2. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Occupational Violence. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/violence. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
3. Association of American Medical Colleges. Rising Violence in the Emergency Department. Available at https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/rising-violence-emergency-department. Last accessed July 1, 2022.
4. Keim J. Workplace violence and trauma: a 21st century rehabilitation issue. J Rehabil. 1999;65(1):16-20.
5. MacIntosh J. Experiences of workplace bullying in a rural area. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2005;26(9):893-910.
6. Büssing A, Höge T. Aggression and violence against home care workers. J Occup Health Psychol. 2004;9(3):206-219.
7. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Guidelines for Preventing Workplace Violence for Health Care and Social Service Workers. Available at https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3148.pdf. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
8. McPhaul KM, Lipscomb JA. Workplace violence in healthcare: recognized but not regulated. Online J Issues Nurs. 2004;9(3):7.
9. Antai-Otong D. Critical incident stress debriefing: a health promotion model for workplace violence. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2001;37(4):125-133.
10. Jackson D, Clare J, Mannix J. Who would want to be a nurse? Violence in the workplace—a factor in recruitment and retention.J Nurs Manag. 2002;10(1):3-20.
11. Leymann H. The content and development of mobbing at work. Eur J Work and Organ Psychol. 1996;5:165-184.
12. Allan H. Comment by Helen Allan: Mobbing behaviors encountered by nurse teaching staff. Nurs Ethics. 2007;14(4):463-465.
13. Lipscomb J, Silverstein B, Slavin TJ, Cody E, Jenkins L. Perspectives on legal strategies to prevent workplace violence. J Law Med Ethics. 2002;30(3 Suppl):166-172.
14. Speroni KG, Fitch T, Dawson E, Dugan L, Atherton M. Incidence and cost of nurse workplace violence perpetrated by hospital patients or patient visitors. J Emerg Nurs. 2014;40(3):218-288.
15. U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Special Report, Workplace Violence, 1993–2009. Available at https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=2377. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
17. Shao P, Resick CJ, Hargis MB. Helping and harming others in the workplace: the roles of personal values and abusive supervision. Hum Relat. 2011;64(8):1051-1078.
18. Lewis SE. Recognition of workplace bullying: a qualitative study of women targets in the public sector. J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 2006;16(2):119-135.
19. Lanctôt N, Guay S. The aftermath of workplace violence among healthcare workers: a systematic literature review of the consequences. Aggress Violent Behav. 2014;19(5):492-501.
20. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Workplace Violence in Healthcare. Available at https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/OSHA3826.pdf. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
21. Lawoko S, Soares J, Nolan P. Violence towards psychiatric staff: a comparison of gender, job and environmental characteristics in England and Sweden. Work Stress. 2004;18(1):39-55.
22. Poster EC. A multinational study of psychiatric nursing staffs' beliefs and concerns about work safety and patient assault. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1996;10:365-373.
23. Gacki-Smith J, Juarez AM, Boyett L, Homeyer C, Robinson L, MacLean SL. Violence against nurses working in U.S. emergency departments. J Nurs Adm. 2009;39(7-8):340-349.
24. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Violence: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-101. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
25. Craven C, Byrne K, Sims-Gould J, Martin-Matthews A. Types and patterns of safety concerns in home care: staff perspectives.Int J Qual Health Care. 2012;24(5):525-531.
26. Gates D, Fitzwater E, Succop P. Relationships of stressors, strain, and anger to caregiver assaults. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2003;24(8):775-793.
27. Snyder LA, Chen PY, Vacha-Haase T. The underreporting gap in aggressive incidents from geriatric patients against certified nursing assistants. Violence Vict. 2007;22(3):367-379.
28. Ergün FS, Karadakovan A. Violence towards nursing staff in emergency departments in one Turkish city. Int Nurs Rev. 2005;52(2):154-160.
29. Beaver H. Client violence against professional social workers: frequency, worker characteristics, and impact on worker job satisfaction, burnout, and health. Dissertation Abstracts International. 1999;60(6A):2227.
30. Jayaratne S, Vinokur-Kaplan D, Nagda B, Chess W. A national study on violence and harassment of social workers by clients.J Appl Soc Sci. 1996;20:1-14.
31. Ringstad R. Conflict in the workplace: social workers as victims and perpetrators. Soc Work. 2005;50(4):305-313.
32. Heise L, Ellsberg M, Gottemoeller M, of the Center for Health and Gender Equity. Population Reports: Ending Violence Against Women. Available at https://vawnet.org/material/population-reports-ending-violence-against-women. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
33. Newell JM, Nelson-Gardell D. A competency-based approach to teaching professional self-care: an ethical consideration for social work educators. J Soc Work Educ. 2014;50(3):427-439.
34. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries News Release. Available at https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.htm. Last accessed June 1, 2022.
36. Futures Without Violence. Seven Reasons Employers Should Address Domestic Violence. Available at https://www.futureswithoutviolence.org/seven-reasons-employers-should-address-domestic-violence. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
37. Karamally L. Companies try to bring domestic violence issues into the open. Workforce Manag. 2004;83(9):60-63.
38. Savarda DM, Kennedy DB. Responding to intimate partner violence in the workplace. Security Journal. 2013;26:249-263.
39. Rowett C. Violence in Social Work: A Research Study of Violence in the Context of Local Authority Social Work. Cambridge: Institute of Criminology; 1986.
40. McKoy Y, Smith MH. Legal considerations of workplace violence in healthcare environments. Nurs Forum. 2001;36(1):5-14.
41. Leadbetter D. Trends in assaults on social work staff: the experience of one Scottish department. Br J Soc Work. 1993;23:613-628.
44. Budd JW, Arvey RD, Lawless P. Correlates and consequences of workplace violence. J Occup Health Psychol. 1996;1(2):197-210.
45. Hogh A, Hoel H, Carneiro IG. Bullying and employee turnover among healthcare workers: a three-wave prospective study. J Nurs Manag. 2011;19(6):742-751.
46. Taylor JL, Rew L. A systematic review of the literature: workplace violence in the emergency department. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20 (7-8):1072-1085.
47. Kowalenko T, Cunningham R, Sachs CJ, et al. Workplace violence in emergency medicine: current knowledge and future directions. J Emerg Med. 2012;43(3):523-531.
48. Greenberg L, Barling J. Predicting employee aggression against coworkers, subordinates and supervisors: the roles of person behaviors and perceived workplace factors. J Organ Behav. 1999;20(6):897-913.
49. Dupré KE, Barling J. Predicting and preventing supervisory workplace aggression. J Occup Health Psychol. 2006;11(1):13-26.
50. Colquitt JA, Scott BA, Rodell JB, et al. Justice at the millennium, a decade later: a meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives. J Appl Psychol. 2013;98(2):199-236.
51. Salin D, Hoel H. Workplace bullying as a gendered phenomenon. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 2013;28(3):235-251.
52. Eriksen W, Einarsen S. Gender minority as a risk factor of exposure to bullying at work: the case of male assistant nurses. Eur J Work Organ Psychol. 2004;13(4):473-492.
53. Swanson JW, Swartz MS, Van Dorn RA, et al. A national study of violent behavior in persons with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(5):490-499.
54. Jockin V, Avery RD, McGue M. Perceived victimization moderates self-reports of workplace aggression and conflict. J Appl Psychol. 2001;86(6):1262-1269.
55. Levin PF, Hewitt JB, Misner ST. Insights of nurses about assault in hospital-based emergency departments. Image J Nurs Sch. 1998;30(3):249-254.
56. Spencer PC, Munch S. Client violence toward social workers: the role of management in community mental health programs.Soc Work. 2003;48(4):532-544.
57. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees. Controlling and Preventing Workplace Violence. Available at https://afscmestaff.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Preventing_Workplace_Violence.pdf. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
58. Mitchell MS, Ambrose ML. Employees' behavioral reactions to supervisor aggression: an examination of individual and situational factors. J Appl Psychol. 2012;97(6):1148-1170.
59. Rogers K, Kelloway EK. Violence at work: personal and organizational outcomes. J Occup Health Psychol. 1997;2:63-71.
60. LeBlanc MM, Kelloway EK. Predictors and outcomes of workplace violence and aggression. J Appl Psychol. 2002;87(3):444-453.
61. Bachman R. National Crime Victimization Survey: Violence and Theft in the Workplace. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 1994.
62. Shaw J. Assessing the risk of violence in patients: risks can be assessed, but the results still pose ethical and political dilemmas. BMJ. 2000;320:1088-1089.
63. Borum R, Reddy M. Assessing violence risk in Tarasoff situations: a fact-based model of inquiry. Behav Sci Law. 2001;19(3):375-385.
64. McAdams CR, Foster VA. A conceptual framework for understanding client violence in residential treatment. Child Youth Care Forum. 1999;28(5):307-328.
65. Knobler HY, Nachshoni T, Jaffe A, Peretz G, Yehuda YB. Psychological guidelines for a medical team debriefing after a stressful event. Mil Med. 2007;172(6):581-585.
66. Clements PT, DeRanieri JT, Clark K, Manno MS, Kuhn DW. Workplace violence and corporate policy for health care settings. Nurs Econ. 2005;23(3):119-124.
67. Lewis J, Coursol D, Wahl KH. Addressing issues of workplace harassment: counseling the targets. J Employ Couns. 2002;39(3):109-116.
68. Harris B, Leather P. Levels and consequences of exposure to service user violence: evidence from a sample of UK social care staff.Br J Soc Work. 2012;42(5):851-869.
69. Tishler CL, Gordon LB, Landry-Meyer L. Managing the violent patient: a guide for psychologists and other mental health professionals. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2000;31(1):34-41.
70. Green R, Gregory R, Mason R. It's no picnic: personal and family safety for rural social workers. Aust Soc Work. 2003;56(2):94-106.
71. Cowin L, Davies R, Estall G, Berlin T, Fitzgerald M, Hoot S. De-escalating aggression and violence in the mental health setting.Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2003:12(1):64-73.
72. National Association of Therapeutic Schools and Programs. Behavior Support Management in Therapeutic Schools, Therapeutic Programs, and Outdoor Behavioral Health Programs. Available at https://natsap.org/page/BehaviorSupportManagement. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
73. Kontio R, Joffe G, Putkonen H, et al. Seclusion and restraint in psychiatry: patients' experiences and practical suggestions on how to improve practices and use alternatives. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2012;48(1):16-24.
74. Richmond JS, Berlin JS, Fishkind AB, et al. Verbal de-escalation of the agitated patient: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA De-escalation Workgroup. West J Emerg Med. 2012;13(1):17-25.
75. Nau J, Halfens R, Needham I, Dassen T. Student nurses' de-escalation of patient aggression: a pretest-posttest intervention study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47(6):699-708.
77. Sabo BM. Compassion fatigue and nursing work: can we accurately capture the consequences of caring work? Int J Nurs Prac. 2006;12(3):136-142.
78. McCann IL, Pearlman LA. Vicarious traumatization: a framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with trauma. J Trauma Stress. 1990;3:131-149.
79. Patrick PKS. Stress-induced challenges to the counselor role: burnout, compassion fatigue, and vicarious traumatization. In: Contemporary Issues in Counseling. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 2006: 210-250.
80. Ferris P. A preliminary typology of organisational response to allegations of workplace bullying: see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil. Br J Guid Couns. 2004;32(3):389-395.
81. Howard JL. Workplace violence in organizations: an exploratory study of organizational prevention techniques. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal. 2001;13(2):57-75.
82. Roche M, Diers D, Duffield C, Catling-Paull C. Violence toward nurses, the work environment, and patient outcomes. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2010;42(1):13-22.
83. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees. Reacting to Violence After it Occurs. Available at https://afscmestaff.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Preventing_Workplace_Violence.pdf. Last accessed July 9, 2019.
84. Keely BR. Recognition and prevention of hospital violence. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2002;21(6)236-241.
85. Schat ACH, Kelloway EK. Reducing the adverse consequences of workplace aggression and violence: the buffering effects of organizational support. J Occup Health Psychol. 2003;8(2):110-122.
86. Branch S, Ramsay S, Barker M. Workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: a review. International Journal of Management Reviews. 2013;15(3):280-299.
88. World Health Organization. Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Women. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77432/WHO_RHR_12.36_eng.pdf;jsessionid=00B0DECA51585154D0A66E91940E8A0C?sequence=1. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
89. Van Dorn R, Volavka J, Johnson N. Mental disorder and violence: is there a relationship beyond substance use? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47(3):487-503.
90. Cornaggia CM, Beghi M, Pavone F, Barale F. Aggression in psychiatry wards: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189(1):10-20.
91. Child RJ, Mentes JC. Violence against women: the phenomenon of workplace violence against nurses. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2010;31(2):89-95.
92. Tak S, Sweeney MH, Alterman T, et al. Workplace assaults on nursing assistants in U.S. nursing homes: a multilevel analysis. Am J Pub Health. 2010;100(10):1938-1945.
93. Magnavita N, Heponiemi T. Workplace violence against nursing students and nurses: an Italian experience. J Nurs Sch. 2011;43(2):203-210.
94. Pai H, Lee S. Risk factors for workplace violence in clinical registered nurses in Taiwan. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20(9/10):1405-1412.
95. Esmaeilpour M, Salsali M, Ahmadi F. Workplace violence against Iranian nurses working in emergency departments. Int Nurs Rev. 2011;58(1):130-137.
96. Respass G, Payne BK. Social services workers and workplace violence. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2008;16(2):131-143.
97. Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, et al. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
98. Runge RR. The legal response to the employment needs of domestic violence victims: an update. Hum Rights. 2010;37(3):13-23.
99. Serantes NP, Suarez MA. Myths about workplace violence, harassment and bullying. Int J Sociol Law. 2006;34:229-238.
100. Ferns T, Meerabeau E. Reporting behaviours of nursing students who have experienced verbal abuse. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(12): 2678-2688.
101. Matthiesen SB, Stale E. Bullying in the workplace: definition, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior. 2010;13(2):202-248.
102. Gates DM, Gillespie GL, Succop P. Violence against nurses and its impact on stress and productivity. Nurs Econ. 2011;29(2):59-67.
103. Wilkes L, Mohan S, Luck L, Jackson D. Issues in research: development of a violence tool in the emergency hospital setting. Nurse Res. 2010;17(4):70-82.
104. Maloney C. Critical incident stress debriefing and pediatric nurses: an approach to support the work environment and mitigate negative consequences. Ped Nurs. 2012;38(2):110-113.
105. Sturrock A. Assessing the risk of aggression and violence among service users. Ment Health Pract. 2012;15(5):26-29.
106. Romano SJ, Levi-Minzi ME, Rugala EA, Hasselt VB. Workplace violence prevention readiness and response. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 2011;80(1):1-10.
107. Pestka EL, Hatteberg DA, Larson LA, et al. Enhancing safety in behavioral emergency situations. Medsurg Nurs. 2012;21(6):335-341.
108. Thompson R. Addressing Violence in the Health Care Workplace. Available at https://www.hhnmag.com/articles/3365-addressing-violence-in-the-health-care-workplace. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
109. Occupational and Safety Health Administration. Workplace Violence. Available at https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/workplaceviolence. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
110. U.S. Department of Labor. DOL Workplace Violence Program: Appendices. Available at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/human-resources-center/policies/workplace-violence-program/appendices. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
111. Lachman VD. Ethical issues in the disruptive behaviors of incivility, bullying, and horizontal/lateral violence. Urol Nurs. 2015;35(1):39-42.
112. Kocabiyik N, Yildirim S, Turgut EO, et al. A study on the frequency of violence to healthcare professionals in a mental health hospital and related factors. J Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 2015;28(2):112-118.
113. Sansone RA, Sansone LA. Patient aggression: is the clinical practice setting safe? Innov Clin Neurosci. 2014;11(11/12):36-40.
114. Winstanley S, Hales L. A preliminary study of burnout in residential social workers experiencing workplace aggression: might it be cyclical? Br J Soc Work. 2015;45(1):24-33.
115. Alameddine M, Mourad Y, Dimassi H. A national study on nurses' exposure to occupational violence in Lebanon: prevalence, consequences and associated factors. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):1-15.
116. Koritsas S, Coles J, Boyle M. Workplace violence towards social workers: the Australian experience. Br J Soc Work. 2010;40(1): 257-271.
117. Robson A, Cossar J, Quayle E. The impact of work-related violence towards social workers in children and family services.Br J Soc Work. 2014;44(4):924-936.
118. U.S. Department of Justice. Workplace Violence: 1993–2009 National Crime Victimization Survey and the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2011.
119. Ridenour M, Lanza M, Hendricks S, et al. Incidence and risk factors of workplace violence on psychiatric staff. Work. 2015;51(1):19-28.
120. MacGregor JCD, Wathen CN, MacQuarrie BJ. Domestic violence in the Canadian workplace: are coworkers aware? Saf Health Work. 2016;1-7.
121. Stern S, Kleiner B. Handling domestic violence issues effectively in the workplace. Conflict Resolution & Negotiation Journal. 2015;(1):62-75.
122. Pourshaikhian M, Gorji HA, Aryankhesal A, et al. A systematic literature review: workplace violence against emergency medical services personnel. Arch Trauma Res. 2016;5(1):e28734.
123. Aksakal F, Karaşahin E, Dikmen A, Avci E. Workplace physical violence, verbal violence, and mobbing experienced by nurses at a university hospital. Turk J Med Sci. 2015;45(6):1360-1368.
124. Salin D. Risk factors of workplace bullying for men and women: the role of the psychosocial and physical work environment. Scand J Psychol. 2015;56(1):69-77.
125. Magnavita N. Workplace violence and occupational stress in healthcare workers: a chicken-and-egg situation. Results of a 6-year follow-up study. J Nurs Sch. 2014;46(5):366-376.
126. Hamdan M, Hamra AA. Workplace violence towards workers in the emergency departments of Palestinian hospitals: a cross-sectional study. Hum Resour Health. 2015;13(1):1-9.
127. Wei CY, Chiou ST, Chien LY, Huang N. Workplace violence against nurses: prevalence and association with hospital organizational characteristics and health-promotion efforts. Cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;56:63-70.
128. Edward K, Ousey K, Warelow P, Lui S. Nursing and aggression in the workplace: a systematic review. Br J Nurs. 2014;23(12): 653-659.
129. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses. Available at https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses. Last accessed July 9, 2019.
130. National Association of Social Workers. Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Available at https://www.socialworkers.org/about/ethics/code-of-ethics/code-of-ethics-english. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
131. Vellani KH. Reducing violence in healthcare facilities. J Healthc Prot Manage. 2014;30(1):21-29.
132. Zhoa S, Lui H, Ma H, et al. Coping with workplace violence in healthcare settings: social support and strategies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(11):14429-14444.
133. Gomaa AE, Tapp LC, Luckhaupt SE, et al. Occupational traumatic injuries among workers in ehalth care facilities—United States, 2012–2014. MMWR. 2015;64(15):405-410.
134. Wyatt R, Anderson-Drevs K, Van Male LM, Workplace violence in health care: a critical issue with a promising solution. JAMA. 2016;316(10):1037-1038.
135. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities: Table R4. Available at https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/case/cd_r4_2019.htm. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
136. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Occupational Violence: Fast Facts. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/violence/fastfacts.html. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
137. Phillips JP. Workplace violence against health care workers in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(17):1661-1669.
138. Van Den Bos J, Creten N, Davenport S, Roberts M. Cost of Community Violence to Hospitals and Health Systems. Available at http://www.aha.org/content/17/community-violence-report.pdf. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
139. Hills DJ. Defining and classifying aggression and violence in health care work. Collegian. 2018;25(6):607-612.
140. Boyle MJ, Wallis J. Working towards a definition for workplace violence actions in the health sector. Safety in Health. 2016;2(1):4.
141. Schnapp BH, Slovis BH, Shah AD, et al. Workplace violence and harassment against emergency medicine residents. West J Emerg Med. 2016;17(5):567-573.
142. Zhang L, Wang A, Xie X, et al. Workplace violence against nurses: a cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017;72:8-14.
143. Stutte K, Hahn S, Fierz K, Zúñiga F. Factors associated with aggressive behavior between residents and staff in nursing homes. Geriatr Nurs. 2017;38(5):398-405.
144. Cheung T, Yip PS. Workplace violence towards nurses in Hong Kong: prevalence and correlates. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):196.
145. Gan Y, Li L, Jiang H, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with workplace violence against general practitioners in Hubei, China. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(9):1223-1226.
146. Radey M, Wilke DJ. Client-perpetrated violence among frontline child welfare workers. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(11-12):NP6260-NP6280..
147. d'Ettorre G, Pellicani V. Workplace violence toward mental healthcare workers employed in psychiatric wards. Saf Health Work. 2017;8(4):337-342.
148. World Health Organization. Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Nonpartner Sexual Violence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
149. Blodgett C, Lanigan JD. The prevalence and consequences of intimate partner violence intrusion in the workplace. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2018;27(1):15-34.
150. de Jonge A. Corporate social responsibility through a feminist lens: domestic violence and the workplace in the 21st century. J Bus Ethics. 2018;148(3):471-487.
151. Gillespie GL, Leming-Lee T, Crutcher T, Mattei J. Chart it to stop it: a quality improvement study to increase the reporting of workplace aggression. J Nurs Care Qual. 2016;31(3):254-261.
152. Wolf LA, Delao AM, Perhats C. Nothing changes, nobody cares: understanding the experience of emergency nurses physically or verbally assaulted while providing care. J Emerg Nurs. 2014;40(4):305-310.
153. Kaya S, Demir IB, Karsavuran S, Ürek D, Ilgün G. Violence against doctors and nurses in hospitals in Turkey. J Forensic Nurs. 2016;12(1):26-34.
154. Nowrouzi-Kia B, Isidro R, Chai E, Usuba K, Chen A. Antecedent factors in different types of workplace violence against nurses: a systematic review. Aggress Violent Behav. 2019;44:1-7.
155. Gooch P. Hospital workplace violence prevention in California: new regulations. Workplace Health Saf. 2018;66(3):115-119.
156. Gillespie GL, Pekar B, Byczkowski TL, Fisher BS. Worker, workplace, and community/environmental risk factors for workplace violence in emergency departments. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2017;72(2):79-86.
157. Andersen LP, Hogh A, Biering K, Gadegaard CA. Work-related threats and violence in human service sectors: the importance of the psycho-social work environment examined in a multilevel prospective study. Work. 2018;59(1):141-154.
158. Wilson CJ, Nagy MS. The effects of personality on workplace bullying. Psychol Manag J. 2017;20(3):123-147.
159. Podsiadly A, Gamian-Wilk M. Personality traits as predictors or outcomes of being exposed to bullying in the workplace. Pers Individ Dif. 2017;115:43-49.
160. Beattie J, Griffiths D, Innes K, Morphet J. Workplace violence perpetrated by clients of health care: a need for safety and trauma-informed care. J Clin Nurs. 2019;28(1-2):116-124.
161. Nielsen MB, Nielsen GH, Notelaers G, Einarsen S. Workplace bullying and suicidal ideation: a 3-wave longitudinal Norwegian study. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:e23-e28.
162. Friis K, Pihl-Thingvad J, Larsen FB, Christiansen J, Lasgaard M. Long-term adverse health outcomes of physical workplace violence: a 7-year population-based follow-up study. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology. 2019;28(1):101-109.
163. Attell BK, Kummerow Brown K, Treiber LA. Workplace bullying, perceived job stressors, and psychological distress: gender and race differences in the stress process. Soc Sci Res. 2017;65:210-221.
164. Rossiter L, Sochos A. Workplace bullying and burnout: the moderating effects of social support. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2018;27(4):386-408.
165. Matt S. Ethical and legal issues associated with bullying in the nursing profession. J Nurs Law. 2012;15(1):9-13.
166. American Organization of Nurse Executives. Toolkit for Mitigating Violence in the Workplace. Available at https://www.aonl.org/system/files/media/file/2019/04/Mitigating-Violence-in-the-Workplace-Toolkit.pdf. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
167. Morphet J, Griffiths D, Beattie J, Reyes Velasquez D, Innes K. Prevention and management of occupational violence and aggression in healthcare: a scoping review. Collegian. 2018;25(6):621-632.
168. Sutton D, Wilson M, Van Kessel K, Vanderpyl J. Optimizing arousal to manage aggression: a pilot study of sensory modulation.Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2013;22(6):500-511.
169. Brown RG, Anderson S, Brunt B, Enos T, Blough K, Kropp D. Workplace violence training using simulation. Am J Nurs. 2018;118(10):56-68.
170. Chang YP, Lee DC, Wang HH. Violence-prevention climate in the turnover intention of nurses experiencing workplace violence and work frustration. J Nurs Manag. 2018;26(8):961-971.
171. NurseJournal. Nursing Workplace Violence. Available at https://nursejournal.org/resources/covid-nurse-workplace-violence. Last accessed June 23, 2022.
1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Violence and Aggression: Short-Term Management in Mental Health, Health, and Community Settings. Edinburgh: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2015. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng10. Last accessed July 26, 2022.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.