Diabetes. Available at https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/related-conditions/diabetes-and-celiac-disease. Last accessed November 6, 2022.
14. Smith MM, Goodfellow L. The relationship between quality of life and coping strategies of adults with celiac disease adhering to a gluten-free diet. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2011;34(6):460-468.
15. Muscari ME. Pediatric Nursing. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2016.
16. Willis L. Professional Guide to Diseases. 11th ed. Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2019.
17. Beyond Celiac. Celiac Disease Prevalence in Women. Available at https://www.beyondceliac.org/living-with-celiac-disease/womens-health/prevalence. Last accessed November 6, 2022.
18. Guandalini S. Pediatric Celiac Disease. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/932104-overview. Last accessed November 6, 2022.
19. Evers DB. Alterations of digestive function in children. In: Huether SE, McCance KL (eds). Understanding Pathophysiology. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2017: 715-729.
20. McManus R, Kelleher D. Celiac disease: the villain unmasked? N Engl J Med. 2003;348(25):2573-2574.
21. Setty M, Hormaza L, Guandalini S. Celiac disease: risk assessment, diagnosis, and monitoring. Mol Diagn Ther. 2008;12(5):289-298.
22. Marsh MN, Hinde J. Inflammatory component of celiac sprue mucosa. I: mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Gastroenterology. 1985;89(1):92-101.
24. Westerfield J, Holcomb S, Jensen S (eds). Current Trends in Diabetes Management: A Guide for the Health Care Professional. 7th ed. Nashville, TN: Healthways; 2008.
25. Freeman HJ. Risk factors in familial forms of celiac disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(15):1828-1831.
26. MedlinePlus. Celiac Disease: Sprue. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000233.htm. Last accessed November 15, 2022.
27. Barton SH, Murray JA. Celiac disease and autoimmunity in the gut and elsewhere. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008;37(2):411-428.
28. Guandalini S. The influence of gluten: weaning recommendations for healthy children and children at risk for celiac disease. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2007;60:139-151.
29. Szajewska H, Chmielewska A, Piescik-Lech M, et al. Systematic review: early infant feeding and the prevention of coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36(7):607-618.
30. Hogen Esch CE, Rosen A, Auricchio R, et al. The PreventCD Study design: towards new strategies for the prevention of coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22(12):1424-1430.
31. American Gastroenterological Association Institute. American Gastroenterological Association Institute medical position statement on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(3):935-939.
32. Rostom A, Murray JA, Kagnoff MF. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(6):1981-2002.
33. Dewar DH, Ciclitira PJ. Clinical features and diagnosis of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4 suppl 1):S19-S24.
34. Presutti RJ, Cangemi JR, Cassidy HD, Hill DA. Celiac disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76(12):1795-1802.
35. Beyond Celiac. Celiac Disease Testing and Diagnosis. Available at https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/get-tested. Last accessed November 15, 2022.
36. American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: celiac sprue. Gastroenterology. 2001;120(6):1522-1525.
37. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. Celiac Disease. Available at https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease. Last accessed November 15, 2022.
38. Reddick, BK, Crowell K. What blood tests help diagnose celiac disease? J Fam Pract. 2006;55(12):1090, 1093.
39. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Celiac Disease Tests. Available at https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/celiac-disease-health-care-professionals?dkrd=hispt0112. Last accessed November 15, 2022.
40. Leffler D. Celiac disease diagnosis and management: a 46-year-old woman with anemia. JAMA. 2011;306(14):1582-1592.
41. Chang MS, Rubin M, Lewis SK, Green PH. Diagnosing celiac disease by video capsule endoscopy (VCE) when esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and biopsy is unable to provide a diagnosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12(90).
42. Yusuf TE. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1851864-overview. Last accessed November 15, 2022.
43. Cellier C, Green PH, Collin P, Murray J. ICCE consensus for celiac disease. Endoscopy. 2005;37(10):1055-1059.
44. Bonamico M, Thanasi E, Mariani P, et al. Duodenal bulb biopsies in celiac disease: a multicenter study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008;47(5):618-622.
45. Lebwohl B, Kapel RC, Neugut AI, Green PH, Genta RM. Adherence to biopsy guidelines increases celiac disease diagnosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74(1):103-109.
46. Rondonotti E, Spada C, Cave D, et al. Video capsule enteroscopy in the diagnosis of celiac disease: a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(8):1624-1631.
47. Ludvigsson JF, Montgomery SM, Ekhom A, Brandt L, Granath F. Small intestinal histopathology and mortality risk in celiac disease. JAMA. 2009;302(11):1171-1178.
49. Fasano A. Systemic autoimmune disorders in celiac disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006;22(6):674-679.
50. Ventura A, Magazzu G, Greco L. Duration of exposure to gluten and risk for autoimmune disorders in patients with celiac disease. SIGEP Study Group for Autoimmune Disorders in Celiac Disease. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:297-303.
51. Not T, Tommasini A, Tonini G, et al. Undiagnosed coeliac disease and risk of autoimmune disorders in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2001;44:151-155.
52. Cataldo F, Marino V. Increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases in first-degree relatives of patients with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36:470-473.
53. Ch'ng CL, Jones MK, Kingham JG. Celiac disease and autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Med Res. 2007;5(3):184-192.
54. Volta U, Tovoli F, Caio G. Clinical and immunological features of celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;5(4):479-487.
55. Venes D (ed). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis Company; 2013.
56. Kumar V, Rajadhyaksha M, Wortsman J. Celiac disease-associated autoimmune endocrinopathies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:678-685.
57. Meloni GF, Tomasi PA, Bertoncelli A, Fanciulli G, Delitala G, Meloni T. Prevalence of silent celiac disease in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis from Northern Sardinia. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001;24:298-302.
58. Volta U, Ravaglia G, Granito A, et al. Coeliac disease in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Digestion. 2001;64:61-65.
59. Larizza D, Calcaterra V, De Giacomo C, et al. Celiac disease in children with autoimmune thyroid disease. J Pediatr. 2001;139:738-740.
60. Collin P, Kaukinen K, Valimaki M, Salmi J. Endocrinological disorders and celiac disease. Endocrine Rev. 2002;23(4):464-483.
61. Carnicer J, Farre C, Varea V, Vilar P, Moreno J, Artigas J. Prevalence of coeliac disease in Down's syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13(3):263-267.
62. Adams S. Down syndrome: celiac disease prevalent in children with Down syndrome. Am J Med Gen. 2001;98:70-74.
63. National Institute of DiaMibetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Dermatitis Herpetiformis. Available at https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/dermatitis-herpetiformis/health-care-professionals?dkrd=hispt0187. Last accessed November 15, 2022.
64. Fera T, Cascio B, Angelini G, Martini S, Guidetti CS. Affective disorders and quality of life in adult coeliac disease patients on a gluten-free diet. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;15(12):1287-1292.
65. Hauser W, Gold J, Stein J, Caspary WF, Stallmach A. Health-related quality of life in adult coeliac disease in Germany: results of a national survey. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18(7):747-754.
66. Zingone F, SwiftGL, Card TR, Sanders DS, Ludvigsson JF Bai JC. Psychological morbidity of celiac disease: a review of the literature. United European Gastroentero J. 2015;3(2):136-145.
67. Addolorato G, Capristo E, Ghittoni G, et al. Anxiety but not depression decreases in coeliac patients after one-year gluten-free diet: a longitudinal study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001;36(5):502-506.
68. Edwards George JB, Leffler DA, Dennis MD, Franko DL, Blom-Hoffman J, Kelly CP. Psychological correlates of gluten-free diet adherence in adults with celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43(4):301-306.
69. Autism Speaks. Study: Gluten/Casein-Free Diet Doesn't Improve Autism Symptoms. Available at https://www.autismspeaks.org/science-news/study-glutencasein-free-diet-doesnt-improve-autism-symptoms. Last accessed November 15, 2022.
70. Pellicano R, Astegiano M, Bruno M, Fagoonee S, Rizzetto M. Women and celiac disease: association with unexplained infertility. Minerva Med. 2007;98(3):217-219.
71. Stazi AV, Trinti B. Reproductive aspects of celiac disease. Ann Ital Med Int. 2005;20(3):143-157.
72. Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, et al. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(4):582-593.
73. Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, et al. Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(2):225-234.
75. Sharaiha RZ, Lebwohl B, Reimers L, Bhagat G, Green PH, Neugut AI. Increasing incidence of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973–2008. Cancer. 2012;118(15):3786-3792.
76. Beyond Celiac. Celiac Disease and Cancer. Available at https://www.beyondceliac.org/celiac-disease/related-conditions/cancer. Last accessed November 15, 2022.
77. Gabrielli M, Cremonini F, Fiore G, et al. Association between migraine and celiac disease: results from a preliminary case-control and therapeutic study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(3):625-629.
78. Dimitrova AK, Ungaro RC, Lebwohl B, et al. Prevalence of migraine in patients with celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Headache. 2013;53(2):344-355.
79. NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. What People with Celiac Disease Need to Know about Osteoporosis. Available at https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/osteoporosis/conditions-behaviors/celiac. Last accessed November 15, 2022.
80. DiStefano M, Mengoli C, Bergonzi M, Corazza GR. Bone mass and mineral metabolism alterations in adult celiac disease: pathophysiology and clinical approach. Nutrients. 2013;5(11):4786-4799.
81. Zanchi C, Di Leo G, Ronfani L, Martelossi S, Not T, Ventura A. Bone metabolism in celiac disease. J Pediatr. 2008;153(2):262-265.
82. Szymczak J, Bohdanowicz-Pawlak A, Waszczuk E, Jakubowska J. Low bone mineral density in adult patients with coeliac disease. Endokrynol Pol. 2012;63(4):270-276.
83. Bonamica M, Pasquino AM, Mariani P, et al. Prevalence and clinical picture of celiac disease in Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(12):5495-5498.
84. Marild K, Stordal K, Hagman A, Ludvigsson JF. Turner Syndrome and celiac disease: a case-control study. Pediatrics. 2016;137(2):e20152232.
85. Chin RL, Latov N. Peripheral neuropathy and celiac disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2005;7(1):43-48.
86. Brannagan TH 3rd, Hays AP, Chin SS, et al. Small-fiber neuropathy/neuronopathy associated with celiac disease: skin biopsy findings. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(10):1574-1578.
89. Mavragani CP, Moutsopoulos HM. The geoepidemiology of Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9(5):A305-A310.
90. Luft LM, Barr SG, Martin LO, Chan EK, Fritzler MJ. Autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase in Sjögren's syndrome and related rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(12):2613-2619.
91. Giannotti A, Tiberio G, Castro M, et al. Coeliac disease in Williams syndrome. J Med Genet. 2001;38(11):767-768.
92. Mihci E Nur BG, Berkearauzum S, Yilmaz A, Artan R. Celiac disease in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome. Turk J Pediatr. 2015;57(6):599-604.
93. Tack GJ, Verbeek, WHM, Schreurs MWJ, Mulder CJJ. The spectrum of celiac disease: epidemiology, clinical aspects and treatment. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;(4):204-213.
94. Bakshi A, Stephen S, Borum ML, Doman DB. Emerging therapeutic options for celiac disease: potential alternatives to a gluten-free diet. Gastroenterol Heptaol (NY). 2012;8(9):528-588.
95. McAllister CS, Kagnoff MF. The immunopathogenesis of celiac disease reveals possible therapies beyond the gluten-free diet.Semin Immunopathol. 2012;34(4):581-600.
96. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Kelly CP, Calderwood AH, Murray JA. American College of Gastroenterology clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):656-677.
98. American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Celiac Disease (CD): Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guideline. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association; 2009.
99. Porter RS (ed). Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 20th ed (online version). Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional. Last accessed November 17, 2022.
101. Schuppan D, Junker Y, Barisani D. Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(6):1912-1933.
102. Francavilla R, Critofori F, Stella M, Borrelli G, Naspi G, Castellaneta S. Treatment of celiac disease: from gluten-free diet to novel therapies. Minerva Pediatr. 2014;66(5):501-516.
103. Daum S, Cellier C, Mulder CJ. Refractory coeliac disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;19(3):413-424.
104. Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Classification and management of refractory celiac disease. Gut. 2010;59(4):547-557.
105. Nasr I, Campling H, Ciclitira PJ. Approach to patients with refractory coeliac disease. F1000Res. 2016;5:F1000.
106. Tack GJ, Verbeek WHM, Schreurs MWJ, Mulder CJJ. The Spectrum of Celiac Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects and Treatment. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/720681_6. Last accessed November 17, 2022.
107. Malamut G, Afchain P, Verkarre V, et al. Presentation and long-term follow-up of refractory celiac disease: comparison of type I with type II. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(1):81-90.
108. Rubio-Tapia A, Kelly DG, Lahr BD, Dogan A, Wu TT, Murray JA. Clinical staging and survival in refractory celiac disease: a single center experience. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(1):99-107.
109. Al-Toma A, Verbeek WH, Hadithi M, von Blomberg BM, Mulder CJ. Survival in refractory coeliac disease and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: retrospective evaluation of single-centre experience. Gut. 2007;56(10):1373-1378.
110. Brar P, Lee S, Lewis S, et al. Budesonide in the treatment of refractory celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(10):2265-2269.
111. Cellier C, Cerf-Bensussan N. Treatment of clonal refractory celiac disease or cryptic intraepithelial lymphoma: a long road from bench to bedside. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(11):1320-1321.
112. Goerres MS, Meijer JW, Whaab PJ, et al. Azathioprine and prednisone combination therapy in refractory coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(5):487-494.
113. Daum S, Ipczynski R, Heine B, Schulzke JD, Zeitz M, Ulrich R. Therapy with budesonide in patients with refractory sprue. Digestion. 2006;73(1):60-68.
114. Al-Toma A, Goerres MS, Meijer JW, et al. Cladribine thrapy in refractory celiac disease with aberrant T cells. Clin Gastoenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(11):1322-1327.
115. Leffler DA, Dennis M, Edwards GJ, et al. A simple validated gluten-free diet adherence survey for adults with celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(5):530-536.
116. Freeman HJ. Lymphoproliferative and intestinal malignancies in 214 patients with biopsy-defined celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(5):429-434.
117. Catassi C, Bearzi I, Holmes GK. Association of celiac disease and intestinal lymphomas and other cancers. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4 suppl 1):S79-S86.
118. Rostom A, Dubé C, Cranney A, et al. Celiac Disease: Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 104. AHRQ Publication No. 04-E029-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2004.
119. Freeman HJ. Adult celiac disease and its malignant complications. Gut Liver. 2009;3(4):237-246.
120. Lebwohl B, Stavsky E, Neugut AI, Green PH. Risk of colorectal adenomas in patients with coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(8):1037-1043.
121. Holms S. Coeliac disease: symptoms, complications and patient support. Nurs Stand. 2010;24(35):50-56.
123. Greenberg L. Case management implications of celiac disease. Prof Case Manag. 2008;13(4):211-217.
125. Gainer CL. The great gluten escape: a camp for children with celiac disease. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2007;30(5):380-381.
126. Celiac Disease Foundation. Back-to-School and 504 Plan Guide. Available at https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/celiac-disease-in-children/504-plan. Last accessed November 17, 2022.
127. Beyond Celiac. Healthcare Costs Pinch the Pocket. Available at https://www.beyondceliac.org/research-news/healthcare-costs-pinch-the-pocket. Last accessed November 6, 2022.
128. Husby S, Murray JA, Katzka DA. AGA clinical practice update on diagnosis and monitoring of celiac disease—changing utility of serology and histologic measures: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(4):885-889.
129. UChicago Medicine. Celiac Disease Center: Frequently Asked Questions. Available at https://www.cureceliacdisease.org/faqs. Last accessed November 17, 2022.
130. Rodrigo L, Hernandez-Lahoz C, Fuentes D, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:31.
131. Collin P, Salmi TT, Hervonen K, Kaukinen K, Reunala T. Dermatitis herpetiformis: a cutaneous manifestation of coeliac disease. Ann Med. 2017 Feb;49(1):23-31.
132. Thawani SP, Brannagan TH, Lebwohl B, et al. Risk of neuropathy among 28,232 patients with biopsy-verified celiac disease. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(7):806–811.
133. Yoosuf S, Makharia GK. Evolving Therapy for Celiac Disease. Available at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2019.00193/full. Last accessed November 17, 2022.
134. Celiac Disease Foundation. Future Therapies for Celiac Disease. Available at https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/future-therapies-for-celiac-disease. Last accessed November 17, 2022.
1. Husby S, Murray JA, Katzka DA. AGA clinical practice update on diagnosis and monitoring of celiac disease—changing utility of serology and histologic measures: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(4):885-889. Available at https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)35408-8/fulltext. Last accessed November 22, 2022.
2. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Kelly CP, Calderwood AH, Murray JA. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):656-676. Available at https://journals.lww.com/ajg/Fulltext/2013/05000/ACG_Clinical_Guidelines__Diagnosis_and_Management.7.aspx. Last accessed November 22, 2022.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.