1. Bryant RA, Nix DP. Acute and Chronic Wounds: Current Management Concepts. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby; 2016.
2. Emory University School of Medicine Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing Education Center. Skin and Wound Module. 6th ed. Atlanta, GA: Emory University WOCNEC; 2006.
3. Barber P, Parkes J, Blundell D. Further Essentials of Pharmacology for Nurses. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International; 2012.
4. Baranoski S, Ayello EA. Wound Care Essentials: Practice Principles. 3rd ed. China: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
5. Kirman CN. Pressure Injuries (Pressure Ulcers) and Wound Care Treatment and Management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/190115-treatment. Last accessed April 26, 2022.
6. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Press Release. National Pressure Advisory Panel (NPUAP) Announces a Change in Terminology from Pressure Ulcer to Injury and Updates the Stages of Pressure Injury. Available at http://anha.org/uploads/NPUAPStaging.pdf. Last accessed April 26, 2022.
7. Fenstemacher PA, Winn P (eds). Post-Acute and Long-Term Medicine: A Pocket Guide. 2nd ed. Geneva: Springer International Publishing; 2016.
8. Agrawal K, Chauhan N. Pressure ulcers: back to the basics. Indian J Plast Surg. 2012;45(2):244-254.
9. Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nurses Society. Guideline for Prevention and Management of Pressure Ulcers. Mt Laurel, NJ: Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nurses (WOCN); 2016.
10. Dolynchuk K, Keast D, Campbell K, et al. Best practices for the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2000;46(11):38-52.
11. Shaked E, Gefen A. Modeling the effects of moisture-related skin-support friction on the risk for superficial pressure ulcers during patient repositioning in bed. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2013;1:9.
12. Schwartz D, Magen YK, Levy A, Gefen A. Effects of humidity on skin friction against medical textiles as related to prevention of pressure injuries. Int Wound J. 2018;15(6):866-874.
14. Medline Industries, Inc. Pressure Ulcer Prevention Program. Mundelein, IL: Medline Industries, Inc.; 2008.
15. United Spinal Association. Health and Wellness after SCI: Skin Breakdown, Pressure Ulcer Prevention with SCI-RRTC. Available at https://askus-resource-center.unitedspinal.org/index.php?pg=kb.page&id=2396. Last accessed April 26, 2022.
16. National Institute of Mental Health. Major Depression. Available at https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression. Last accessed April 26, 2022.
17. Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Afful J. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960-1962 through 2017-2018. NCHS Health E-Stats; 2020.
18. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Protocol: Health Care Protocol. Bloomington, MN: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement; 2012.
19. Stasik L. Hospital-Acquired Pressure Ulcers: Making the Nutrition Connection. Columbus, OH: Abbott Nutrition; 2008.
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Fast Facts on Diabetes. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/statistics-report.html. Last accessed April 26, 2022.
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; 2020.
22. Smith BM, Guihan M, LaVela SL, Garber SL. Factors predicting pressure ulcers in veterans with spinal cord injuries. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(9):750-757.
23. Bergstrom N, Braden BJ, Laguzza A, Holman V. The Braden Scale for predicting pressure sore risk. Nurs Res. 1987;36(4):205-210.
24. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Preventing Pressure Ulcers in Hospitals: Section 7: Tools and Resources. Available at https://www.ahrq.gov/patient-safety/settings/hospital/resource/pressureulcer/tool/pu7b.html. Last accessed April 26, 2022.
25. Family Health Media. Pressure Ulcer Prevention: What Caring People Need to Know [DVD]. 2nd ed. Charlottesville, VA: Family Health Media; 2008.
26. Kennedy KL. Gaymar Pictorial Guide to Pressure Ulcer Assessment. 2nd ed. Orchard Park, NY: Gaymar Industries; 2006.
28. Wong DL, Hockenberry-Eaton M, Wilson D, Winkelstein ML, Schwartz P. Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing: Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2001.
29. Bergstrom N, Allman R, Alvaraz O, et al. Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: Clinical Guideline Number 15. Publication No. 95-0652. Washington, DC: Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research; 1994.
30. National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel. 2019 Guideline. Available at https://npiap.com/page/2019Guideline. Last accessed April 26, 2022.
31. National Association for Continence. Incontinence Conditions From A–Z. Available at https://www.nafc.org/conditions-overview. Last accessed April 22, 2022.
32. Armstrong, Ayello EA, Capitulo KL, et al. New opportunities to improve pressure ulcer prevention and treatment: implications of the CMS inpatient hospital care present on admission indicators/hospital-acquired conditions policy: a consensus paper from the International Expert Wound Care Advisory Panel. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2008;21(10):469-478.
33. Dorner B, Posthauer ME, Thomas D. The Role of Nutrition in Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel White Paper. Available at http://anha.org/members/documents/PressureUlcerPreventionWhitePaper.pdf. Last accessed April 26, 2022.
1. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: Clinical Practice Guideline. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2019. Available at https://www.internationalguideline.com/static/pdfs/Quick_Reference_Guide-10Mar2019.pdf. Last accessed May 9, 2022.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.