1. Jahic G, Finckenauer J. Representations and misrepresentations of human trafficking. Trends in Organized Crime. 2005;8(3):24-40.
2. Doezema J. Loose women or lost women? The re-emergence of the myth of white slavery in contemporary discourses of trafficking in women. Gender Issues. 2000;18(1):23-50.
5. de Moura SL. Social construction of street children: configuration and implications. Br J Soc Work. 2002;32(3):353-367.
6. United Nations. Protocol To Prevent, Suppress And Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women And Children, Supplementing The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. Available at https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-prevent-suppress-and-punish-trafficking-persons. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
7. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Human Trafficking. Available at https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-Trafficking/Human-Trafficking.html. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
8. Lusk M, Lucas F. The challenge of human trafficking and contemporary slavery. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare. 2009;25(1):49-57.
9. Hart A. Power, Gender and Human Trafficking. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association; New York, NY; August 11, 2007.
10. U.S. Congress. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000. Public Law 106-386. Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ386/pdf/PLAW-106publ386.pdf. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
11. Bertone AM. Sexual trafficking in women: international political economy and the politics of sex. Gender Issues. 2000;18(1):2-22.
13. Batsyukova S. Prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Gender Issues. 2007;24:46-50.
14. United Nations. Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, 1956. Available athttps://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/supplementary-convention-abolition-slavery-slave-trade-and. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
15. U.S. Department of Labor. International Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports. Available at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
16. Free the Slaves and Human Rights Center of the University of California, Berkeley. Hidden slaves forced labor in the United States. Berkeley Journal of International Law. 2005;23(1):47-109.
17. Chung R. Cultural perspectives on child trafficking, human rights and social justice: a model for psychologists. Couns Psychol Q. 2009;22(1):85-96.
18. Otis J, Pasztor EM, McFadden EJ. Child labor: a forgotten focus on child welfare. Child Welfare. 2001;80(5):611-622.
19. Limoncelli SA. The global development of contemporary anti-human trafficking advocacy. Int Sociol. 2017;32(6):814-834.
21. Bourdillon M. Children and work: a review of current literature and debates. Dev Change. 2006;37(6):1201-1226.
22. Gulati G. News frames and story triggers in the media's coverage of human trafficking. Human Rights Review. 2011;12(3):363-379.
23. Murshed M. Unraveling child labor and labor legislation. Journal of International Affairs. 2001;55(1):169-189.
24. Global Slavery Index. The Global Slavery Index 2018. Available at https://www.globalslaveryindex.org. Last accessed September 23, 2022.
25. Breen C. When is a child not a child? Child soldiers in international law. Human Rights Rev. 2007;8(2):71-103.
26. Bayer CP, Klasen F, Adam H. Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers. JAMA. 2007;298(5):555-559.
27. U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report: 2018. Available at https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-trafficking-in-persons-report. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
28. Musto JL. What's in a name? Conflations and contradictions in contemporary U.S. discourses of human trafficking. Womens Stud Int Forum. 2009;32:281-287.
29. Weitzer R. The social construction of sex trafficking: ideology and institutionalization of a moral crusade. Polit Soc. 2007;35(3): 447-475.
30. Cwikel J, Hoban E. Contentious issues in research on trafficked women working in the sex industry: study design, ethics, and methodology. J Sex Res. 2005;42(4):306-316.
31. Roby JL, Turley J, Cloward JG. U.S. response to human trafficking: is it enough? J Immigr Refug Stud. 2008;6(4):508-525.
32. International Labour Organization. What is Forced Labour, Modern Slavery, and Human Trafficking? Available at https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/lang--en/index.htm. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
33. Weitzer R. The Social Construction of Sex Trafficking: A New Moral Crusade. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association; Montreal, Canada; August 10, 2006.
34. Desyllas M. A critique of the global trafficking discourse and U.S. policy. J Sociol Soc Welfare. 2007;34(4):57-79.
35. Jones L, Engstrom DW, Hilliard T, Diaz M. Globalization and human trafficking. J Sociol Soc Welfare. 2007;34(2):107-122.
36. Corrin C. Transitional road for traffic: analysing trafficking in women from and through Central and Eastern Europe. Eur Asia Stud. 2005;57(4):543-560.
37. Stolz B. Interpreting the U.S. human trafficking debate through the lens of symbolic politics. Law Policy. 2007;29(3):311-338.
38. Gozdziak E, Collett E. Research on human trafficking in North America: a review of literature. Int Migr. 2005;43(1/2):99-128.
39. Erokhina L, Buriak M. The problem of trafficking in women in social risk groups. Sociol Res. 2007;46(1):6-19.
40. Yick AG, Shapira B. Social construction of human trafficking on YouTube: an exploratory study. J Immigr Refug Stud. 2010;8(1):111-116.
41. Zimmerman C, Yun K, Shvab I, et al. The Health Risks and Consequences of Trafficking in Women and Adolescents: Findings from a European Study. London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; 2003.
42. Hodge D. Sexual trafficking in the United States: a domestic problem with transnational dimensions. Soc Work. 2008;53(2):143-152.
43. Gjermenia E, Van Hookb MP, Gjipali S, Xhillari L, Lungu F, Hazizi A. Trafficking of children in Albania: patterns of recruitment and reintegration. Child Abuse Negl. 2008;32:941-948.
44. Bales K. Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 2007.
45. Aguilar-Millan S, Foltz JE, Jackson J, Oberg A. The globalization of crime. Futurist. 2008;42(6):41-50.
46. Hughes DM. The use of new communications and information technologies for sexual exploitation of women and children. Hastings Womens Law J. 2002;13:129-148.
47. Parreñas RS, Hwang MC, Lee HR. What is human trafficking? A review essay. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society. 2012;37(4):1015-1029.
48. International Labour Organization. Global Estimates of Child Labour: Results and Trends, 2012–2016. Available at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575499.pdf. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
49. Sigmon JN. Combatting modern-day slavery: issues in identifying and assisting victims of human trafficking worldwide. Vict Offender. 2008;3(2/3):245-257.
50. Zimmerman C, Hossain M, Yun K, et al. The health of trafficked women: a survey of women entering posttrafficking services in Europe. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(1):55-59.
51. Tsutsumi A, Izutsu T, Poudyal AK, Kato S, Marui E. Mental health of female survivors of human trafficking in Nepal. Social Science & Medicine. 2008;66:1841-1847.
52. Clawson HJ, Goldblatt GL. Finding a Path to Recovery: Residential Facilities for Minor Victims of Domestic Sex Trafficking. Available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/finding-path-recovery-residential-facilities-minor-victims-domestic-sex-trafficking-0. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
53. Kohrt BA, Jordans MJD, Tol WA, et al. Comparison of mental health between former child soldiers and children never conscripted by armed groups in Nepal. JAMA. 2008;300(6):691-702.
54. Breslau J. Cultures of trauma: anthropological views of posttraumatic stress disorder in international health. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2004;28(2):113-126.
55. Burman M, McKay S. Marginalization of girl mothers during reintegration from armed groups in Sierra Leone. Int Nurs Rev. 2007;54(4):316-323.
56. International Labour Organization. What is Child Labour? Available at http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
57. Narayan N. Stolen childhoods: tackling the health burdens of child labor. Harvard Int Rev. 1997;19(4):50-55.
58. Gozdziak EM, MacDonnell M. Closing the gaps: the need to improve identification and services to child victims of trafficking. Human Organization. 2007;66(2):171-184.
59. U.S. Administration for Children and Families. Look Beneath the Surface. Available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/otip/partnerships/look-beneath-the-surface. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
60. Chung R, Bemak F, Ortiz D, Sandoval-Perez P. Promoting the mental health of immigrants: a multicultural/social justice perspective. J Couns Dev. 2008;86(3):310-317.
61. International Labour Organization. India: Fighting Child Labour with Street Plays. Available at http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/multimedia/video/video-news-releases/WCMS_114207/lang--en/index.htm. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
62. Marks L. Global health crisis: can indigenous healing practices offer a valuable resource? International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. 2006;53(4):471-478.
63. Patrick PKS. Counselors advocates for practice and the profession. In: Patrick PKS (ed). Contemporary Issues in Counseling. Boston, MA: Pearson; 2007: 187-209.
64. Congressional Research Service. H.R. 7311: William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008. Available at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/hr7311. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
66. Zimmerman C, Watts C. WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Interviewing Trafficked Women. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42765/9241546255.pdf. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
67. Chung RCY. Women, human rights, and counseling: crossing international boundaries. J Couns Dev. 2005;83(3):262-268.
68. Figley CR. Compassion fatigue: toward a new understanding of the costs of caring. In: Stamm BH (ed). Secondary Traumatic Stress: Self-Care Issues for Clinicians, Researchers, and Educators. 2nd ed. Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press; 1999: 3-28.
69. McCann IL, Pearlman LA. Vicarious traumatization: a framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with trauma. J Trauma Stress. 1990;3:131-149.
70. Patrick PKS. Stress-induced challenges to the counselor role: burnout, compassion fatigue, and vicarious traumatization. In: Patrick PKS (ed). Contemporary Issues in Counseling. Boston, MA: Pearson; 2007: 210-250.
71. Cunningham M. Impact of trauma work on social work clinicians: empirical findings. Soc Work. 2003;48(4):451-459.
72. Johannessen S, Holgersen H. Former child soldiers' problems and needs: Congolese experiences. Qual Health Res. 2014;24(1):55-66.
73. Coster JS, Schwebel M. Well-functioning in professional psychologists. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 1997;28(1):5-13.
74. Mason S. Human trafficking: a primer for LNCs. Journal of Legal Nurse Consulting. 2018;29(4):28-33.
75. Aten JD, Madson MB, Rice A, Chamberlain AK. Postdisaster supervisor strategies for promoting supervisee self-care: lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina. Train Educ Prof Psychol. 2008;2(2):75-82.
76. Nelson-Gardell D, Harris D. Childhood abuse history, secondary traumatic stress, and child welfare workers. Child Welfare. 2003;82(1):5-26.
77. Bell H, Kulkarni S, Dalton L. Organizational prevention of vicarious trauma. Fam Soc. 2003;84(4):463-481.
78. Rao S, Presenti C. Understanding human trafficking origin: a cross-country empirical analysis. Fem Econ. 2012;18(2):231-263.
79. Bettio F, Nandi TK. Evidence on women trafficked for sexual exploitation: a rights-based analysis. European Journal of Law and Economics. 2010;29(1):15-42.
80. Elliott J, McCartan K. The reality of trafficked people's access to technology. J Crim Law. 2013;77(3):255-273.
81. Hua J, Nigorizawa H. U.S. sex trafficking, women's human rights and the politics of representation. International Feminist Journal of Politics. 2010;12(3/4):401-423.
82. Jac-Kucharski A. The determinants of human trafficking: a U.S. case study. Int Migr. 2012;50(6):150-165.
84. Knepper P. History matters: Canada's contribution to the first worldwide study of human trafficking. Can J Criminol. 2013;55(1): 33-54.
85. Perrin B. Trafficking in persons and transit countries. Trends in Organized Crime. 2011;14(2/3):235-264.
86. Mbonye M, Nakamanya S, Nalukenge W, et al. "It is like a tomato stall where someone can pick what he likes:" structure and practices of female sex work in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Pub Health. 2013;13(1):1-9.
87. Jones L, Engstrom D, Hilliard P, Sungakawan D. Human trafficking between Thailand and Japan: lessons in recruitment, transit and control. Int J Soc Welf. 2011;20(2):203-211.
88. Hodge DR. Assisting victims of human trafficking: strategies to facilitate identification, exit from trafficking, and the restoration of wellness. Soc Work. 2014;59(2):111-118.
89. Siegel D, de Blank S. Women who traffic women: the role of women in human trafficking networks: the Dutch cases. Global Crime. 2010;11(4):436-447.
90. International Labour Organization. Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labor. Geneva: International Labour Organization; 2014.
91. Johnson BC. Aftercare for survivors of human trafficking. Soc Work Christianity. 2012;39(4):370-389.
92. Abas M, Ostrovschi NV, Prince M, et al. Risk factors mental disorders in women survivors of human trafficking: a historical cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13(1):1-11.
93. Blumhofer R, Shah N, Grodin M, Crosby S. Clinical issues in caring for former chattel slaves. J Immigr Minor Health. 2011;13(2):323-332.
94. O'Callaghan P, Storey L, Rafferty H. Narrative analysis of former child soldiers' traumatic experiences. Educational & Child Psychology. 2012;29(2):87-97.
95. Wirth KE, Tchetgen EJ, Silverman JG, Murray MB. How does sex trafficking increase the risk of HIV infection? An observational study from Southern India. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(3):232-241.
96. Amon JJ, Buchanan J, Cohen J, Kippenberg J. Child labor and environmental health: government obligations and human rights. Int J Pediatr. 2012;2012:1-8.
97. Baldwin SB, Eisenman DP, Sayles JN, et al. Identification of human trafficking victims in health care settings. Health Hum Rights. 2011;13(1):1-14.
98. Macy RJ, Graham LM. Identifying domestic and international sex-trafficking victims during human service provision. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2012;13(2):59-76.
99. DeBoise C. Human trafficking and sex work: foundation social-work principles. Meridians. 2014;12(1):227-233.
100. Eastern Missouri, Southern Illinois Rescue and Restore Consortium. Developing policies and protocols to address human trafficking in health care settings. Migrant Health Newsline. 2012;29(4):6.
101. Baker DA, Grover EA. Responding to victims of human trafficking: Interagency awareness, housing services, and spiritual care.Soc Work Christianity. 2013;40(3):308-321.
102. Hounmenou C. Human service professionals' awareness of human trafficking. J Policy Pract. 2012;11(3):192-206.
103. Ren X. Legal protection and assistance for victims of human trafficking: a harm reduction approach. Int Perspect Vict. 2013;7(2): 65-76.
104. Dombo EA, Gray C. Engaging spirituality in addressing vicarious trauma in clinical social workers: a self-care model. Soc Work Christianity. 2013;40(1):89-104.
105. Gibbons S, Murphy D, Joseph S. Countertransference and positive growth in social workers. J Soc Work Pract. 2011;25(1):17-30.
106. Chisolm-Strike M, Richardson I. Assessment of emergency department provider knowledge about human trafficking victims in the ED. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(suppl 1):134.
107. Saiz-Echezarreta V, Alvarado M-C, Gómez-Lorenzini P. Advocacy of trafficking campaigns: a controversy story. Comunicar. 2018;26(55):29-38.
108. International Labour Organization. Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. Available at https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_575479/lang--en/index.htm. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
109. Beck ME, Lincer MM, Melzer-Lange M, Simpson P, Nugent M, Rabbitt A. Medical providers' understanding of sex trafficking and their experience with at-risk patients. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4):e895-e902.
110. U.S. Congress. H.R.898: Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2013. Available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/898. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
111. Hume DL, Sidun NM. Human trafficking of women and girls: characteristics, commonalities, and complexities. Women Ther. 2017;40(1-2):7-11.
112. Reap VJ. Sex trafficking: a concept analysis for health care providers. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2019;41(2):183-188.
113. Greenbaum J. Child sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation. Adv Pediatr. 2018;65(1):55-70.
114. Patterson O, Zhuo X. Modern trafficking, slavery, and other forms of servitude. Annu Rev Sociol. 2018;44:407-439.
115. Walts KK. Child labor trafficking in the United States: a hidden crime. Social Inclusion. 2017;5(2):59-68.
116. Kohrt BA, Yang M, Rai S, Bhardwaj A, Tol WA, Jordans MJD. Recruitment of child soldiers in Nepal: mental health status and risk factors for voluntary participation of youth in armed groups. Peace Confl. 2016;22(3):208-216.
117. Hurtado M, Iranzo Dosdad Á, Gómez Hernández S. The relationship between human trafficking and child recruitment in the Colombian armed conflict. Third World Q. 2018;39(5):941-958.
118. Van Leeuwen JM, Miller L, Zamir M, et al. Community reintegrating former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: a qualitative study on the road to recovery. J Psychol Afr. 2018;28(2):105-109.
119. Huang L. The trafficking of women and girls in Taiwan: characteristics of victims, perpetrators, and forms of exploitation. BMC Womens Health. 2017;17(1):104.
120. Majeed MT, Malik A. Selling souls: an empirical analysis of human trafficking and globalization. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences. 2018;11(1):452-487.
121. Gezie LD, Yalew AW, Gete YK. Human trafficking among Ethiopian returnees: its magnitude and risk factors. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):104.
122. Contreras PM. Human trafficking of women and girls in the United States: toward an evolving psychosocial-historical definition. In: Travis CB, White JW, Rutherford A, Williams WS, Cook SL, Wyche KF (eds). APA Handbook of the Psychology of Women: Perspectives on Women's Private and Public Lives. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2018: 175-193.
123. Barney D. Trafficking technology: a look at different approaches to ending technology-facilitated human trafficking. Pepperdine Law Rev. 2018;45(4):747-784.
124. Litam SDA. Human sex trafficking in America: what counselors need to know. Professional Counselor. 2017;7(1):45-61.
125. Bryant-Davis T, Tummala-Narra P. Cultural oppression and human trafficking: exploring the role of racism and ethnic bias. Women Ther. 2017;40(1-2):152-169.
126. Bonaventure NN. Perception of demographic and cultural factors associated with the crime of human trafficking in Nigeria. Etude Popul Afr. 2018;32(2):4239-4251.
128. Schwarz C, Unruh E, Cronin K, Evans-Simpson S, Britton H, Ramaswamy M. Human trafficking identification and service provision in the medical and social service sectors. Health Hum Rights. 2016;18(1):181-192.
129. Pascual-Leone A, Kim J, Morrison O-P. Working with victims of human trafficking. J Contemp Psychother. 2017;47(1):51-59.
130. Reed SM, Kennedy MA, Decker MR, Cimino AN. Friends, family, and boyfriends: an analysis of relationship pathways into commercial sexual exploitation. Child Abuse Negl. 2019;90:1-12.
131. Reid JA. Entrapment and enmeshment schemes used by sex traffickers. Sex Abuse. 2016;28(6):491-511.
132. Peck J. Guidance on spotting possible victims of human trafficking. Briefings on Hospital Safety. 2018;26(9):10-17.
133. Baldwin SB, Fehrenbacher AE, Eisenman DP. Psychological coercion in human trafficking. Qual Health Res. 2015;25(9):1171-1181.
134. Oram S, Domoney J. Responding to the mental health needs of trafficked women. Healthcare Counselling and Psychotherapy Journal. 2018;18(2):10-15.
135. Reda AH. An investigation into the experiences of female victims of trafficking in Ethiopia. African and Black Diaspora. 2018;11(1):87-102.
136. Pocock NS, Tadee R, Tharawan K, et al. "Because if we talk about health issues first, it is easier to talk about human trafficking:" findings from a mixed methods study on health needs and service provision among migrant and trafficked fishermen in the Mekong. Global Health. 2018;14(1):45.
137. Hemmings S, Jakobowitz S, Abas M, et al. Responding to the health needs of survivors of human trafficking: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:320.
138. Byrne M, Parsh B, Ghilain C. Victims of human trafficking: hiding in plain sight. Nursing. 2017;47(3):48-52.
139. Hachey LM, Phillippi JC. Identification and management of human trafficking victims in the emergency department. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2017;39:31-51.
140. Mumma BE, Scofield ME, Mendoza LP, Toofan Y, Youngyunpipatkul J, Hernandez B. Screening for victims of sex trafficking in the emergency department: a pilot program. West J Emerg Med. 2017;18(4):616-620.
141. Greenbaum VJ. Child sex trafficking in the United States: challenges for the healthcare provider. Plos Med. 2017;14(11):e1002439.
142. Dell NA, Maynard BR, Born KR, Wagner E, Atkins B, House W. Helping survivors of human trafficking: a systematic review of exit and postexit interventions. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2019;20(2):183-196.
143. U.S. Department of Justice. Human Trafficking Data Collection Activities, 2021. Available at https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/htdca21.pdf. Last accessed September 19, 2022.
144. Potocky M. Effectiveness of services for victims of international human trafficking: an exploratory evaluation. J Immigr Refug Stud. 2010;8(4):359-385.
146. Tosone C, Nuttman-Shwartz O, Stephens T. Shared trauma: when the professional is personal. Clin Soc Work J. 2012;40(2):231-239.
147. Fargnoli A. Maintaining stability in the face of adversity: self-care practices of human trafficking survivor-trainers in India. Am J Dance Ther. 2017;39(2):226-251.
148. Lechner SC, Tennen H, Affleck G. Benefit-finding and growth. In: Lopez SJ, Snyder CR (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2012: 633-640.
149. Eargle LA, Doucet JM. Investigating human trafficking within the United States: a state-level analysis of prevalence and correlates. Sociation Today. 2021;20(1):13-26.
150. National Human Trafficking Hotline. National Human Trafficking Hotline Data Report: 1/1/20202–12/31/2020. Available at https://humantraffickinghotline.org/sites/default/files/National%20Report%20For%202020.pdf. Last accessed September 23, 2022.
151. Jobe A. Telling the right story at the right time: women seeking asylum with stories of trafficking into the sex industry. Sociology. 2020;54(5):936-952.
152. Branscum C, Fallik SW. A content analysis on state human trafficking statutes: how does the legal system acknowledge survivors in the United States (US)? Crime, Law & Social Change. 2021;76(3):253-275.
153. Greenbaum J, Stoklosa H, Murphy L. The public health impact of coronavirus disease on human trafficking. Frontiers in Public Health. 2020;8.
154. Mende J. The concept of modern slavery: definition, critique, and the human rights frame. Human Rights Review. 2019;20(2):229-248.
155. Dahlstrom J. The elastic meaning(s) of human trafficking. California Law Review. 2020;108(2):379-437.
156. Schwarz C. Human trafficking and meaning making: the role of definitions in antitrafficking frontline work. Social Service Review. 2019;93(3):484-523.
157. Hornor G. Child labor trafficking essentials for forensic nurses. Journal of Forensic Nursing. 2020;16(4):215-223.
158. Bracy K, Lul B, Roe-Sepowitz D. A four-year analysis of labor trafficking cases in the United States: exploring characteristics and labor trafficking patterns. Journal of Human Trafficking. 2021;7(1):35-52.
159. Kiyala JCK. Dynamics of child soldiers' psychosocial rehabilitation and well-being: perspectives from bioecological systems theory in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2021;52(3):376-388.
160. Fox MJ. Child soldiers research: the next necessary steps. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 2021;32(6):1012-1022.
161. Malah Y, Asongu S. An Empirical Analysis of Human Trafficking in an Era of Globalization. Available at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/110134/1/MPRA_paper_110134.pdf. Last accessed September 25, 2022.
162. Motseki MM, Mofokeng JT. An analysis of the causes and contributing factors to human trafficking: a South African perspective. Cogent Social Sciences. 2022;8(1).
163. González Arias A, Araluce OA. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on human mobility among vulnerable groups: global and regional trends. Journal of Poverty. 2021;25(7):567-581.
164. Milivojevic S, Moore M, Segrave M. Freeing the modern slaves, one click at a time: theorising human trafficking, modern slavery, and technology. Anti-Trafficking Review. 2020;14:16-32.
165. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020. Available at https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tip/2021/GLOTiP_2020_15jan_web.pdf. Last accessed September 25, 2022.
166. Xiong W. Does the shortage of marriageable women induce the trafficking of women for forced marriage? Evidence from China. Violence Against Women. 2020;28(6/7):1441-1463.
167. Nemeth JM, Rizo CF. Estimating the prevalence of human trafficking: progress made and future directions. American Journal of Public Health. 2019;109(10):1318-1319.
168. Zhang SX. Progress and challenges in human trafficking research: two decades after the Palermo Protocol. Journal of Human Trafficking. 2022;8(1):4-12.
169. Franchino-Olsen H. Frameworks and theories relevant for organizing commercial sexual exploitation of children/domestic minor sex trafficking risk factors: a systematic review of proposed frameworks to conceptualize vulnerabilities. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2021;22(2):306-317.
170. Matos M, Gonçalves M, Maia A. Understanding the criminal justice process in human trafficking cases in Portugal: factors associated with successful prosecutions. Crime, Law & Social Change. 2019;72(5):501-525.
171. Hodge DR. Internationally trafficked men in the USA: experiences and recommendations for mental health professionals. British Journal of Social Work. 2019;49(3):670-685.
172. Letsie NC, Lul B, Roe-Sepowitz D. An eight-year analysis of child labor trafficking cases in the United States: exploring characteristics, and patterns of child labor trafficking. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2021;121.
173. U.S. Department of State. The Role of the Financial Sector: Promising Practices in the Eradication of Trafficking in Persons. Available at https://www.state.gov/the-role-of-the-financial-sector-promising-practices-in-the-eradication-of-trafficking-in-persons. Last accessed September 25, 2022.
174. Wright N, Jordan M, Lazzarino R. Interventions to support the mental health of survivors of modern slavery and human trafficking: a systematic review. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2021;67(8):1026-1034.
175. Evans H, Sadhwani S, Singh N, Robjant K, Katona C. Prevalence of complex post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of human trafficking and modern slavery: a systematic review. The European Journal of Psychiatry. 2022;36(2):94-105.
176. Moukaddam N, Torres M, Vujanovic, AA, Saunders J, Le H, Shah AA. Epidemiology of human trafficking. Psychiatric Annals. 2021;51(8):359-363.
177. Nodzenski M, Kiss L, Pocock NS, Stoeckl H, Zimmerman C, Buller AM. Post-trafficking stressors: the influence of hopes, fears and expectations on the mental health of young trafficking survivors in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2020;100.
178. Menon B, Stoklosa H, Van Dommelen K, et al. Informing human trafficking clinical care through two systematic reviews on sexual assault and intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence & Abuse. 2020;21(5):932-945.
179. Clay-Warner J, Edgemon TG, Okech D, Anarfi, JK. Violence predicts physical health consequences of human trafficking: findings from a longitudinal study of labor trafficking in Ghana. Social Science & Medicine. 2021;279.
180. Costa CB, McCoy KT, Early GJ, Deckers CM. Evidence-based care of the human trafficking patient. Nursing Clinics of North America. 2019;54(4):569-584.
181. Pederson AC, Gerassi LB. Healthcare providers' perspectives on the relevance and utility of recommended sex trafficking indicators: a qualitative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2020;78(2):458-470.
182. McDow J, Dols JD. Implementation of a human trafficking screening protocol. Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2021;17(3):339-343.
183. Konstantopoulos W, Owens J. Adult Human Trafficking Screening Tool and Guide. Available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/otip/adult_human_trafficking_screening_tool_and_guide.pdf. Last accessed September 25, 2022.
184. Scott JT, Ingram AM, Nemer SL, Crowley DM. Evidence-based human trafficking policy: opportunities to invest in trauma-informed strategies. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2019;64(3/4):348-358.
185. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2014.
186. Bridges DR, Davidson RA, Odegard PS, Maki IV, Tomkowiak J. Interprofessional collaboration: three best practice models of interprofessional education. Medical Education Online. 2011;16.
187. Solomon P. Inter-professional collaboration: passing fad or way of the future? Physiotherapy Canada. 2010;62(1):47-65.
188. Goodwin S, MacNaughton-Doucet L, Allan J. Call to action: Interprofessional mental health collaborative practice in rural and northern Canada. Canadian Psychology. 2016;57(3):181-187.
189. Schwarz C, Unruh E, Cronin K, Evans-Simpson S, Britton H, Ramaswamy M. Human trafficking identification and service provision in the medical and social service sectors. Health & Human Rights. 2016;18(1):181-191.
190. Shadowen C, Beaverson S, Rigby F. Human trafficking education for emergency department providers. Anti-Trafficking Review. 2021;17:38-55.
191. Kim H-W, Park T, Quiring S, Barrett D. The anti-human trafficking collaboration model and serving victims: providers' perspectives on the impact and experience. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work. 2018;15(2):186-203.
192. Iqbal SZ, Salami T, Reissinger MC, Mohammad HM, Ukrani K, Shah AA. The mental health clinician's role in advocacy for survivors of human trafficking: treatment and management. Psychiatric Annals. 2021;51(8):373-377.
193. Polaris Project. The 2019 Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act: A Topical Summary and Analysis of Four Bills. Available at https://polarisproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Polaris-TVPRA-2019-Analysis.pdf. Last accessed September 25, 2022.
194. Bemak F, Chung RCY. A culturally responsive intervention for modern-day refugees: a multiphase model of psychotherapy, social justice, and human rights. In: Aten JD, Hwang J (eds). Refugee Mental Health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2021: 103-136.
195. Cowan A, Ashai A, Gentile JP. Psychotherapy with survivors of sexual abuse and assault. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience. 2020;17(1/3):22-26.
196. Alger B, Gushwa M. Managing countertransference in therapeutic interactions with traumatized youth: creating a pathway to making discomfort comfortable. Smith College Studies in Social Work. 2021;91(3):234-254.
197. Corbett-Hone M, Johnson NL. Psychosocial correlates of mental health work with human trafficking survivors: risk and resilience. Psychological Services. 2022;19(Suppl 1):84-94.
1. Clinical Effectiveness Group. UK National Guidelines on the Management of Adult and Adolescent Complainants of Sexual Assault, 2011. London: British Association for Sexual Health and HIV; 2012. Available at https://www.bashhguidelines.org/media/1079/4450.pdf. Last accessed September 27, 2022.
2. World Health Organization. Responding to Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence against Women: WHO Clinical and Policy Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85240/9789241548595_eng.pdf. Last accessed September 27, 2022.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.